Financial incentives in academia: research versus development

This paper investigates the effects of monetary rewards on the pattern of research. We build a simple repeated model of a researcher capable to obtain innovative ideas. We analyse how the legal environment affects the allocation of researcher's time between research and development. Although technology transfer objectives reduce the time spent in research, they might also induce researchers to conduct research that is more basic in nature, contrary to what the skewing problem would presage. We also show that our results hold even if development delays publication.

Leveraging the Sydney Olympics for tourism

Paper presented at the 2000 seminar of the International Chair in Olympism. Key issues of the seminar included references to the concern for legacy in terms of tourism, benefits and challenges of the Olympic Games and strategic needs, among others.

Indicadors de pressió ambiental a les platges de Menorca: prova pilot (IPAPM'pp)

L’augment del turisme experimentat des de principis dels anys 70 a l’illa de Menorca (Illes Balears, Espanya) ha provocat un impacte sobre les seves platges, el seu principal atractiu turístic. Molts d’aquests impactes s’incrementen durant la temporada alta, compresa entre els mesos de maig a octubre. L’objectiu principal d’aquest projecte és l’elaboració d’un sistema d’indicadors de pressió ambiental útils per a l’anàlisi de les platges. La zona objecte d’estudi de la prova-pilot, correspon a les platges del sud-oest de Menorca, aquestes cales són les que actualment es troben sotmeses a una major pressió. Es tracta de catorze platges tipificades en tres categories (A, B, C) segons les característiques del tipus d’espai on es troben situades. Són les platges de: Cala Degollador, Cala Blanca, Cala’n Bosch, Son Xoriguer, Son Saura-Es Banyul, Son Saura-Bellavista, Es Talaier, Cala Turqueta, Cala Macarelleta, Cala Macarella, Cala Galdana, Cala Mitjana, Cala Trebalúger i Cala Escorxada. Partint d’un treball bibliogràfic, s’ha realitzat una selecció de mig centenar d’indicadors potencials dels quals catorze han format part dels IPAPM’pp, mitjançant l’elaboració d’una anàlisi multicriteri. Per a cada un dels IPAPM’pp s’ha desenvolupat una metodologia amb les corresponents fitxes individuals descriptives per al seu seguiment temporal. En aquest primer estudi, l’indicador que presenta un nombre de valors no acceptables en una major proporció de platges, és l’indicador 3. Índex de valoració de les mesures de conservació del sistema natural, seguit de l’indicador 6. Superfície subsistema sorra per usuari. El 2006, les platges de tipologia A, presenten un major percentatge positiu de les variables dels indicadors. Les platges de tipologia B i C presenten un percentatge menor d’acceptabilitat dels valors dels indicadors.

Caracterització de l'avifauna de la conca del riu Quiroz: identificació de les zones amb potencial aviturístic i d'interès per a la conservació

La conca del riu Quiroz, al nord del Perú, està influenciada per dues zones d’endemisme d’aus i conté quatre àrees importants per a la conservació d’aus. Malgrat això, la informació sobre l’avifauna present a la conca és poc coneguda ja que no s’ha realitzat, fins al moment, cap estudi avifaunístic del global de la conca. En aquest estudi s’han mostrejat nou zones de la conca. A cadascuna s’ha valorat el potencial per al desenvolupament de l’aviturisme i la seva importància per a la conservació de les aus. A més, s’ha calculat un índex que permet valorar l’aviturisme i la conservació conjuntament. Els mostrejos realitzats a la conca demostren la seva riquesa avifaunística doncs, en una superfície mostrejada de 684ha, s’hi han reportat 151 espècies de les quals 34 són endèmiques i 7 estan catalogades com a amenaçades. Al llarg de la conca s’han identificat tres zones amb una importància ornitològica per damunt de la resta. Suyo és la zona de la conca amb un potencial aviturístic més elevat. ChinChin, el lloc amb més importància i possibilitats de dur a terme actuacions encaminades a la conservació. Yanta, destaca en ambdós sentits sent el desenvolupament de l’aviturisme la millor alternativa per garantir la conservació de la zona i, en especial, la seva diversitat avifaunistica.

Incentives for interdisciplinary research

This paper is a positive analysis of the driving forces in interdisciplinary research. I take the perspective of a research institution that has to decide how to apply its resources among the production of two types of knowledge: specialized or interdisciplinary. Using a prize mechanism of compensation, I show that the choice of interdisciplinarity is compatible with profit maximization when the requirement for the production is sufficiently demanding, and when the new interdisciplinary field is not too neutral. Productive gains due to complementarities of efforts is the main advantage of interdisciplinary organization.

Business-science research collaboration under moral hazard

I analyze, in the context of business and science research collaboration, how the characteristics of partnership agreements are the result of an optimal contract between partners. The final outcome depends on the structure governing the partnership, and on the informational problems towards the efforts involved. The positive effect that the effort of each party has on the success of the other party, makes collaboration a preferred solution. Divergence in research goals may, however, create conflicts between partners. This paper shows how two different structures of partnership governance (a centralized, and a decentralized ones) may optimally use the type of project to motivate the supply of non-contractible efforts. Decentralized structure, however, always choose a project closer to its own preferences. Incentives may also come from monetary transfers, either from partners sharing each other benefits, or from public funds. I derive conditions under which public interventio

Readiness to participate in psychiatric research.

