Simulation and material calibration of ultra high strength steel (UHSS) S960 welded joint under static tensile test utilizing finite element method (FEM)

The aim of this work was to calibrate the material properties including strength and strain values for different material zones of ultra-high strength steel (UHSS) welded joints under monotonic static loading. The UHSS is heat sensitive and softens by heat due to welding, the affected zone is heat affected zone (HAZ). In this regard, cylindrical specimens were cut out from welded joints of Strenx® 960 MC and Strenx® Tube 960 MH, were examined by tensile test. The hardness values of specimens’ cross section were measured. Using correlations between hardness and strength, initial material properties were obtained. The same size specimen with different zones of material same as real specimen were created and defined in finite element method (FEM) software with commercial brand Abaqus 6.14-1. The loading and boundary conditions were defined considering tensile test values. Using initial material properties made of hardness-strength correlations (true stress-strain values) as Abaqus main input, FEM is utilized to simulate the tensile test process. By comparing FEM Abaqus results with measured results of tensile test, initial material properties will be revised and reused as software input to be fully calibrated in such a way that FEM results and tensile test results deviate minimum. Two type of different S960 were used including 960 MC plates, and structural hollow section 960 MH X-joint. The joint is welded by BöhlerTM X96 filler material. In welded joints, typically the following zones appear: Weld (WEL), Heat affected zone (HAZ) coarse grained (HCG) and fine grained (HFG), annealed zone, and base material (BaM). Results showed that: The HAZ zone is softened due to heat input while welding. For all the specimens, the softened zone’s strength is decreased and makes it a weakest zone where fracture happens while loading. Stress concentration of a notched specimen can represent the properties of notched zone. The load-displacement diagram from FEM modeling matches with the experiments by the calibrated material properties by compromising two correlations of hardness and strength.

Effects of Fabrication Processes on the Behavior of S960 Ultra High Strength Steel (UHSS)

Strenx® 960 MC is a direct quenched type of Ultra High Strength Steel (UHSS) with low carbon content. Although this material combines high strength and good ductility, it is highly sensitive towards fabrication processes. The presence of stress concentration due to structural discontinuity or notch will highlight the role of these fabrication effects on the deformation capacity of the material. Due to this, a series of tensile tests are done on both pure base material (BM) and when it has been subjected to Heat Input (HI) and Cold Forming (CF). The surface of the material was dressed by laser beam with a certain speed to study the effect of HI while the CF is done by bending the specimen to a certain angle prior to tensile test. The generated results illustrate the impact of these processes on the deformation capacity of the material, specially, when the material has HI experience due to welding or similar processes. In order to compare the results with those of numerical simulation, LS-DYNA explicit commercial package has been utilized. The generated results show an acceptable agreement between experimental and numerical simulation outcomes.

Análise fisiológica e ultra-estrutural durante o desenvolvimento e a secagem de sementes de soja

Durante o desenvolvimento e a secagem, vários mecanismos de proteção atuam na manutenção da qualidade fisiológica de sementes. Alguns desses mecanismos mantêm a integridade das membranas celulares, o que é fundamental para o perfeito funcionamento do metabolismo celular. O estudo de ultra-estrutura além de permitir a visualização dos danos causados pela secagem na ausência de mecanismos de proteção, permite, ainda, a observação do início da efetividade destes mecanismos. Neste trabalho, foram estudados os danos durante o desenvolvimento e a secagem de sementes de soja, por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e testes fisiológicos. Para isso, foram colhidas sementes em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento, que foram submetidas a diferentes temperaturas e tratamentos de secagem. Foram feitas avaliações quanto à qualidade fisiológica das sementes por meio dos testes de germinação, teste de frio, teste de emergência em condições controladas e condutividade elétrica. Os danos de membrana foram observados por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), utilizando-se microscópio LEO Evo40. Concluiu-se que as sementes de soja tornam-se tolerantes a dessecação quando possuem em torno de 30% de teor de água. A secagem em sementes de soja com teor de água acima de 30% provoca danos de membrana que diminuem a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Os maiores valores de germinação em sementes de soja são alcançados quando estas atingem cerca de 30% de grau de umidade no campo e os maiores valores de vigor em sementes de soja são alcançados quando estas atingem cerca de 40% de grau de umidade no campo.

Hodegus finnicus, omnibus hanc linguam discere cupientibus valdè utilis. Eller finsk wägwijsare, allom dem, som finska tunmåhlet ex fundamento declinera, conjugera, construera och elliest lära willia, ganska nyttig. Cum analysi grammaticâ, ut & tabellâ in fine appositâ, quae formationi genitivi singularis inservit. Nunc ad multorum finnicae linguae studiosorum desiderium in lucem productus, & necessariis observationibus, tam ad ipsam lecturam, quam scripturam finnicam spectantibus illustratus, â Matthia Martinio, Tavast-Finnone

Invokaatio: I.N.D.

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Perbreves commonitiones: eller korta påminnelser, hwilka tilförende styckewijs, effter som tilfälle hafwer gifwitz i visitationerne, äro vthi församblingarna effterlemnade; men nu på nytt församblingarna, och i synnerheet ven. clero, i detta lofl. stifftet til nytto och effterrättelse sammandragne och publicerade aff Johanne Gezelio, s.s. th. doct. och. ep. Ab

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Päiväys: Turku 15.1.1822 F. A. Meyer.

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Luettelo alkaa numerolla 1716.

Förteckning öfver böcker som utlånas uti Jacob Granströms läse- och låne-bibliothek i Åbo. N:o 1

Imprimatur: C. E. Ekelund.