Fractal dimension and anisotropy of soil CO2 emission in a mechanically harvested sugarcane production area

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Variabilidade espacial da textura de um latossolo vermelho eutroférrico sob cultivo de cana-de-açúcar

Estudos regionais mais detalhados, utilizando modelos de paisagem e geoestatística, têm demonstrado que, em áreas consideradas homogêneas, sob uma única classe de solo, existe dependência espacial de atributos granulométricos. Visando a avaliar a variabilidade espacial de atributos granulométricos em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico, foram feitas amostragens do solo em intervalos regulares de 50 m, em forma de malha, totalizando 306 pontos de amostragem. Foram coletadas amostras nas profundidades de 0-0,2 m e 0,6-0,8 m para a determinação da argila, silte, areia total (AT), areia grossa (AG), areia média (AM), areia fina (AF) e areia muito fina (AMF). Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva, geoestatística e interpolação por krigagem. Os valores do coeficiente de variação apresentaram-se baixos para argila, médios para silte, AT, AF, AM e AMF e altos para AG. Observou-se ocorrência de dependência espacial para todas as variáveis com grau moderado de dependência espacial, com os maiores alcances ocorrendo na profundidade de 0-0,2 m. Os latossolos, apesar de serem homogêneos, mesmo em áreas de mesma classe de solo e manejo, apresentaram variabilidade diferenciada para os atributos granulométricos.

Mineralogy of the clay fraction of alfisols in two slope curvatures: IV - spatial correlation with physical properties

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effects of Silicon and Drought Stress on Tuber Yield and Leaf Biochemical Characteristics in Potato

Silicon has beneficial effects on many crops, mainly under biotic and abiotic stresses. Silicon can affect biochemical, physiological, and photosynthetic processes and, consequently, alleviates drought stress. However, the effects of Si on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants under drought stress are still unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Si supply on some biochemical characteristics and yield of potato tubers, either exposed or not exposed to drought stress. The experiment was conducted in pots containing 50 dm(3) of a Typic Acrortox soil (33% clay, 4% silt, and 63% sand). The treatments consisted of the absence or presence of Si application (0 and 284.4 mg dm(-3)), through soil amelioration with dolomitic lime and Ca and Mg silicate, and in the absence or presence of water deficit (-0.020 MPa and -0.050 MPa soil water potential, respectively), with eight replications. Silicon application and water deficit resulted in the greatest Si concentration in potato leaves. Proline concentrations increased under lower water availability and higher Si availability in the soil, which indicates that Si may be associated with plant osmotic adjustment. Water deficit and Si application decreased total sugars and soluble proteins concentrations in the leaves. Silicon application reduced stalk lodging and increased mean tuber weight and, consequently, tuber yield, especially in the absence of water stress.

Atributos físicos de um Latossolo Vermelho submetido a diferentes usos

The cultivation of the soil causes changes in physical attributes, depending on the intensity of preparation and management. The objective of this work was to evaluate the degree of modification of some physical properties of soil mid the S index, comparing areas of Pasture of grass Tanzania (Panicum maximum) and native forest with an area under maize (Zea mays L.) irrigated bay, a central pivot. The study was conducted in three areas within the Agency of Technology Agribusiness Paulista (APTA) Regional High Mogiana, located in Colina, SP. The experimental design was split plot in a factorial 3 x 3, with 4 replications, where the plots were installed in areas of Cultivation of corn, pasture and forest in the depths 0-0.1 m, 0.1-0.2 m 0.2-0.3 m. The physical attributes of soil were: resistance to penetration (RP), bulk density (Ds), microporosity (Micro), macroporosity (Macro), total volume of pores (VTP) and water retention in soil. The native forest had the best physical condition of soil in all parameters examined. The use of land and pasture with corn altered the physical structure of it, evidenced by the increase in penetration resistance and soil density and, reduction in macroporosity. The level of degradation of the managed soil was considered low, index S (<0035). The replacement of pasture by the corn crop in the soil tillage system provided a conventional mild improvement in soil physical characteristics.

