Pre- and postsynaptic effects of SKF64139, a phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase inhibitor, in conscious normotensive rats

We investigated in conscious normotensive rats the effect of SKF64139 (2 mg i.v.), a potent phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) inhibitor, on blood pressure responses to norepinephrine (40, 80, and 160 ng i.v.); methoxamine (2.5, 5 and 10 micrograms i.v.), a directly active sympathomimetic agent that is not taken up by adrenergic nerves; and tyramine (20, 40, and 80 micrograms i.v.), an indirectly acting sympathomimetic amine. The pressor effect of norepinephrine was not changed by 2 mg of SKF64139, while those of methoxamine and tyramine were significantly reduced. The dose-response curve to exogenous norepinephrine was also evaluated following blockade of norepinephrine uptake in the nerve endings using 0.25 mg desipramine i.v. This dose of desipramine had no effect on blood pressure increase induced by methoxamine. In rats pretreated with the neuronal uptake inhibitor desipramine in a dose that did not affect alpha-adrenoceptors, SKF64139 significantly decreased the pressor responses to norepinephrine. Increasing the dose of SKF64139 to 8 mg i.v. resulted in a significant fall in base-line blood pressure and in a blunted blood pressure response to norepinephrine. These data demonstrate that in vivo the PNMT inhibitor SKF64139 blocks alpha-adrenoceptors and inhibits neuronal uptake. The alpha-adrenoceptor blocking properties of SKF65139 are masked by simultaneous blockade of norepinephrine uptake when agonists with affinity for the uptake system are used. These findings need to be taken into account when interpreting cardiovascular effects of the PNMT inhibitor SKF64139.

Perceptions of diabetes obtained through drawing in childhood and adolescence

Objective: To examine whether drawing is useful in the detection of problems of psychosocial adaptation in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and in improving communication with health professionals. Methods: We performed an exploratory descriptive study in 199 children and adolescents with T1D aged 413 years. The participants were asked to render a drawing on a suggested topic. The variables analyzed were related to the drawing and to clinical and sociodemographic data. Results: Most participants showed evidence of having a well-balanced personality, but there were also signs of affective or psychosocial difficulties. Conclusion: Drawing is a useful technique by which to identify children"s and adolescents" feelings and possible problems in adapting to T1D, as well as to gain information directly from the children themselves. Future studies should delimit the possibilities of this technique in clinical practice in greater detail.

Inhibitory effect of neuropeptide Y on stimulated renin secretion of awake rats.

1. (1-36)-NPY is a vasoconstrictor peptide widely distributed in sympathetic nerve terminals. This peptide exerts an inhibitory action on renin release induced by various stimuli. Post-synaptic neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors show a high affinity for (1-36)-NPY as well as for the agonist (Pro34)-NPY, while presynaptic receptors bind preferentially (13-36)-NPY. 2. This study was undertaken to assess whether the NPY induced renin suppression in awake normotensive rats infused with the beta-adrenoceptor stimulant isoproterenol is mediated by activation of pre- or post-synaptic receptors. 3. Non-pressor doses of (1-36)-NPY and (Pro34)-NPY markedly attenuated the renin secretion triggered by isoproterenol whereas (13-36)-NPY had no effect. This suggests that the effect of NPY on renin release is due to the stimulation of post-synaptic receptors. However it remains unknown whether NPY acts directly on juxtaglomerular cells or indirectly by modifying intraglomerular haemodynamics.

Auditory cues support place navigation in rats when associated with a visual cue.

Rats, like other crepuscular animals, have excellent auditory capacities and they discriminate well between different sounds [Heffner HE, Heffner RS, Hearing in two cricetid rodents: wood rats (Neotoma floridana) and grasshopper mouse (Onychomys leucogaster). J Comp Psychol 1985;99(3):275-88]. However, most experimental literature concerning spatial orientation almost exclusively emphasizes the use of visual landmarks [Cressant A, Muller RU, Poucet B. Failure of centrally placed objects to control the firing fields of hippocampal place cells. J Neurosci 1997;17(7):2531-42; and Goodridge JP, Taube JS. Preferential use of the landmark navigational system by head direction cells in rats. Behav Neurosci 1995;109(1):49-61]. To address the important issue of whether rats are able to achieve a place navigation task relative to auditory beacons, we designed a place learning task in the water maze. We controlled cue availability by conducting the experiment in total darkness. Three auditory cues did not allow place navigation whereas three visual cues in the same positions did support place navigation. One auditory beacon directly associated with the goal location did not support taxon navigation (a beacon strategy allowing the animal to find the goal just by swimming toward the cue). Replacing the auditory beacons by one single visual beacon did support taxon navigation. A multimodal configuration of two auditory cues and one visual cue allowed correct place navigation. The deletion of the two auditory or of the one visual cue did disrupt the spatial performance. Thus rats can combine information from different sensory modalities to achieve a place navigation task. In particular, auditory cues support place navigation when associated with a visual one.

