872 resultados para rapid prototyping


Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The double-echo-steady-state (DESS) sequence generates two signal echoes that are characterized by a different contrast behavior. Based on these two contrasts, the underlying T2 can be calculated. For a flip-angle of 90 degrees , the calculated T2 becomes independent of T1, but with very low signal-to-noise ratio. In the present study, the estimation of cartilage T2, based on DESS with a reduced flip-angle, was investigated, with the goal of optimizing SNR, and simultaneously minimizing the error in T2. This approach was validated in phantoms and on volunteers. T2 estimations based on DESS at different flip-angles were compared with standard multiecho, spin-echo T2. Furthermore, DESS-T2 estimations were used in a volunteer and in an initial study on patients after cartilage repair of the knee. A flip-angle of 33 degrees was the best compromise for the combination of DESS-T2 mapping and morphological imaging. For this flip angle, the Pearson correlation was 0.993 in the phantom study (approximately 20% relative difference between SE-T2 and DESS-T2); and varied between 0.429 and 0.514 in the volunteer study. Measurements in patients showed comparable results for both techniques with regard to zonal assessment. This DESS-T2 approach represents an opportunity to combine morphological and quantitative cartilage MRI in a rapid one-step examination.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that a low clinical pretest probability may be adequate for excluding heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. However, for patients with intermediate or high pretest probability, laboratory testing is essential for confirming or refuting the diagnosis. Rapid assessment of anti-PF4/heparin-antibodies may assist clinical decision-making. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the performance of rapid ID-H/PF4-PaGIA. In particular, we verified reproducibility of results between plasma and serum specimens, between fresh and frozen samples, and between different ID-H/PF4-polymer lots (polystyrene beads coated with heparin/PF4-complexes). PATIENTS/METHODS: The samples studied were 1376 plasma and 914 corresponding serum samples from patients investigated for suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia between January 2000 and October 2008. Anti-PF4/heparin-antibodies were assessed by ID-H/PF4-PaGIA, commercially available ELISAs and heparin-induced platelet aggregation test. RESULTS: Among 914 paired plasma/serum samples we noted discordant results (negative vs. low-titre positive) in nine instances (1%; 95%CI, 0.4-1.6%). Overall, agreement between titres assessed in plasma vs. serum was highly significant (Spearman correlation coefficient, 0.975; P < 0.0001). Forty-seven samples tested both fresh and after freezing/thawing showed a good agreement, with one discordant positive/negative result (Spearman correlation coefficient, 0.970; P < 0.0001). Among 1376 plasma samples we noted a strikingly variable incidence of false negative results (none - 82%; 95%CI, 66-98%), depending on the employed ID-H/PF4-polymer lot. Faulty lots can be recognized by titrating commercial positive controls and stored samples of HIT-patients. CONCLUSION: Laboratories performing the assay should implement stringent internal quality controls in order to recognize potentially faulty ID-H/PF4-polymer lots, thus avoiding false negative results.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Das FRP-Verfahren ist eine neuentwickelte Technologie, die andere Verfahren des Prototypenbaus bzw. der Prototypenerzeugung an Präzision, Schnelligkeit und Rentabilität um ein Vielfaches übertrifft. Generell verringert sich damit der Zeitrahmen von der Idee bis zum fertigen Modell (time-to-market) dramatisch.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Bedingt durch die geringen Aufbauraten blieb die Anwendung des direkten Lasersinterverfahrens (DMLS) bislang auf die Herstellung kleinerer Formeinsätze für den Spritzguss- bzw. Al-Druckgusswerkzeugbau beschränkt. Um die Technologie des Rapid Tooling auf das Anwendungsfeld für größere Werkzeugeinsätze zu erweitern, ist vom IFAM zusammen mit weiteren europäischen Projektpartnern im Rahmen des Projekts ecoMold der sog. modulare Werkzeugbaukasten entwickelt worden. Das Konzept beruht darauf, dass ein Werkzeugeinsatz in Module zerteilt wird, die separat gefertigt werden. Jedes Modul setzt sich aus einer Grundgeometrie und einer