939 resultados para religious community, migration, new spirituality, urban space, post-socialism, spatial strategies


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BACKGROUND: Solid-organ transplant recipients are at high risk for the development of herpes zoster. Epidemiologic data in lung transplant recipients are lacking. We determined the incidence and clinical characteristics of herpes zoster, and the risk factors for developing herpes zoster, after lung transplantation. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all adult (>18 years old) lung transplants performed at our institution between January 2001 and December 2005. Clinical characteristics of herpes zoster and potential risk factors associated with herpes zoster were assessed. RESULTS: Two hundred thirty-nine lung transplant recipients were included in the analysis. Median time of follow-up was 722 days (range 18 to 1,943 days). Thirty-five episodes of herpes zoster occurred in 29 patients, with a calculated incidence of 55.1 cases per 1,000 person-years of follow-up. The cumulative probability of herpes zoster was 5.8% at 1 year, 18.1% at 3 years and 20.2% at 5 years post-transplant. Only 2 of the 35 (5.7%) patients had disseminated cutaneous infection and none had visceral involvement. Recurrence of herpes zoster was seen in 13.8% of patients. Post-herpetic neuralgia was detected in 20% of cases. Anti-viral prophylaxis, primarily for cytomegalovirus (CMV), was protective against herpes zoster. No significant epidemiologic risk factors associated with herpes zoster could be identified. CONCLUSIONS: Herpes zoster is a common complication after lung transplantation with a peak incidence at between 1 and 4 years post-transplant. Preventive strategies would be beneficial for this population.

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In adult mammals, neural progenitors located in the dentate gyrus retain their ability to generate neurons and glia throughout lifetime. In rodents, increased production of new granule neurons is associated with improved memory capacities, while decreased hippocampal neurogenesis results in impaired memory performance in several memory tasks. In mouse models of Alzheimer's disease, neurogenesis is impaired and the granule neurons that are generated fail to integrate existing networks. Thus, enhancing neurogenesis should improve functional plasticity in the hippocampus and restore cognitive deficits in these mice. Here, we performed a screen of transcription factors that could potentially enhance adult hippocampal neurogenesis. We identified Neurod1 as a robust neuronal determinant with the capability to direct hippocampal progenitors towards an exclusive granule neuron fate. Importantly, Neurod1 also accelerated neuronal maturation and functional integration of new neurons during the period of their maturation when they contribute to memory processes. When tested in an APPxPS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, directed expression of Neurod1 in cycling hippocampal progenitors conspicuously reduced dendritic spine density deficits on new hippocampal neurons, to the same level as that observed in healthy age-matched control animals. Remarkably, this population of highly connected new neurons was sufficient to restore spatial memory in these diseased mice. Collectively our findings demonstrate that endogenous neural stem cells of the diseased brain can be manipulated to become new neurons that could allow cognitive improvement.

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Veterans of infection, Leishmania parasites have been plaguing mammals for centuries, causing a morbidity toll second only to that of malaria as the most devastating protozoan parasitic disease in the world. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is, by far, the most prevalent form of the disease, with symptoms ranging from a single self-healing lesion to chronic metastatic leishmaniasis (ML). In an increasingly immunocompromised population, complicated CL is becoming a more likely outcome, characterized by severely inflamed, destructive lesions that are often refractory to current treatment. This is perhaps because our ageing arsenal of variably effective antileishmanial drugs may be directly or indirectly immunomodulatory and may thus have variable effects in each type and stage of CL. Indeed, widely differing immune biases are created by the various species of Leishmania, and these immunological watersheds are further shifted by extrinsic disturbances in immune homeostasis. For example, we recently showed that a naturally occurring RNA virus (Leishmania RNA virus (LRV)) within some Leishmania parasites creates hyperinflammatory cross-talk, which can predispose to ML: a case of immunological misfire that may require a different approach to immunotherapy, whereby treatments are tailored to underlying immune biases. Understanding the intersecting immune pathways of leishmaniasis and its co-infections will enable us to identify new drug targets, and thereby design therapeutic strategies that work by untangling the immunological cross-wires of pathogenic cross-talk.