L'éthylglucuronide: un marquer de la consommation d'alcool [Ethyl glucuronide: a biomarker of alcohol consumption]

Excessive alcohol consumption represents a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality. It is therefore indispensable to be able to detect at-risk drinking. Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a specific marker of alcohol consumption. The determination of ethyl glucuronide in urine or blood can be used to prove recent driving under the influence of alcohol, even if ethanol is no longer detectable. The commercialization of an EtG specific immunological assay now allows to obtain preliminary results rapidly and easily with satisfying sensitivity. Moreover, the detection of ethyl glucuronide in hair offers the opportunity to evaluate an alcohol consumption over a long period. The EtG concentration in hair is in correlation with the amount of ingested alcohol. Thus, the analysis of ethyl glucuronide can be used to monitor abstinence, to detect alcohol relapse and to identify at-risk drinkers. However, a cut off allowing to detect chronic alcohol abuser reliably still does not exist. Therefore, it is recommended to perform the analysis of ethyl glucuronide in complement to the existing blood markers. A study financed by the Swiss Foundation for Alcohol Research is actually conducted by the West Switzerland University Center of Legal Medicine in order to establish an objective cut-off.

Place du frottis cytologique à l'adolescence [Role of the PAP smear in adolescence]

The publication of the 2006 directives concerning the management of PAP smears has incited us to update our internal protocols at the CHUV, which are described in this article. A new addition to these directives is the specific management of adolescent PAP smears, who present both a high HPV carriage rate and increased incidence of cytological abnormalities with a favorable outcome in most cases. Our goal is to avoid over-treating dysplasias in this type of patient in order to avoid long-term complications. Emphasis is placed on the first gynecological consultation where a listening ear and clear and targeted information remain essential in the proper management of a young patient.

Consommation d'alcool, syndrome métabolique et diabète dans une population à consommation moyenne d'alcool élevée

ButsDans la littérature actuelle, peu d'études existent sur la relation entre la consommation d'alcool et le syndrome métabolique. Les quelques données disponibles sont contradictoires et très limitées chez les buveurs à haut risque. Quant au diabète, une association est connue entre la consommation à bas risque d'alcool et une prévalence diminuée de la maladie. Là encore, les données sur la consommation à haut risque sont très limitées. Par conséquent, notre but était d'étudier la relation entre la consommation d'alcool, le syndrome métabolique et le diabète dans la cohorte lausannoise (CoLaus), où la consommation moyenne d'alcool est nettement plus élevée que dans la plupart des études disponibles, notamment celles des États-Unis.MéthodesNous avons analysé les données de 6172 hommes et femmes, âgés de 35 à 75 ans. La consommation d'alcool a été catégorisée en 0,1-6, 7-13, 14-20, 21-27, 28-34 et >35 boissons par semaine ou comme non-buveurs (0), buveurs à bas risque (1-13), à risque moyen à élevé (14-34) et à très haut risque (>35). Nous avons confirmé la consommation d'alcool par la y- glutamyl transferase et la transferrine déficiente en hydrates de carbone (CDT). Après l'analyse des caractéristiques des groupes de consommateurs, nous avons utilisé des régressions multivariées pour évaluer la relation entre la consommation d'alcool, la prévalence du syndrome métabolique et du diabète ainsi que la résistance à l'insuline, déterminée par le modèle d'homéostasie de la résistance à l'insuline (HOMA-IR). Dans le modèle d'ajustement, nous avons inclus l'âge, le genre, le status tabagique, l'activité physique et le niveau de formation. Nous avons aussi comparé la relation du type d'alcool (vin, bière et spiritueux) avec le syndrome métabolique, le diabète et le HOMA-IR en testant l'hypothèse d'égalité de leurs coefficients de régression, après ajustement.RésultatsParmi les participants, 73% buvaient de l'alcool, 16% étant buveurs à risque moyen à élevé et 2% à risque très élevé. En analyse multivariée, la prévalence du syndrome métabolique et du diabète ainsi que le HOMA-IR moyen diminuaient avec la consommation d'alcool à bas risque et augmentaient avec la consommation à très haut risque, montrant une relation en U. La prévalence ajustée du syndrome métabolique était de 24% chez les non-buveurs, 19% chez les buveurs à bas risque (p<0.001 vs. non-buveurs), 20% chez ceux à risque moyen à élevé et 29% chez ceux à très haut risque (p=0.005 vs. bas risque). La prévalence ajustée du diabète était de 6.0% chez les non-buveurs, 3.6% chez les buveurs à bas risque (p<0.001 vs. non-buveurs), 3.8% chez ceux à risque moyen à élevé et 6.7% chez ceux à très haut risque (p=0.046 vs. bas risque). Le HOMA-IR moyen ajusté était de 2.47 chez les non-buveurs, 2.14 chez ceux à bas risque (pcO.OOl vs. non-buveurs), 2.27 chez ceux à risque moyen à élevé et 2.53 chez ceux à très haut risque (p=0.04 vs. bas risque). Ces relations ne différaient pas selon les types de boissons.ConclusionsLa prévalence du syndrome métabolique, du diabète et le HOMA-IR baissent pour les faibles consommations d'alcool, mais augmentent à nouveau avec les plus fortes consommations, sans différence entre les types de boissons.