972 resultados para 111-678A
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Cover title: Home health agencies rules & regulations.
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"Effective July 1, 1989."
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Mode of access: Internet.
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Includes Rules and regulations relating to the operation of private employment agencies.
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Mode of access: Internet.
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Hearings held at Washington, Sept.2-29; Schenectady, Sept.30 and Oct.1, and at New York, Oct.6, 1948.
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Includes index.
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The use of diamond as a semiconductor for the realization of transistor structures, which can operate at high temperatures (>700 K), is of increasing interest. In terms of bipolar devices, the growth of n-type phosphorus doped diamond is more efficient on the (111) growth plane; p-type boron-doped diamond growth has been most usually grown in the (100) direction and, hence, this study into the electronic properties, at high temperatures, of boron-doped diamond (111) homoepitaxial layers. It is shown that highly doped layers (hole carrier concentrations as high as 2×1020 cm-3) can be produced without promoting the onset of (unwanted) hopping conduction. The persistence of valance-band conduction in these films enables relatively high mobility values to be measured ( ~ 20 cm2/V?s) and, intriguingly, these values are not significantly reduced at high temperatures. The layers also display very low compensation levels, a fact that may explain the high mobility values since compensation is required for hopping conduction. The results are discussed in terms of the potential of these types of layers for use with high temperature compatible diamond transistors.
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The surface chemistry of crotonaldehyde and propene, primary and secondary reaction products in the aerobic selective oxidation of crotyl alcohol, has been studied by temperature-programmed reaction over Au/Pd(111) surface alloys. Gold strongly promotes desorption versus reaction at mole fractions ≥0.3 (crotonaldehyde) and ≥0.8 (CH); only ∼5% of the chemisorbed aldehyde or alkene react over Au-rich alloys. Surprisingly, co-adsorbed oxygen strongly suppresses crotonaldehyde decomposition over both clean Pd(111) and alloy surfaces, while CH combustion, an important undesired side-reaction over unpromoted Pd(111), is also moderated by Au. © the Owner Societies.
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Here, we report on the first application of high-pressure XPS (HP-XPS) to the surface catalyzed selective oxidation of a hydrocarbon over palladium, wherein the reactivity of metal and oxide surfaces in directing the oxidative dehydrogenation of crotyl alcohol (CrOH) to crotonaldehyde (CrHCO) is evaluated. Crotonaldehyde formation is disfavored over Pd(111) under all reaction conditions, with only crotyl alcohol decomposition observed. In contrast, 2D Pd5O4 and 3D PdO overlayers are able to selectively oxidize crotyl alcohol (1 mTorr) to crotonaldehyde in the presence of co-fed oxygen (140 mTorr) at temperatures as low as 40 °C. However, 2D Pd5O4 ultrathin films are unstable toward reduction by the alcohol at ambient temperature, whereas the 3D PdO oxide is able to sustain catalytic crotonaldehyde production even up to 150 °C. Co-fed oxygen is essential to stabilize palladium surface oxides toward in situ reduction by crotyl alcohol, with stability increasing with oxide film dimensionality.
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The extremely surface sensitive technique of metastable de-excitation spectroscopy (MDS) has been utilized to probe the bonding and reactivity of crotyl alcohol over Pd(111) and provide insight into the selective oxidation pathway to crotonaldehyde. Auger de-excitation (AD) of metastable He (23S) atoms reveals distinct features associated with the molecular orbitals of the adsorbed alcohol, corresponding to emission from the hydrocarbon skeleton, the O n nonbonding, and C═C π states. The O n and C═C π states of the alcohol are reversed when compared to those of the aldehyde. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the alcohol show that an adsorption mode with both C═C and O bonds aligned somewhat parallel to the surface is energetically favored at a substrate temperature below 200 K. Density of states calculations for such configurations are in excellent agreement with experimental MDS measurements. MDS revealed oxidative dehydrogenation of crotyl alcohol to crotonaldehyde between 200 and 250 K, resulting in small peak shifts to higher binding energy. Intramolecular changes lead to the opposite assignment of the first two MOs in the alcohol versus the aldehyde, in accordance with DFT and UPS studies of the free molecules. Subsequent crotonaldehyde decarbonylation and associated propylidyne formation above 260 K could also be identified by MDS and complementary theoretical calculations as the origin of deactivation and selectivity loss. Combining MDS and DFT in this way represents a novel approach to elucidating surface catalyzed reaction pathways associated with a “real-world” practical chemical transformation, namely the selective oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes.