Fitodisponibilidade de cobre e produção de matéria seca por plantas de milho em resposta à aplicação de dejetos de suínos

Os resíduos da produção de suínos têm grande potencial como condicionadores químicos de solos para a produção vegetal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar: (a) a produção de matéria seca pela cultura do milho após a adição de dejeto de suínos e de doses crescentes de Cu; (b) como os teores de Cu e de matéria orgânica no solo podem interferir na absorção e translocação deste elemento para a parte aérea do milho. Este estudo foi realizado em casa de vegetação da Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM). O milho foi cultivado em amostra de um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico textura argilosa, com dois teores de matéria orgânica (34,09 e 8,60 g dm-3 provenientes de duas profundidades de coleta). O experimento foi constituído de 14 tratamentos: solo com dois teores de matéria orgânica submetidos a sete tratamentos: testemunha, dejeto de suíno; NPK + dejeto de suíno; NPK + dejeto de suíno + 100 mg dm-3 de Cu; NPK + dejeto de suíno + 200 mg dm-3 de Cu; NPK + dejeto de suíno + 300 mg dm-3 de Cu; NPK + dejeto de suíno + 400 mg dm-3 de Cu. A dose de dejeto de suíno aplicada foi igual para todos os tratamentos e equivalente a 120.000 L ha-1. Constatou-se que o teor de matéria orgânica do solo influenciou na produção de matéria seca da parte aérea do milho. As raízes absorveram parte do excesso de Cu adicionado, mas não houve translocação do elemento, na mesma proporção, para a parte aérea.

Friday Facts, August 14, 2009, vol. 32

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Activation of PPAR delta Regulates Ywhae (Encoding 14-3-3 epsilon Protein), a Gene Required for Ventricular Morphogenesis

Cardiac ventricular morphogenesis is a key developmental stage during which the ventricles grow considerably in size, but the transcriptional pathways controlling this process remains poorly understood. 14-3-3_ is a member of a conserved protein family that regulates a wide range of processes such as transcription, apoptosis and proliferation by binding to the phospho-serine/threonine residues of its target proteins. We found that deletion of the Ywhae gene (encoding 14-3-3_) in mice leads to abnormal ventricular morphogenesis and an embryonic cardiomyopathy (Cieslik KA et al, Circ. Res. 2008, abstract). Interestingly, we recently showed in cultured cells that the Ywhae gene is regulated directly by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor _ (PPAR_) (Brunelli L et al, Circ. Res. 2007), a ligand-inducible nuclear receptor that controls energy metabolism and development. Postnatal cardiac-specific deletion of the Ppard gene in mice causes a lethal dilated cardiomyopathy, but it is still unknown whether PPAR_ regulates genes involved in heart development. We hypothesized that the expression of the Ywhae gene is responsive to PPAR_ during heart development. We confirmed that PPAR_ is expressed in the heart during development, and found higher expression at E10.5 compared to later gestational ages. We showed by immunofluorescence that a PPAR_ agonist (50 _M L-165,041 for 24 hr) upregulates 14-3-3_ in primary cardiomyocytes. We showed that when P19CL6 cells are driven towards cardiomyocyte lineage by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 14-3-3_ levels increase 4-fold, while L-165,041 treatment increases levels by an additional 50%. Based on previous work in mice (Leibowitz MD et al, FEBS Lett. 2000; Letavernier E et al, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2005), we tested the response of Ywhae to PPAR_ in vivo . We fed 30 mg/kg/day L-165,041 to 14-3-3__/_ adult pregnant mice for 3 days starting at E9.5 and assessed Ywhae mRNA levels in embryonic hearts at E12.5. Baseline mRNA levels in Ywhae_/_ hearts were double that of Ywhae_/ hearts, while L-165,041 upregulated Ywhae mRNA levels in both Ywhae_/_ and Ywhae_/ hearts by 65%. These results indicate that Ywhae responds to PPAR_ in vivo, and suggest that PPAR_ regulates Ywhae during ventricular morphogenesis.

Local Letting Information, June 14, 2011

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