Adaptabilidad de la energía solar fotovoltaica sobre fachadas urbanas

La integración de energía solar fotovoltaica en edificios es una estrategia energética y medioambiental acreditada con un futuro muy prometedor. Para su promoción, tan importantes son los incentivos económicos, el desarrollo legislativo y las mejoras tecnológicas, como la investigación en nuevas herramientas de simulación y análisis que sirvan de apoyo en el diseño de nuevas estrategias energéticas y medioambientales. La tesis pretende contribuir en esta labor de difusión, planteándose cómo incide la radiación solar sobre los entornos urbanos, con la finalidad de generar un procedimiento que obtenga el potencial de integración de energía solar fotovoltaica en fachadas. Se trabajará para lograr un método simplificado de simulación y cálculo de la energía producida en base a sistema de información geográfica (SIG), con la capacidad de generar mapas solares que muestren el potencial de integración arquitectónica fotovoltaica sobre fachadas a partir de la cartografía catastral. El nombre asignado para este método es AdaptaSolar. Con este objetivo se ha desarrollado la presente tesis que se estructura en seis capítulos, más las conclusiones y anexos, con los que se pretende definir y desarrollar el tema de tesis planteado. El primer capítulo, realiza una visión general sobre la integración arquitectónica de los sistemas fotovoltaicos, junto con el planteamiento y objetivos de la tesis. El segundo capítulo, plasma una revisión profunda sobre del estado actual de los temas relacionados con el planteamiento y objeto de esta tesis: estimación de la radiación solar, estimación de la radiación solar sobre fachadas y estudio del potencial de integración arquitectónica fotovoltaica en fachadas. El capítulo tres, de carácter teórico, recoge un análisis general sobre la energía solar fotovoltaica, desde el efecto fotovoltaico hasta las aplicaciones e instalación, sin perder de vista los objetivos generales marcados en la tesis. Destaca, sobre todo, la catalogación de las tecnologías fotovoltaicas más prometedoras, además, de la recopilación y análisis de los factores más importantes que influyen en la captación fotovoltaica. El capítulo cuatro, también de carácter teórico, profundiza en el modo en el que la radiación solar incide sobre la superficie terrestre, analizando la naturaleza de la radiación solar y la geometría del sistema solar. Destaca el exhaustivo análisis de los principales métodos de cálculo para la estimación de la radiación solar sobre superficies horizontales e inclinadas, especialmente, la recopilación de modelos numéricos para la estimación de la irradiación difusa. El capítulo cinco, desarrolla el concepto de integración fotovoltaica en edificios, sus principales características y las ventajas que reporta. Además, realiza un análisis muy interesante sobre la situación actual de la integración fotovoltaica en edificios en España. Por último, incluye una selección de los proyectos más relevantes de integración arquitectónica. El capítulo seis, desarrolla el método planteado para la evaluación de la adaptabilidad de energía solar fotovoltaica en entonos urbanos, objeto de la tesis. Siendo éste, por tanto, el capítulo más experimental y significativo de la misma. Este capítulo está dividido en seis subapartados, siendo los dos primeros la introducción y el modelo geométrico planteado para el desarrollo del método. Los tres siguientes apartados, muestra el desarrollo del método en tres fases consecutivas: estimación de la insolación, la radiación y el potencial de integración de sistemas fotovoltaicos sobre fachada. En cada uno de estos apartados, se realiza la correspondiente validación y análisis de resultados, mediante la generación de una serie de gráficas que muestran el comportamiento anual del sol sobre las fachadas y el efecto adverso del sombreado entre edificios. El sexto apartado de este capítulo, detalla los pasos seguidos para efectuar la implementación del método experimental en el SIG, desde la preparación y obtención de los datos cartográficos de partida, hasta el desarrollo y ejecución del algoritmo principal. Además se muestran los resultados obtenidos para un área urbana concreta de la ciudad de Madrid. Por último, el capítulo siete recoge las conclusiones más importantes del trabajo y propone una serie de líneas de investigación futuras que se consideran relevantes para la continuidad del método planteado en la tesis.

Thermal Decomposition of Mobile Phones

Paper submitted to the 31st International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic Compounds (Dioxin 2011), Brussels, Belgium, 21-25 August 2011.

From community approaches to single-cell genomics: the discovery of ubiquitous hyperhalophilic Bacteroidetes generalists

The microbiota of multi-pond solar salterns around the world has been analyzed using a variety of culture-dependent and molecular techniques. However, studies addressing the dynamic nature of these systems are very scarce. Here we have characterized the temporal variation during 1 year of the microbiota of five ponds with increasing salinity (from 18% to >40%), by means of CARD-FISH and DGGE. Microbial community structure was statistically correlated with several environmental parameters, including ionic composition and meteorological factors, indicating that the microbial community was dynamic as specific phylotypes appeared only at certain times of the year. In addition to total salinity, microbial composition was strongly influenced by temperature and specific ionic composition. Remarkably, DGGE analyses unveiled the presence of most phylotypes previously detected in hypersaline systems using metagenomics and other molecular techniques, such as the very abundant Haloquadratum and Salinibacter representatives or the recently described low GC Actinobacteria and Nanohaloarchaeota. In addition, an uncultured group of Bacteroidetes was present along the whole range of salinity. Database searches indicated a previously unrecognized widespread distribution of this phylotype. Single-cell genome analysis of five members of this group suggested a set of metabolic characteristics that could provide competitive advantages in hypersaline environments, such as polymer degradation capabilities, the presence of retinal-binding light-activated proton pumps and arsenate reduction potential. In addition, the fairly high metagenomic fragment recruitment obtained for these single cells in both the intermediate and hypersaline ponds further confirm the DGGE data and point to the generalist lifestyle of this new Bacteroidetes group.

