Direct comparison of the gravimetric responsivities of ZnO-based FBARs and SMRs

Film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs) and solidly mounted resonators (SMRs) have the potential to significantly improve upon the sensitivity and minimum detection limit of traditional gravimetric sensors based on quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs) and surface acoustic wave resonators (SAWs). To date, neither FBAR nor SMR devices have been demonstrated to be superior to the other; hence the choice between them depends primarily on the users' ability to design/fabricate membranes and/or Bragg reflectors. In this work, it is shown that identically designed FBAR and SMR devices resonating at the same frequency exhibit different responsivities to mass loadings, Rm, and that the SMRs are less responsive than the FBARs. For the specific device design and resonant frequency (~2 GHz) of the resonators presented here, the FBARs' mass responsivity is ~20% greater than that of the SMRs', and although this value is not universal for all possible device designs, it clearly shows that FBAR devices should be favoured over SMRs in gravimetric sensing applications where the FBARs' fragility is not an issue. Numerical calculations based on Mason's model offer an insight into the physical mechanisms behind the greater FBARs responsivity, and it was shown that the Bragg reflector has an effect on the acoustic load at one of the facets of the piezoelectric films which is in turn responsible for the SMRs' lower responsivity to mass loadings. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

The role of artificial intelligence as 'text' within design

The paper describes a new approach to artificial intelligence (AI) and its role in design. This approach argues that AI can be seen as 'text', or in other words as a medium for the communication of design knowledge and information between designers. This paper will apply these ideas to reinterpreting an existing knowledge-based system (KBS) design tool, that is, CADET - a product design evaluation tool. The paper will discuss the authorial issues, amongst others, involved in the development of AI and KBS design tools by adopting this new approach. Consequently, the designers' rights and responsibilities will be better understood as the knowledge medium, through its concern with authorship, returns control to users rather than attributing the system with agent status. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

玛利安蚓属一新种(环节动物门:寡毛纲:线蚓科)

描述线蚓科Enchytraeidae玛利安蚓属MarioninaMichaelsen 1889一新种 长白山玛利安蚓M .changbaishanensisXie ,LiangetWang ,sp .nov .。该种的主要特点为 :刚毛每束 2～ 4条 ,直棒状 ,一束内刚毛长度不等 ;肾管在隔膜前仅包含肾漏斗 ;储精囊单个 ,发达 ;受精囊腔有 2个近球形的分支 ,分支内具精子环

早熟河蟹的养殖生态学及其渔业价值评价

把池塘育成的早熟河蟹（即一秋龄性腺成熟中华绒螯蟹）放养于湖汊，其群体越冬成活率为11％。在第二年养殖期间，早熟河蟹不脱壳，体重维持在原来的水平，对鱼肉的日摄食率最高为1．2％，个体不断死亡，至7月中旬，群体全部死完。从当年11月下旬到第二年7月上旬，早熟河蟹成活率曲线公式为：Y=1．09exp（－0018t）［Y：成活率（％），t：时间（d）］。本文还通过对围栏湖汊和扁担塘早熟河蟹逐月跟踪采样、对同龄的末成熟与成熟河蟹的行为及离水成活时间进行对比观察。作者认为，草型湖泊中早熟河蟹没有养殖价值，但若在第二年

酶的基因剂量效应及其对鱼类远缘杂交的影响

亲缘关系较远的杂种二倍体，酶的表达出现父本基因受抑制，双亲基因表达迟缓和母本基因提前表达三种类型的紊乱。由于双亲等位基因不亲和，各等位基因只调控产生1／2的基因产物，从而致使胚胎出现“双单倍体综合症”而在孵化期全部死亡。远缘杂交三倍体由于母本基因剂量加倍，一方面抑制了父本基因的表达，消除了不协调基因活动的干扰，另一方面母本基因产物趋于正常，代谢得以正常进行，杂种后代能成活并正常生长。

白鱀豚的核型及其C－带核型的研究

采用常规的白细胞培养技术及ＢＳＧＣ－带技术分析了白豚的核型、Ｃ－带核型。结果是：白豚的染色体数目２ｎ＝４４，其核型由１２条中部着丝点染色体、１８条亚中部着丝点染色体、４条亚端部着丝点染色体、８条端部着丝点染色体和２条性染色体所组成。染色体臂数（ＮＦ）雌性为７６，雄性为７５。Ｃ－带异染色质呈现出很深的着色区，主要分布在染色体臂上，着丝点区则几乎没有。Ｃ－带异染色质的量约为总染色质量的１２％。这一结果表明白豚与海生豚类的核型、Ｃ－带核型有较明显的相似性。

武汉东湖浮游动物对浮游细菌的牧食力研究

利用３５μｍ、６４μｍ、９０μｍ和３６０μｍ等不同大小孔径的筛绢网过滤湖水进行了浮游动物对浮游细菌牧食力的研究。结果表明，东湖浮游动物对浮游细菌总滤过率为１８０．１９ｍｌｌ￣（－１）ｈ￣（－１）．摄食率为０．４０μｇＣｌ￣（－１）ｈ￣（－１）。９０μｍ以下的个体为原生动物和轮虫，它们组成了群落总生物量的７５％，其对细菌的牧食力占总牧食力的４４．８％，大于３６０μｍ的浮游动物（主要是甲壳动物）的牧食力占总牧食力的３５．１％。大于９０到小于３６０μｍ的浮游动物其牧食力最小，只占总牧食力的２０％。文中分别用滤过

