Spatial evaluation of larvae of Culicidae (Diptera) from different breeding sites: application of a geospatial method and implications for vector control

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Maternal protein restriction affects gene expression and enzyme activity of intestinal disaccharidases in adult rat offspring

This study investigated the consequences of intrauterine protein restriction on the gastrointestinal tract and particularly on the gene expression and activity of intestinal disaccharidases in the adult offspring. Wistar rat dams were fed isocaloric diets containing 6% protein (restricted, n = 8) or 17% protein (control, n = 8) throughout gestation. Male offspring (n = 5-8 in each group) were evaluated at 3 or 16 weeks of age. Maternal protein restriction during pregnancy produced offspring with growth restriction from birth (5.7 ± 0.1 vs 6.3 ± 0.1 g; mean ± SE) to weaning (42.4 ± 1.3 vs 49.1 ± 1.6 g), although at 16 weeks of age their body weight was similar to control (421.7 ± 8.9 and 428.5 ± 8.5 g). Maternal protein restriction also increased lactase activity in the proximal (0.23 ± 0.02 vs 0.15 ± 0.02), medial (0.30 ± 0.06 vs 0.14 ± 0.01) and distal (0.43 ± 0.07 vs 0.07 ± 0.02 U·g-1·min-1) small intestine, and mRNA lactase abundance in the proximal intestine (7.96 ± 1.11 vs 2.38 ± 0.47 relative units) of 3-week-old offspring rats. In addition, maternal protein restriction increased sucrase activity (1.20 ± 0.02 vs 0.91 ± 0.02 U·g-1·min-1) and sucrase mRNA abundance (4.48 ± 0.51 vs 1.95 ± 0.17 relative units) in the duodenum of 16-week-old rats. In conclusion, the present study shows for the first time that intrauterine protein restriction affects gene expression of intestinal enzymes in offspring.

Free proline accumulation in sugarcane under water restriction and spittlebug infestation

A cigarrinha-das-raízes Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) tornou-se uma praga importante da cultura da cana-de-açúcar na região centro-sul do Brasil. Estratégias de controle têm sido desenvolvidas, mas os danos promovidos por essa praga e sua interação com a cana-de-açúcar ainda são pouco caracterizados. em altos níveis de infestação da praga, os sintomas nas plantas são muito semelhantes à restrição hídrica severa. Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de determinar se o estresse promovido pela infestação de ninfas de cigarrinha-das-raízes resulta em acúmulo de prolina livre, além de comparar dois genótipos de cana-de-açúcar quanto à tolerância ao déficit hídrico. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 4 com duas cultivares (SP80-1816 e RB72454), dois níveis de estresse (controle e dez ninfas por planta ou 50% de restrição hídrica) e quatro épocas. O déficit hídrico promovido por M. fimbriolata não resultou em acúmulo de prolina, ilustrando a existência de mecanismos distintos para a percepção do estresse hídrico promovido pela praga e pela variação no potencial osmótico nas células das raízes. A cultivar RB72454 acumula maiores teores de prolina livre, e o acúmulo de massa seca e o crescimento dos colmos são menos afetados nessa cultivar sob restrição hídrica. Os teores de solutos compatíveis provavelmente não podem ser utilizados para quantificar o estresse promovido por M. fimbriolata em cana-de-açúcar. A cultivar RB72454 é mais tolerante ao déficit hídrico do que a cultivar SP80-1816.

Detection and differentiation of Leptospira spp. serovars in bovine semen by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism

In view of the importance of venereal transmission of bovine leptospirosis, the objective of the present study was to apply the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to 26 serovars of Leptospira interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, L. santarosai, L. noguchii and L. biflexa, to determine the detection threshold in semen samples and to evaluate the possibility of differentiation among serovars using 19 restriction endonucleases. The results showed that all serovars were amplified and the detection threshold in semen samples of a bull was 100 bacteria/ml. Using endonucleases we could classify the 26 serovars into eight groups. The present results show that PCR is a method of great potential for the detection of Leptospira spp, at bovine artificial insemination centers. (C) 2000 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Short-term movement and retreat sites of Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Anura : Leptodactylidae) during the breeding season: A spool-and-line tracking study

Capture/recapture studies significantly increase our knowledge of the natural history of anuran amphibians. Many different methods have been employed in these studies, but a number of new techniques still require experimental validation. During two reproductive seasons in a Cerrado remnant in southeastern Brazil, we investigated the movement patterns and habitat use of the pepper frog, Leptodactylus labyrinthicus, using a spool-and-line device. This low-cost device did not appear to interfere with the activities of the frogs and allowed for constant monitoring, showing precise routes of movement and great predictability of relocations. Both sexes were active at night. During the day, males and females made use of retreat sites under vegetation or in burrows constructed by small- and medium-sized mammals. Males and females did not use standardized routes; there were no significant differences between their movements, and movements were not correlated with body size or environmental conditions. Individuals are able to move further than 100 m per day, a characteristic that may enable this species to colonize or recolonize open areas.