Investigation of Performance Enhancements for a Liquid-Desiccant Solar Air-Conditioner

Thermally driven liquid-desiccant air-conditioners (LDAC) are a proven but still developing technology. LDACs can use a solar thermal system to reduce the operational cost and environmental impact of the system by reducing the amount of fuel (e.g. natural gas, propane, etc.) used to drive the system. LDACs also have a key benefit of being able to store energy in the form of concentrated desiccant storage. TRNSYS simulations were used to evaluate several different methods of improving the thermal and electrical coefficients of performance (COPt and COPe) and the solar fraction (SF) of a LDAC. The study analyzed a typical June to August cooling season in Toronto, Ontario. Utilizing properly sized, high-efficiency pumps increased the COPe to 3.67, an improvement of 55%. A new design, featuring a heat recovery ventilator on the scavenging-airstream and an energy recovery ventilator on the process-airstream, increased the COPt to 0.58, an improvement of 32%. This also improved the SF slightly to 54%, an increase of 8%. A new TRNSYS TYPE was created to model a stratified desiccant storage tank. Different volumes of desiccant were tested with a range of solar array system sizes. The largest storage tank coupled with the largest solar thermal array showed improvements of 64% in SF, increasing the value to 82%. The COPe was also improved by 17% and the COPt by 9%. When combining the heat recovery systems and the desiccant storage systems, the simulation results showed a 78% increase in COPe and 30% increase in COPt. A 77% improvement in SF and a 17% increase in total cooling rate were also predicted by the simulation. The total thermal energy consumed was 10% lower and the electrical consumption was 34% lower. The amount of non-renewable energy needed from the natural gas boiler was 77% lower. Comparisons were also made between LDACs and vapour-compression (VC) systems. Dependent on set-up, LDACs provided higher latent cooling rates and reduced electrical power consumption. Negatively, a thermal input was required for the LDAC systems but not for the VC systems.

The isotope composition of selenium in chondrites constrains the depletion mechanism of volatile elements in solar system materials

Solar nebula processes led to a depletion of volatile elements in different chondrite groups when compared to the bulk chemical composition of the solar system deduced from the Sun's photosphere. For moderately-volatile elements, this depletion primarily correlates with the element condensation temperature and is possibly caused by incomplete condensation from a hot solar nebula, evaporative loss from the precursor dust, and/or inherited from the interstellar medium. Element concentrations and interelement ratios of volatile elements do not provide a clear picture about responsible mechanisms. Here, the abundance and stable isotope composition of the moderately- to highly-volatile element Se are investigated in carbonaceous, ordinary, and enstatite chondrites to constrain the mechanism responsible for the depletion of volatile elements in planetary bodies of the inner solar system and to define a δ(82/78)Se value for the bulk solar system. The δ(82/78)Se of the studied chondrite falls are identical within their measurement uncertainties with a mean of −0.20±0.26‰ (2 s.d., n=14n=14, relative to NIST SRM 3149) despite Se abundance depletions of up to a factor of 2.5 with respect to the CI group. The absence of resolvable Se isotope fractionation rules out a kinetic Rayleigh-type incomplete condensation of Se from the hot solar nebula or partial kinetic evaporative loss on the precursor material and/or the parent bodies. The Se depletion, if acquired during partial condensation or evaporative loss, therefore must have occurred under near equilibrium conditions to prevent measurable isotope fractionation. Alternatively, the depletion and cooling of the nebula could have occurred simultaneously due to the continuous removal of gas and fine particles by the solar wind accompanied by the quantitative condensation of elements from the pre-depleted gas. In this scenario the condensation of elements does not require equilibrium conditions to avoid isotope fractionation. The results further suggest that the processes causing the high variability of Se concentrations and depletions in ordinary and enstatite chondrites did not involve any measurable isotope fractionation. Different degrees of element depletions and isotope fractionations of the moderately-volatile elements Zn, S, and Se in ordinary and enstatite chondrites indicate that their volatility is controlled by the thermal stabilities of their host phases and not by the condensation temperature under canonical nebular conditions.

Photovoltaic research branch semiannual report : period covered : 1 October 1979 to 31 March 1980 /

This report covers SERI research activities on solid-state theory, high-efficiency cells, thin-film cells, silicon purification, silicon crystallization, thick-film technology, surface and interface analysis, and growth of GaAs and related compounds by metal-organic chemical vapor desposition.

Advanced photovoltaic concentrator cells : quarterly technical progress report no. 5 for period September 1 - November 30, 1980 /

"Work Performed Under Contract No. AC02-77CH00178."

Electrochemical photovoltaic cells : quarterly technical progress report for April 15 - July 31, 1980 /

"Work Performed Under Contract No. AC02-77CH00178."

Electrochemical photovoltaic cells/stabilization and optimization of II-VI semiconductors : first technical progress report for April 15 - June 30, 1980 /

"Work Performed Under Contract No. AC02-77CH00178."

The future of photovoltaic energy conversion in developing countries /

"Work Performed Under Contract No. EG-77-C-01-4042."

MIS and P/N junction solar cells on thin-film polycrystalline silicon /

"Work Performed Under Contract No. EG-77-C-01-4042."

The thermal performance of earth covered buildings in hot, arid regions /

"Work Performed Under Contract No. EG-77-C-01-4042."

Conversion system overview assessment : volume 1 solar thermoelectrics /

"August 1979

Photovoltaic procurement strategies : an assessment of supply issues /

"February 1980."

Interim performance criteria for photovoltaic energy systems /

"December 1980."