Também temos crachá: sobre um programa para aprendizes

Esta tese objetiva estudar o encontro dos jovens com o mundo do trabalho a partir de sua passagem por um programa de aprendizes em uma grande empresa privada brasileira com sede no Rio de Janeiro. Fazem parte do programa de aprendizes dessa empresa jovens entre 15 e 21 anos de ambos os sexos que moram em regiões diferentes do Estado, em geral na Baixada Fluminense ou em favelas cariocas pertencentes a famílias de baixa renda. Busca-se refletir sobre as questões que emergem no encontro dos jovens com o universo organizacional assim como compreender os significados concedidos por eles ao trabalho no que se refere às suas expectativas de futuro e aos seus projetos de vida. Parte-se da compreensão de que vivenciamos um momento de crise no qual toda a sociedade vem sofrendo profundas transformações com impactos diversos para os sujeitos contemporâneos e para a produção de subjetividades. A juventude, em especial, vem sendo atingida diretamente por esse cenário fazendo com que a passagem para a vida adulta seja um desafio. Nesse sentido, o governo brasileiro vem desenvolvendo políticas públicas voltadas para a juventude, dentre as quais a Lei de Aprendizagem faz parte. Esta foi criada pelo Ministério do Trabalho e do Emprego visando apoiar o jovem em sua inserção no mercado de trabalho e estabelece que organizações tanto públicas quanto privadas devem contratar obrigatoriamente um percentual de moças e rapazes entre 14 e 24 anos em regime especial de aprendizagem para conceder-lhes formação técnico-profissional. Para alcance dos objetivos da tese, foi realizada ampla pesquisa qualitativa de campo ao longo dos anos de 2010 e 2011 na qual foram utilizados instrumentos diversos para a coleta de dados: entrevistas individuais, focus group, observações e intervenções de campo que se concentraram na seleção dos aprendizes, em algumas ações de treinamento pelo qual passaram e no seu dia a dia de aprendizado na empresa. Os dados mais significativos coletados em campo foram analisados a partir de referências teórico-bibliográficas da Psicologia e de outras áreas de saber das Ciências Humanas e Sociais que dessem suporte à sua compreensão. Como alguns dos principais resultados obtidos na pesquisa, pode-se destacar que a ocupação profissional para a qual os jovens são preparados durante sua formação no programa de aprendizado não está necessariamente vinculada aos desejos de carreira que possuem para seu futuro. Os projetos de vida que denotam a busca por estabilidade são pautados em carreiras que requerem a realização do ensino superior. O encontro dos jovens com o universo da empresa não é simples, requer a aprendizagem de formas de falar e de se portar que são bem-vindas ou não. São essas formas de saber assim como o sentido de responsabilidade que ganham ao terem tarefas a realizar os principais aprendizados que os jovens carregam da experiência vivida. Por outro lado, a empresa ainda possui dificuldades para lidar com esses jovens percebendo-os a partir de estereótipos ligados às suas origens socioeconômicas que acabam por gerar mecanismos de desenvolvimento com teor civilizatório.

A preliminary study on the feeding regime of European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus Walbaum 1792) in Izmir Bay, Turkey, Eastern Aegean Sea

The gut contents of Sardina pilchardus specimens captured in Izmir Bay were examined in order to determine their feeding regimes. Of the 365 stomachs examined, 321 (87.95%) contained food and 44 (12.05%) were empty. Analysis of gut contents verified that S. pilchardus feeds on zooplankton. The most important group in the diet of S. pilchardus was copepods (79.79%). Decapod crustacean larvae (8.17%) and bivalves (3.18%) were second and third, respectively, in order of importance. The application of analysis of variance to monthly data of numerical percentage, weight percentage, frequency of occurrence and index of relative importance indicated that there was no significant difference between months. Oncaea media was the most dominant species for six months of the year. Euterpina acutifrons, Centropages typicus, Calanoida, Oncaea sp. and Corycaeus sp. were the most dominant for March, April, May, September, October and December.

Seasonal marine growth of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in relation to competition with Asian pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) and the 1977 ocean regime shift

Recent research demonstrated significantly lower growth and survival of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) during odd-numbered years of their second or third years at sea (1975, 1977, etc.), a trend that was opposite that of Asian pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) abundance. Here we evaluated seasonal growth trends of Kvichak and Egegik river sockeye salmon (Bristol Bay stocks) during even- and odd-numbered years at sea by measuring scale circuli increments within each g rowth zone of each major salmon age group between 1955 and 2000. First year scale growth was not significantly different between odd- and even-numbered years, but peak growth of age-2 smolts was significantly higher than age-1. smolts. Total second and third year scale growth of salmon was significantly lower during odd- than during even-numbered years. However, reduced scale growth in odd-numbered years began after peak growth in spring and continued through summer and fall even though most pink salmon had left the high seas by late July (10−18% growth reduction in odd vs. even years). The alternating odd and even year growth pattern was consistent before and after the 1977 ocean reg ime shift. During 1977−2000, when salmon abundance was relatively great, sockeye salmon growth was high during specific seasons compared with that during 1955−1976, that is to say, immediately after entry to Bristol Bay, after peak growth in the first year, during the middle of the second growing season, and during spring of the third season. Growth after the spring peak in the third year at sea was relatively low during 1977−2000. We hypothesize that high consumption rates of prey by pink salmon during spring through mid-July of odd-numbered years, coupled with declining zooplankton biomass during summer and potentially cyclic abundances of squid and other prey, contributed to reduced prey availability and therefore reduced growth of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon during late spring through fall of odd-numbered years.

Seasonal changes in growth of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) off Oregon and Washington and concurrent changes in the spacing of scale circuli

In this study we present new information on seasonal variation in absolute growth rate in length of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the ocean off Oregon and Washington, and relate these changes in growth rate to concurrent changes in the spacing of scale circuli. Average spacing of scale circuli and average rate of circulus formation were significantly and positively correlated with average growth rate among groups of juvenile and maturing coho salmon and thus could provide estimates of growth between age groups and seasons. Regression analyses indicated that the spacing of circuli was proportional to the scale growth rate raised to the 0.4−0.6 power. Seasonal changes in the spacing of scale circuli reflected seasonal changes in apparent growth rates of fish. Spacing of circuli at the scale margin was greatest during the spring and early summer, decreased during the summer, and was lowest in winter or early spring. Changes over time in length of fish caught during research cruises indicated that the average growth rate of juvenile coho salmon between June and September was about 1.3 mm/d and then decreased during the fall and winter to about 0.6 mm/d. Average growth rate of maturing fish was about 2 mm/d between May and June, then decreased to about 1 mm/d between June and September. Average apparent growth rates of groups of maturing coded-wire−tagged coho salmon caught in the ocean hook-and-line fisheries also decreased between June and September. Our results indicate that seasonal change in the spacing of scale circuli is a useful indicator of seasonal change in growth rate of coho salmon in the ocean.