IDENTIFICATION OF COMMON FRAGILE SITES IN CHROMOSOMES OF 2 SPECIES OF BAT (CHIROPTERA, MAMMALIA)

In the karyotypes of the bat species Molossus ater and M molossus, spontaneous and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)- or aphidicolin (APC)-sensitive fragile sites were located. Four chromosome regions harbored APC-sensitive fragile sites: 1q9 and 8q4 in both M ater and M molossus, 3q3 in M ater, and 1p7 in M molossus. The fragile sites in 1q9 and 8q4 were also observed without induction in M molossus. BrdU-sensitive fragile sites were not detected. Despite observations in several other species, the fragile sites detected in Molossus are not coincident with the breakpoints involved in the chromosome rearrangements occurring in the evolution of 7 species of the Molossidae family.

CONCERTED ACTION OF THE HIGH-AFFINITY CALCIUM-BINDING SITES IN SKELETAL-MUSCLE TROPONIN-C

Mutants of each of the four divalent cation binding sites of chicken skeletal muscle troponin C (TnC) were constructed using site directed mutagenesis to convert Asp to Ala at the first coordinating position in each site. With a view to evaluating the importance of site-site interactions both within and between the N- and C-terminal domains, in this study the mutants are examined for their ability to associate with other components of the troponin-tropomyosin regulatory complex and to regulate thin filaments. The functional effects of each mutation in reconstitution assays are largely confined to the domain in which it occurs, where the unmutated site is unable to compensate for the defect, Thus the mutants of sites I and II bind to the regulatory complex but are impaired in ability to regulate tension and actomyosin ATPase activity, whereas the mutants of sites III and IV regulate activity but are unable to remain bound to thin filaments unless Ca2+ is present. When all four sites are intact, free Mg2+ causes a 50-60-fold increase in TnC's affinity for the other components of the regulatory complex, allowing it to attach firmly to thin filaments. Calcium can replace Mg2+ at a concentration ratio of 1:5000, and at this ratio the Ca2 . TnC complex is more tightly bound to the filaments than the Mg2 . TnC form, In the C-terminal mutants, higher concentrations of Ca2+ (above tension threshold) are required to effect this transformation than in the recombinant wild-type protein, suggesting that the mutants reveal an attachment mediated by Ca2+ in the N-domain sites.

Effect of early feed restriction and enzyme supplementation on digestive enzyme activities in broilers

The effect of feed restriction and enzymatic supplementation on intestinal and pancreatic enzyme activities and weight gain was studied in broiler chickens. Quantitative feed restriction was applied to chickens from 7 to 14 d of age. An enzyme complex mainly consisting of protease and amylase was added to the chicken ration from hatching to the end of the experiment. Birds subjected to feed restriction whose diet was not supplemented showed an increase in sucrase, amylase, and lipase activities immediately after the restriction period. Amylase, lipase, and chymotrypsin activities were higher in chickens subjected to feed restriction and fed a supplemented diet than in those only subjected to feed restriction. Trypsin activity increased after feed restriction and after supplementation, but there was no interaction between these effects. Early feed restriction had no effect on enzyme activity in 42-d-old chickens. Chickens subjected to early restriction and fed the supplemented diet presented higher sucrase, maltase, and lipase activities than nonsupplemented ones (P < 0.05). There was no effect of early feed restriction or diet supplementation on weight gain to 42 d. Percentage weight gain from 14 to 42 d of age was equivalent in feed-restricted and ad libitum fed birds. Feed-restricted broilers fed a supplemented diet showed a higher percentage weight gain than nonsupplemented birds. We conclude that enzymatic supplementation potentiates the effect of feed restriction on digestive enzyme activity and on weight gain.

Conformational analyses and docking studies of a series of 5-nitrofuran- and 5-nitrothiophen-semicarbazone derivatives in three possible binding sites of trypanothione and glutathione reductases

To explore three possible binding sites of trypanothione and glutathione reductase, namely, the active, the dimer interface and the coenzyme NADPH binding site, a series of eight compounds, nitrofurans and nitrothiophenes derivatives, were docked, using their crystallographic and modeled conformations. Docking results showed that, for both families and both enzymes, compounds are more likely to bind in the interface site, even though there is some probability of binding in the active site. These studies are in agreement with experimental data, which suggest that these class of compounds can act either as uncompetitive or mixed type inhibitors, and also with the finding that there is an alpha-helix which connects the active with the interface site, thus allowing charge transference between them. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Methane and carbon dioxide seasonal cycles at urban Brazilian inland sites

Methane and carbon dioxide seasonal cycles during years 1998 and 1999 at two Brazilian urban and inland sites are presented. The mixing ratio averages over the studied period of time were 1.80 ppm CH4 and 384.7 ppm CO2. A comparison is made between continental averages and the averages of the three nearest global network background sites of NOAA-CMDL comprising Ascension Island, Namibia and Easter Island. Inland sites had 0.08 ppm or 4.9% more CH4 and 19.0 ppm or 4.9% more CO2 than background over the same time span. The CH4 summer minimum observed in remote sites was also detected inland. During the month of October 98 and 99 inland mixing ratios were frequently similar to background.