BACKGROUND: The feasibility of clinical trials depends, among other factors, on the number of eligible patients, the recruitment process, and the readiness of patients to participate in research. Seeking patients' views about their experience in research projects may allow investigators to develop more effective recruitment and retention strategies. METHODS: A total of 100 patients consecutively admitted to a psychiatric university hospital were interviewed with respect to their willingness to participate in a study. For a different study scenario, patients were asked whether they would be ready to participate if such a study were organized in the service and to indicate their reasons for refusing or for participating. RESULTS: The general readiness to participate in a study ranged between 70% and 96%. The prospect of remuneration did not notably augment the potential consent rate. The most common and spontaneous motivation for agreeing to take part in a study was to help science progress and to allow future patients to benefit from improved diagnosis and treatment (87%). The presence or lack of a financial incentive was rarely chosen as an argument to agree (23%) or to refuse (7%) to participate. Patients relied mainly on their treating physicians when contemplating possible participation in a study (family physician [65%] and hospital physician [54%]). CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians and, in particular, treating doctors can play an important role in facilitating the recruitment process.

Business research, self-fulfilling prophecy, and the inherent responsibility of scholars.

Business research and teaching institutions play an important role in shaping the way businesses perceive their relations to the broader society and its moral expectations. Hence, as ethical scandals recently arose in the business world, questions related to the civic responsibilities of business scholars and to the role business schools play in society have gained wider interest. In this article, I argue that these ethical shortcomings are at least partly resulting from the mainstream business model with its taken-for granted basic assumptions such as specialization or the value-neutrality of business research. Redefining the roles and civic responsibilities of business scholars for business practice implies therefore a thorough analysis of these assumptions if not their redefinition. The takenforgrantedness of the mainstream business model is questioned by the transformation of the societal context in which business activities are embedded. Its value-neutrality in turn is challenged by self-fulfilling prophecy effects, which highlight the normative influence of business schools. In order to critically discuss some basic assumptions of mainstream business theory, I propose to draw parallels with the corporate citizenship concept and the stakeholder theory. Their integrated approach of the relation between business practice and the broader society provides interesting insights for the social reembedding of business research and teaching.

Extent of non-publication in cohorts of studies approved by research ethics committees or included in trial registries

BACKGROUND: The synthesis of published research in systematic reviews is essential when providing evidence to inform clinical and health policy decision-making. However, the validity of systematic reviews is threatened if journal publications represent a biased selection of all studies that have been conducted (dissemination bias). To investigate the extent of dissemination bias we conducted a systematic review that determined the proportion of studies published as peer-reviewed journal articles and investigated factors associated with full publication in cohorts of studies (i) approved by research ethics committees (RECs) or (ii) included in trial registries. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Four bibliographic databases were searched for methodological research projects (MRPs) without limitations for publication year, language or study location. The searches were supplemented by handsearching the references of included MRPs. We estimated the proportion of studies published using prediction intervals (PI) and a random effects meta-analysis. Pooled odds ratios (OR) were used to express associations between study characteristics and journal publication. Seventeen MRPs (23 publications) evaluated cohorts of studies approved by RECs; the proportion of published studies had a PI between 22% and 72% and the weighted pooled proportion when combining estimates would be 46.2% (95% CI 40.2%-52.4%, I2 = 94.4%). Twenty-two MRPs (22 publications) evaluated cohorts of studies included in trial registries; the PI of the proportion published ranged from 13% to 90% and the weighted pooled proportion would be 54.2% (95% CI 42.0%-65.9%, I2 = 98.9%). REC-approved studies with statistically significant results (compared with those without statistically significant results) were more likely to be published (pooled OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.2-3.5). Phase-III trials were also more likely to be published than phase II trials (pooled OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.6-2.5). The probability of publication within two years after study completion ranged from 7% to 30%. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial part of the studies approved by RECs or included in trial registries remains unpublished. Due to the large heterogeneity a prediction of the publication probability for a future study is very uncertain. Non-publication of research is not a random process, e.g., it is associated with the direction of study findings. Our findings suggest that the dissemination of research findings is biased.

Tourism and urban transport: holding demand pressure under supply constraints

Scholars and local planners are increasingly interested in tourism contribution to economic and social development. To this regard, several European cities lead the world rankings on tourist arrivals, and their governments have promoted tourism activity. Mobility is an essential service for tourists visiting large cities, since it is a crucial factor for their comfort. In addition, it facilitates the spread of benefits across the city. The aim of this study is to determine whether city planners respond to this additional urban transport demand pressure by extending supply services. We use an international database of European cities. Our results confirm that tourism intensity is a demand enhancing factor on urban transport. Contrarily, cities do not seem to address this pressure by increasing service supply. This suggests that tourism exerts a positive externality on public transport since it provides additional funding for these services, but it imposes as well external costs on resident users because of congestion given supply constraints.

Quantitative and qualitative research on brief systemic therapies carried out within the framework of an ambulatory consultation for couples and families

Abstract: This article presents both a brief systemic intervention method (IBS) consisting in 6 sessions developed in an ambulatory service for couples and families, and two research projects done in collaboration with the Institute for Psychotherapy of the University of Lausanne. The first project is quantitative and it aims at evaluating the effectiveness of ISB. One of its main feature is that outcomes are assessed at different levels of individual and family functioning: 1) symptoms and individual functioning; 2) quality of marital relationship; 3) parental and co-parental relationships; 4) familial relationships. The second project is a qualitative case study about a marital therapy which identifies and analyses significant moments of the therapeutic process from the patients' perspective. Methodology was largely inspired by Daniel Stem's work about "moments of meeting" in psychotherapy. Results show that patients' theories about relationship and change are important elements that deepen our understanding of the change process in couple and family therapy. The interest of associating clinicians and researchers for the development and validation of a new clinical model is discussed.