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This study assesses gender differences in spatial and non-spatial relational learning and memory in adult humans behaving freely in a real-world, open-field environment. In Experiment 1, we tested the use of proximal landmarks as conditional cues allowing subjects to predict the location of rewards hidden in one of two sets of three distinct locations. Subjects were tested in two different conditions: (1) when local visual cues marked the potentially-rewarded locations, and (2) when no local visual cues marked the potentially-rewarded locations. We found that only 17 of 20 adults (8 males, 9 females) used the proximal landmarks to predict the locations of the rewards. Although females exhibited higher exploratory behavior at the beginning of testing, males and females discriminated the potentially-rewarded locations similarly when local visual cues were present. Interestingly, when the spatial and local information conflicted in predicting the reward locations, males considered both spatial and local information, whereas females ignored the spatial information. However, in the absence of local visual cues females discriminated the potentially-rewarded locations as well as males. In Experiment 2, subjects (9 males, 9 females) were tested with three asymmetrically-arranged rewarded locations, which were marked by local cues on alternate trials. Again, females discriminated the rewarded locations as well as males in the presence or absence of local cues. In sum, although particular aspects of task performance might differ between genders, we found no evidence that women have poorer allocentric spatial relational learning and memory abilities than men in a real-world, open-field environment.

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Introducció: Les persones ostomitzades presenten una sèrie de canvis de tipus fisiològic, psicològic i social, els quals els obliga a adaptar-se a la seva vida diària. Per adaptar-se a aquesta nova situació utilitzen una sèrie d'estratègies d'afrontament, sent l'acceptació el producte final. Per a que les estratègies adoptades siguin les més efectives, han de rebre una educació sanitària adequada.Contràriament, l'escassetat d'educació sanitària o l'educació sanitària inadequada que reben aquests pacients és un problema real que ens trobem en l'actualitat.Objectiu: Conèixer si l'educació sanitària rebuda pels pacients ostomitzats, té influencia en la seva adaptació a la nova situació produïda per l'ostomia digestiva.Metodologia: Estudi qualitatiu fenomenològic, on les dades es recolliran a través d'entrevistessemiestructurades a pacients amb ostomia digestiva, els quals van rebre l'alta hospitalària fa almenys 2 mesos. Les entrevistes seran gravades, transcrites i analitzades, utilitzant en aquest últim pas la triangulació d'investigadors. La mostra serà de tipus intencional, la seleccionaré a l'Hospital Universitàri de Bellvitge entre els pacients que acudeixen a la consulta de la infermera estomaterapeuta, i el seu tamany estarà definit per la saturació teòrica. L'estudi estarà reglat en tot moment pel dret a la intimitat, incloent en aquest l'anonimat i la confidencialitat, i el dret a la lliure decisió.Consideracions finals: Inclou una explicació argumentada sobre els meus punts febles i forts del treball, una reflexió sobre la satisfacció amb les competències que he adquirit i finalment una autoavaluació dels resultats del meu aprenentatge.

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Cell migration and adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) are crucial in many biological and pathological processes such as morphogenesis, tissue repair, inflammatory responses, survival, and cancer. Cell-matrix adhesion is mediated by the integrin family of transmembrane receptors, which not only anchor cells to their surroundings, but also transmit bidirectional signalling at the cell surface and couple the ECM to the cytoskeleton. Another group of adhesion receptors are the syndecan proteoglycans, which engage the ECM and possess signalling activity in response to a variety of ligands. Cell migration is a complex process that requires spatial and temporal coordination of adhesion, cell contractility, intracellular traffic of integrins, and matrix turnover by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Thus, integrins and syndecans, as well as MMPs, play essential roles in cancer cell migration and invasion. The understanding of the cooperation of syndecans and integrins was broadened in this thesis study. The results reveal that syndecan-1 functions in concert with 21 integrin in cell adhesion to collagen, whereas syndecan-4 is essential in 21 integrin-mediated matrix contraction. Finally, oncogenic K-Ras was shown to regulate 21 integrin, membrane-type 1 MMP, and syndecan-1 and -4 expression and their cooperation in cell invasion. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is fundamental during embryogenesis and organ development. Activation of EMT processes, including the upregulation of mesenchymal intermediate filament protein vimentin, has also been implicated in the acquisition of a malignant phenotype by epithelial cancer cells. Members of the protein kinase C (PKC) superfamily are involved in cell migration and various integrindependent cellular functions. One aim of this work was to shed light on the role of vimentin in the regulation of integrin traffic and cell motility. In addition, the mechanism by which vimentin participates in EMT was investigated. The results show that integrin recycling and motility are dependent on the PKC–mediated phosphorylation of vimentin. In addition, vimentin was found to be a positive regulator of EMT and regulate the expression of several migratory genes. Specifically, vimentin governs the expression of receptor tyrosine kinase Axl, which is implicated in tumour growth and metastasis. Taken together, the findings described in this thesis reveal novel aspects of the complex interplay between distinct cellular components: integrins, syndecans, and the vimentin cytoskeleton, which all contribute to the regulation of human cancer cell adhesion, migration, and invasion.