Formgeometrie zusammen. Die Grundgeometrie stellt Volumenbereiche des Werkzeugeinsatzes dar, die keine formbestimmenden Geometrien beinhalten. Die Grundgeometrien werden als standardisierte Grundmodule durch Fräsen kostengünstig hergestellt. Die formbestimmenden Geometrien des Einsatzes werden durch das Lasersinterverfahren auf die Grundmodule aufgesintert. Die verschiedenen Module werden dann zum fertigen Werkzeugeinsatz montiert. Grundlage ist der vollständige STL-Datensatz der beiden Werkzeughälften. Auf der Basis einer Datenbank, die alle zur Verfügung stehenden Grundmodule in verschiedenen Abmessungsabstufungen enthält, wird die Anzahl, die Größe und die Lage der Module automatisiert von der am IFAM entwickelten Software bestimmt. Dabei wird versucht, den ursprünglichen STL-Datensatz des Werkzeugeinsatzes derart in einzelne Module zu zerlegen, dass die aufzusinternden Bereiche minimiert werden und möglichst viele Volumenbereiche des Einsatzes durch die in der Datenbank hinterlegten Grundmodule gefüllt werden. Mit dem vorgestellten System steht ein neues Fertigungskonzept zur Verfügung, das durch eine Kombination aus Lasersinter- und Fräsverfahren gestattet, das Lasersinterverfahren auch für Rapid-Tooling-Anwendungen für größere Bauteile anzuwenden. Erste Erfahrungen und Kalkulationen haben ergeben, dass im Vergleich zu konventionell hergestellten Werkzeugeinsätzen die Kosten um ca. 35% und die benötigten Bauzeiten um ca. 30% reduziert werden können.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

In der CAD-Welt existieren unterschiedliche Arten, wie Oberflächen beschrieben werden. Netze, auch Meshes genannt oder Polymaschen, sind aus einer Vielzahl ebener Dreiecke zusammengesetzt (bis zu mehreren Millionen). Sie stammen aus Digitalisiersystemen oder aus virtueller Modelliersoftware und werden üblicherweise im STL-Format ausgetauscht. Verwandt hierzu sind Netze, die aus Simulationssystemen kommen, beispielsweise zur Umformsimulation von Blechteilen.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Previous studies have suggested that oral or intravenous glucose enhances salt and water retention following a saline load. To test this, we studied the effects of an oral glucose load on urinary sodium and water excretion and serum biochemistry in response to a 2l intravenous infusion of 0.9% saline in normal subjects.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Although hypoalbuminaemia after injury may result from increased vascular permeability, dilution secondary to crystalloid infusions may contribute significantly. In this double-blind crossover study, the effects of bolus infusions of crystalloids on serum albumin, haematocrit, serum and urinary biochemistry and bioelectrical impedance analysis were measured in healthy subjects. Ten male volunteers received 2-litre infusions of 0.9% (w/v) saline or 5% (w/v) dextrose over 1 h; infusions were carried out on separate occasions, in random order. Weight, haemoglobin, serum albumin, serum and urinary biochemistry and bioelectrical impedance were measured pre-infusion and hourly for 6 h. The serum albumin concentration fell in all subjects (20% after saline; 16% after dextrose) by more than could be explained by dilution alone. This fall lasted more than 6 h after saline infusion, but values had returned to baseline 1 h after the end of the dextrose infusion. Changes in haematocrit and haemoglobin were less pronounced (7.5% after saline; 6.5% after dextrose). Whereas all the water from dextrose was excreted by 2 h after completion of the infusion, only one-third of the sodium and water from the saline had been excreted by 6 h, explaining its persistent diluting effect. Impedances rose after dextrose and fell after saline (P<0.001). Subjects voided more urine (means 1663 and 563 ml respectively) of lower osmolality (means 129 and 630 mOsm/kg respectively) and sodium content (means 26 and 95 mmol respectively) after dextrose than after saline (P<0.001). While an excess water load is excreted rapidly, an excess sodium load is excreted very slowly, even in normal subjects, and causes persistent dilution of haematocrit and serum albumin. The greater than expected change in serum albumin concentration when compared with that of haemoglobin suggests that, while dilution is responsible for the latter, redistribution also has a role in the former. Changes in bioelectrical impedance may reflect the electrolyte content rather than the volume of the infusate, and may be unreliable for clinical purposes.