多刺裸腹溞体外附生累枝虫的数量变动

研究了天津市卫津河中多刺裸腹溞（Ｍｏｉｎａｍａｃｒｏｃｏｐａｓｔｒａｕｓ）生活史各阶段体外附生累枝虫（Ｅｐｉｓｔｙｌｉｓｄａｐｈｎｉａｅ）的数量变化。从１９９０年４月到１０月的１３次采样中，累枝虫的数量与其附主的平均体长及雌性怀卵个体所占比例均无显著相关关系。对同一水样中的数据进行分析后发现，以幼龄裸腹为主的三个体长组的体表附生的累枝虫数之间无显著差异，但与以成龄为主的第四个体长组之间的差异却显著。在雌性成体中怀卵阶段后期的裸腹体表的累枝虫数量显著多于前期。本研究的结论是裸腹体表的累枝虫数量的多少主要不是

A conceptual client-designer framework: Inspiring the development of inclusive design interactive techniques

The adoption of inclusive design approach into design practice is compatible to the needs of an ageing society. However, tools and methods that promote inclusivity during new product development are scarcely used in industry. This paper is part of a research project that investigates ways to accommodate inclusive design into the design process in industrial context. The present paper is based on the finds from the observations and interviews with industrial designers and interviews with stakeholders. The outcomes from the study supported a better understanding of the client-designer dynamic as well as the stages in the design process where information related to inclusive design could be introduced. The findings were essential to inspire the development of an inclusive design interactive technique to be used by clients and designers. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

武汉东湖的轮虫

本文根据1973—1975、1979—1982年在武汉东湖进行的调查资料,并与1962—1963年他人的研究结果对比,总结了20年来,在东湖2个采样站上轮虫的种类演替和数量的变动。轮虫的种类明显地减少。Ⅰ站由1962—1963年的68种至1982年减为44种;Ⅱ站由56种减为49种。由原来Ⅰ站种类多于Ⅱ站演变为Ⅱ站多于Ⅰ站。轮虫的数量急剧增加。Ⅰ站轮虫的年平均值由1962—1963年的687个/升至1982年上升为3,555个/升;Ⅱ站由332个/升上升为1,538个/升。轮虫总数的变动曲线呈夏季和秋季二

人工饲养下白暨豚行为的观察

在豢养条件下,白鱀豚的游泳除背向上正常姿态外,尚有侧游、仰游、滚游、跳跃、直立、浮卧和滑行多种型式。呼吸间隔时间不均匀,最短5秒,最长243秒,呼吸率为109—143次/小时。它的昼夜活动表现出明显的“激烈活动”和“平缓活动”两种状态,后者可能是一种休息方式。

The effect of organic matter accumulation on phosphorus release in sediment of Chinese shallow lakes

The effects of organic matter in sediment on phosphorus release were studied by field investigations in eight Chinese shallow freshwater lakes with different trophic status and a laboratory experiment. The sediment organic matter content paralleled the trophic status, ranging from 6.1 to 173.0 g kg(-1) (dry weight), with the mean value of 63.1 g kg(-1) (dry weight). It was positively proportional to Soluble reactive phosphorus concentration in the interstitial water in a form of exponential function, but inversely related to the sediment Fe/P ratio. The sediment alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly related not only to the organic matter content (r = 0.829, P < 0.01, n = 120), but also to the soluble reactive phosphorus concentration in interstitial water (r = 0.454, P < 0.01, n = 42). In the laboratory experiment, the addition of organic matter (dry materials of an aquatic macrophyte) into the sediment significantly enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity and soluble reactive phosphorus release. However, in the treatment with organic matter added and aeration, this release was generally prevented in spite of an increase in APA. Hence, sediment organic matter can effectively accelerate phosphorus release by enzymatic hydrolysis and anaerobic desorption. The latter mechanism seems to be more important.

Ultrastructure of the Spermatozoa of the Yangtze Finless Porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)

P>Semen sample was collected from two captive adult Yangtze finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) during physical examination. One individual was aged about 9 years with body length 143 cm (total length) and body weight 46.1 kg in 2003. The age of the other was unknown and its body length was 147 cm and body weight was 43 kg in 2004. Ultrastructure of their spermatozoa was examined using scanning and transmission electron microscope. The sperm concentration was 4.17 x 10(9) spermatozoa per ml by the cytometer. The approximate dimensions of the spermatozoa were as follows: head length, 3.366 +/- 0.140 mu m (mean +/- SE, n = 15); head width, 1.896 +/- 0.099 mu m (n = 15); and neck length, 1.004 +/- 0.074 mu m (n = 10). The tail included midpiece, principal piece and terminal piece. The length of the midpiece was 1.882 +/- 0.077 mu m (n = 9). There is no apparent boundary between the principal piece and the terminal piece, so the length of the principal piece and the terminal piece was 44.612 +/- 3.485 mu m (n = 5). Total length of the spermatozoa was 53.314 +/- 4.580 mu m (n = 10). The acrosome covered approximately 45.8% of the anterior portion of the head.

Food Consumption by In Situ Pen-Cultured Planktivorous Fishes and Effects on an Algal Bloom in Lake Taihu, China

Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) were used as a new pen-cultureed biomanipulation technique to control algal blooms in Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu. In order to evaluate the capacity of these two fishes to decrease algal blooms, diel feeding samplings were carried out in May (without algal blooms) and September (with algal blooms) in 2005. Based on estimated food consumption by the Elliott-Persson model, silver carp increased daily food consumption from 2.07 g dry weight per 100 g wet body weight in May before the outbreak of algal blooms to 4.98 g dry weight per 100 g wet body weight in September during algal blooms outbreak. However, no obvious variation of food consumption was observed in bighead carp during the study period. This species 1.88 and 1.54 g dry weight of plankton per 100 g wet body weight in May and September, respectively. Silver carp had a higher feeding capacity for plankton than bighead carp. Biotic factors (i.e., fish size and conspecific competition with natural species in the lake) may affect the feeding behaviors of both carps as well as seasonal variation of plankton communities in the pen.