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Kirjallisuusarvostelu

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Products developed at industries, institutes and research centers are expected to have high level of quality and performance, having a minimum waste, which require efficient and robust tools to numerically simulate stringent project conditions with great reliability. In this context, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) plays an important role and the present work shows two numerical algorithms that are used in the CFD community to solve the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations applied to typical aerospace and aeronautical problems. Particularly, unstructured discretization of the spatial domain has gained special attention by the international community due to its ease in discretizing complex spatial domains. This work has the main objective of illustrating some advantages and disadvantages of numerical algorithms using structured and unstructured spatial discretization of the flow governing equations. Numerical methods include a finite volume formulation and the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations are applied to solve a transonic nozzle problem, a low supersonic airfoil problem and a hypersonic inlet problem. In a structured context, these problems are solved using MacCormack’s implicit algorithm with Steger and Warming’s flux vector splitting technique, while, in an unstructured context, Jameson and Mavriplis’ explicit algorithm is used. Convergence acceleration is obtained using a spatially variable time stepping procedure.

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Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

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Using Marxist state theory as an analytical framework, this thesis explains the problems faced by the Ontario New Democratic Party government (1990-1995) in implementing a social democratic agenda. Not only was the government constrained in its ability to implement progressive policy, but it was also pushed to implement a Social Contract (involving legislated wage cuts to public sector employees) that alienated the party's base of support, making it more difficult for the party to organize in the future. Although this study relies predominantly on a reinterpretation of existing research on the topic, some primary research is used in the analysis, including interviews with members of the labour movement and former MPPs and analysis of the news media's treatment of the party/ government. Historical and class analytical perspectives are used to explain the evolution of the ONDP's structure and policies, as well as to assess the relative strength of the working class and its ability to support a social democratic political agenda. It was found that the ONDP' s unwillingness to develop a long term plan for social democracy, and its inability to act as a mass party or to build a strong working class movement, made it more difficult for the party to succeed when it formed the government. Moreover, the class nature of the capitalist state, along with pressure exerted by a well mobilized capitalist class, worked to limit the government' s options.

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Cette thèse se propose d’étudier les façons dont la pensée et l’imaginaire grec de l’époque archaïque se représentaient quelques pans du réel qui ne se laissaient jamais voir ni atteindre: l’éther, l’air et l’abîme marin. Vu le caractère insondable de ces espaces, l’imagination et l’abstraction se sont ingéniées à les appréhender par un discours spécifique et à les intégrer dans le système de connaissances et de croyances propre à l’époque en leur assignant une place dans le système de l’univers, en les rattachant à une hiérarchie de l’ordre cosmologique, en leur donnant une forme, en classant leurs objets et en les rapportant aux modèles du monde connu, en les aménageant par les moyens les plus divers. Une étude des formes d’expression de la pensée grecque archaïque, autant littéraires qu’iconographiques, permet de cerner les diverses formes de représentation des domaines inaccessibles et les modèles d’organisation spatiale issus de ce type de pensée. Grâce à la dialectique particulière qui ressort du rapport entre espace et mouvement, cette thèse se propose également d’interroger le corpus des sources grecques archaïques sous des angles jusqu’ici peu explorés: comment maîtrise-t-on l’espace par les déplacements physiques en dehors des parcours terrestres? Comment les schémas du mouvement dans l’espace se sont-ils forgés? Comment les dichotomies issues de la logique spatiale archaïque (haut/bas, droite/gauche, est/ouest, en deça/au-delà, etc.) influent-elles sur la structuration spatiale? Quelles espèces d’espace révèlent les déplacements à travers les différents niveaux du monde, que ce soit ceux des dieux, ceux des mortels et d’autres entités, forces physiques et substances privilégiées dans le commerce avec le divin et le monde d’en haut? Ces analyses mettent en valeur les façons dont l’imagination et l’abstraction plutôt que l’expérience vécue ont contribué, à leur façon, à structurer l’espace et à forger l’image du monde comme κόσμος, monde mis en ordre et soumis autant aux lois physiques qu’aux lois divines.

