Bilateral Sequential NAION: A Comparison of Visual Outcomes in Fellow Eyes Using Quantitative Analysis of Goldmann Visual Fields

Purpose: Previous studies of the visual outcome in bilateral non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) have yielded conflicting results, specifically regarding congruity between fellow eyes. Prior studies have used measures of acuity and computerized perimetry but none has compared Goldmann visual field outcomes between fellow eyes. In order to better define the concordance of visual loss in this condition, we reviewed our cases of bilateral sequential NAION, including measures of visual acuity, pupillary function and both pattern and severity of visual field loss.Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of 102 patients with a diagnosis of bilateral sequential NAION. Of the 102 patients, 86 were included in the study for analysis of final visual outcome between the affected eyes. Visual function was assessed using visual acuity, Goldmann visual fields, color vision and RAPD. A quantitative total visual field score and score per quadrant was analyzed for each eye using the numerical Goldmann visual field scoring method previously described by Esterman and colleagues. Based upon these scores, we calculated the total deviation and pattern deviation between fellow eyes and between eyes of different patients. Statistical significance was determined using nonparametric tests.Results: A statistically significant correlation was found between fellow eyes for multiple parameters, including logMAR visual acuity (P = 0.0101), global visual field (P = 0.0001), superior visual field (P = 0.0001), and inferior visual field (P = 0.0001). In addition, the mean deviation of both total (P = 0.0000000007) and pattern (P = 0.000000004) deviation analyses was significantly less between fellow eyes ("intra"-eyes) than between eyes of different patients ("inter"-eyes).Conclusions: Visual function between fellow eyes showed a fair to moderate correlation that was statistically significant. The pattern of vision loss was also more similar in fellow eyes than between eyes of different patients. These results may help allow better prediction of visual outcome for the second eye in patients with NAION. These findings may also be useful for evaluating efficacy of therapeutic interventions.

Leitura de imagens, cultura visual e prática educativa

Quase tudo do pouco que sabemos sobre o conhecimento produzido nos chega pelos meios de informação e comunicação. Estes, por sua vez, também constroem imagens do mundo. Imagens para deleitar, entreter, vender, sugerindo o que devemos vestir, comer, aparentar, pensar. Em nossa sociedade contemporânea discute-se a necessidade de uma alfabetização visual, que se expressa em várias designações, como leitura de imagens e compreensão crítica da cultura visual. Freqüentes mudanças de expressões e conceitos dificultam o entendimento dessas propostas para o currículo escolar, assim como a própria definição do professor ou professora que será responsável por esse conhecimento e seu referencial teórico. Este artigo apresenta os conceitos que fundamentam as propostas da leitura de imagens e cultura visual, sinalizando suas proximidades e distâncias. Contrasta alguns referenciais teóricos da antropologia, arte, educação, história, sociologia, e sugere linhas de trabalho em ambientes de aprendizagem para que se possa refletir a permanente formação docente.

How the visual brain encodes and keeps track of time.

Time is embedded in any sensory experience: the movements of a dance, the rhythm of a piece of music, the words of a speaker are all examples of temporally structured sensory events. In humans, if and how visual cortices perform temporal processing remains unclear. Here we show that both primary visual cortex (V1) and extrastriate area V5/MT are causally involved in encoding and keeping time in memory and that this involvement is independent from low-level visual processing. Most importantly we demonstrate that V1 and V5/MT come into play simultaneously and seem to be functionally linked during interval encoding, whereas they operate serially (V1 followed by V5/MT) and seem to be independent while maintaining temporal information in working memory. These data help to refine our knowledge of the functional properties of human visual cortex, highlighting the contribution and the temporal dynamics of V1 and V5/MT in the processing of the temporal aspects of visual information.

The Poor Representation of the Poor in a Comparative Perspective

Due to diverging levels of political influence of various income groups, political institutions likely reflect¦the policy preferences of certain groups of citizens better than others, independently of their numerical¦weight. This runs counter the egalitarian principle of 'one citizen, one vote'. The present article documents¦a general trend of underrepresentation of the preferences of relatively poor citizens both by¦parties and by governments across Western democracies, although important cross-national differences¦exist.

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Montenero, près Livourne : [vue perspective] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 201

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Madona del Soccorso : [vue perspective, plan et coupe longitudinale] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 106

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , [Vue perspective d'un palais] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 205

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , [Vestibule d'un palais] : [plan et vue perspective] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 204

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Eglise Stradone S. Ambrogio : [vue perspective de l'atrium] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 209

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Eglise Stradone S. Ambrogio : [vue d'ensemble, vue perspective du Ciborium] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 210

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Eglise Stradone S. Ambrogio : [vue perspective de l'escalier du Ciborium, plan d'ensemble de l'église] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 211

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Sta Maria Novella : [vue perspective] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 140

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Eglise du St Esprit : détail d'une Chapelle : [élévation intérieure, plan et vue perspective] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 134