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Depuis 1981, les jeunes du primaire et secondaire sont sensibilisés à la danse par des enseignants qui l’offrent au sein du curriculum de la formation générale des jeunes. Les enseignants de la danse en milieu scolaire (EDMS) du Québec, bénéficient d’une formation universitaire à la fois disciplinaire, pédagogique et pratique qui développe leurs compétences tant artistiques que professionnelles. Au sein de cette formation initiale, commence le développement de l’identité professionnelle de l’enseignant (Lessard et Tardif, 2003) qui continue à se développer durant toute la carrière. Toutefois, la construction identitaire de l’EDMS n’a pas fait l’objet d’une étude approfondie car l’enseignement de la danse en milieu scolaire est une profession relativement nouvelle, non-traditionnelle et méconnue. Ainsi, dans le cadre d’une approche sociologique constructiviste, nous nous penchons sur les tensions et stratégies identitaires inhérentes aux trajectoires biographiques et aux représentations professionnelles de praticiens dans le but de mieux connaître qui ils sont. Nous cherchons à comprendre le sens qu’ils donnent, dans leur construction identitaire, à leur parcours de formation, à leur travail, à leurs relations dans le travail, aux savoirs, et aux institutions en élaborant les rapports qu’ils entretiennent avec autrui ainsi que la perception de leurs rôles, statuts et fonctions artistiques et éducatifs. Un cadre conceptuel nous a permis de faire un portrait sociologique des sphères de négociations identitaires inhérentes à la construction de l’identité professionnelle grâce à l’analyse de la double transaction biographique et relationnelle, un concept de Dubar (1991). Les données de cette étude, recueillies auprès de dix-huit EDMS, proviennent d’un questionnaire sociodémographique ainsi que d’un questionnaire et d’entretiens sur leurs représentations professionnelles, leurs héritages et sur les incidents critiques de leurs trajectoires biographiques. L’analyse inductive des données par l’approche de théorisation ancrée, vérifiée par quinze participantes, a permis de dégager six sphères internes et externes de négociations identitaires communes à la construction de l’identité professionnelle d’EDMS : Devenir, Se réaliser, Se projeter, Faire sa place, Rencontrer l’autre et Agir. Ces sphères se présentent comme des espaces d’identification dans lesquelles l’EDMS construit son identité professionnelle en se positionnant par rapport aux identités héritées, acquises, prescrites, réelles et projetées. Cependant, les écarts entre les logiques opposées, les postures complémentaires et les rôles à jouer pour soi et pour autrui dans la pratique peuvent engendrer des tensions identitaires intrasubjectives et intersubjectives que nous avons identifiées. Pour réduire les écarts entre les représentations polaires et pour apaiser les zones d’incertitudes identitaires, l’EDMS mobilise des stratégies temporelles et spatiales. Neuf ont été relevées: conversion, conciliation, différenciation, implication multiple, maintien identitaire, défense, promotion, alternance des rôles et formation continue. Cette étude expose des façons d’EDMS de se définir pour soi et pour autrui qui permettent d’accéder aux référents identitaires des sphères par des exemples concrets issus des verbalisations de participantes sur le terrain. L’interprétation de nos résultats nous conduit à décrire six profils identitaires provisoires. Nos résultats offrent des retombées possibles en formation initiale et continue.

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L’île de Java fait partie des régions les plus densément peuplées du monde. Lors de la seconde moitié du vingtième siècle, le gouvernement indonésien a instauré des politiques de transmigrations visant à décongestionner démographiquement l’île-maîtresse. Mais les objectifs de ce programme étaient multiples, visant notamment à fournir la main d’œuvre agricole, à bas prix, aux agro-industries afin de les inciter à s’installer dans les îles de la périphérie javanaise. La transition agraire a valorisé l’implantation de l’agriculture intensive à grande échelle. Ceci a contribué à l’exclusion progressive des paysans Javanais au sein des systèmes de production agricole, engendrant un changement de valeurs et d'aspirations au sein des communautés rurales. La transition agraire a ainsi contribué à accentuer la désagrarianisation des communautés rurales javanaises, se traduisant en un immense surplus de main-d’œuvre dans les campagnes suite à la révolution verte qui a été entamée au cours de la décennie 1970. L’émergence d’un noyau d’entrepreneurs et les migrations de travailleurs sont au cœur des stratégies de résilience économique développées par les paysans javanais pour faire face aux impacts de la transition agraire. Les rapatriements de fonds qui découlent des migrations contribuent à la survie de certaines communautés rurales, dans lesquelles de nombreux membres passent le plus clair de leur temps à l’extérieur du village.

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In this paper, we define a new scheme to develop and evaluate protection strategies for building reliable GMPLS networks. This is based on what we have called the network protection degree (NPD). The NPD consists of an a priori evaluation, the failure sensibility degree (FSD), which provides the failure probability, and an a posteriori evaluation, the failure impact degree (FID), which determines the impact on the network in case of failure, in terms of packet loss and recovery time. Having mathematical formulated these components, experimental results demonstrate the benefits of the utilization of the NPD, when used to enhance some current QoS routing algorithms in order to offer a certain degree of protection