Bacterial diversity in soil in response to different plans, phosphate fertilizers and liming

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Soil compaction by machine traffic and least limiting water range related to soybean yield

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Liming and quality of guava fruit cultivated in Brazil

An experiment was conducted on guava trees Psidium guajava L. (cv. Paluma) grown in the Experimental Citrus Culture Station of Bebedouro, SP, on dystrophic, acid Typical Hapludox in order to assess the effects of application of increasing lime doses to the soil on the quality of guava fruits on the basis of the physicochemical changes observed in the fruits after harvesting. The treatments consisted of increasing lime doses applied before planting, considering 0, 1.85, 3.79, 5.56 and 7.41 t ha(-1), applied in August 1999. Leaf calcium content was assessed at flowering time. After fruit harvesting, calcium content in the pulp, total weight, transverse diameter, length, pulp weight, % pulp, Brix degrees (degrees Brix), titratable acidity, and fruit ratio were determined. Loss of fruit fresh mass, firmness and color were determined daily during a period of 8 days of storage. Lime application to an acid Red Latosol before guava tree planting did not affect the physical characteristics of the fruits but provided a lower loss of fresh matter and greater fruit firmness when the fruits presented Ca levels close to 0.99 g kg(-1). It is important to conduct new studies of the effects of liming on guava fruit quality under different edaphic-climatic conditions and on different guava tree genotypes. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Traffic soil compaction of an oxisol related to soybean development and yield

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Características de latossolos roxos desenvolvidos de rochas alcalinas e básicas de Jaboticabal, SP

Comparou-se as características químicas, físicas e mineralógicas de Latossolos Roxos desenvolvidos de rocha alcalina (LRe) e de rocha eruptiva básica (LRd), da região de Jaboticabal, SP. Os resultados indicaram que o LRe apresenta-se num estádio de desenvolvimento, comparativamente, menos evoluído que o LRd, enquanto esse se apresenta com tendência para a maturidade. Os menores teores de argila e ferro total e maiores teores de saturação por bases, Ki e CTC da fração argila apresentados pelo LRe comprovam esta tendência. Conclui-se que a ocorrência de Latossolo Roxo eutrófico no campus da UNESP-Jaboticabal, pode estar associada a participação de rochas alcalinas na sua pedogênese.

Soil, water and nutrient losses by interrill erosion from green cane cultivation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Physical quality of an Oxisol cultivated with maize submited to cover crops in the pre-cropping period

The intensive use of land alters the distribution of the pore size which imparts consequences on the soil physical quality. The Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR) allows for the visualization of the effects of management systems upon either the improvement or the degradation of the soil physical quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical quality of a Red Latosol (Oxisol) submited to cover crops in the period prior to the maize crop in a no-tillage and conventional tillage system, using porosity, soil bulk density and the LLWR as attributes. The treatments were: conventional tillage (CT) and a no-tillage system with the following cover crops: sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) (NS), pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) (NP) and lablab (Dolichos lablab L.) (NL). The experimental design was randomized blocks in subdivided plots with six replications, with the plots being constituted by the treatments and the subplots by the layers analyzed. The no-tillage systems showed higher total porosity and soil organic matter at the 0-0.5 m layer for the CT. The CT did not differ from the NL or NS in relation to macroporosity. The NP showed the greater porosity, while CT and NS presented lower soil bulk density. No <= 10 % airing porosity was found for the treatments evaluated, and value for water content where soil aeration is critical (theta(PA)) was found above estimated water content at field capacity (theta(FC)) for all densities. Critical soil bulk density was of 1.36 and 1.43 Mg m(-3) for NP and CT, respectively. The LLWR in the no-tillage systems was limited in the upper part by the theta(FC), and in the bottom part, by the water content from which soil resistance to penetration is limiting (theta(PR)). By means of LLWR it was observed that the soil presented good physical quality.

Effect of liming on the mineral nutrition and yield of growing guava trees in a typic hapludox soil

High soil acidity influences the availability of mineral nutrients and increases that of toxic aluminium (Al), which has a jeopardizing effect on plant growth. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of soil liming on the development of guava (Psidium guajava L.) plants, on soil chemical characteristics, and on fruit yield. The experiment was carried out at the Bebedouro Citrus Experimental Station, state of São Paulo, Brazil, in a Typic Hapludox soil, from August 1999 to March 2003. The treatments consisted of limestone dose: D0 = zero; D1 = half dose; D2 = total dose; D3 = 1.5 times the dose, and D4 = 2 times the dose to raise the V value to 70%. The doses corresponded to zero, 1.85, 3.71, 5.56, and 7.41tha(-1) applied to the upper soil layer (0-30cm deep) before planting. The results showed that liming caused an improvement in the evaluated soil chemical characteristics up to a depth of 60cm in soil samples both in the line and between lines. The highest fruit yields were obtained when the base saturation reached a value of 55% in the line and 62% between the lines. Foliar levels of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were 8.8 and 2.5gkg-1, respectively. The highest limestone dose maintained the soil base saturation (at the layer of 0-20cm) in the line close to 55% during at least 40 months after the incorporation of limestone.

Physical attributes of kaolinitic and oxidic oxisols resulting from different usage systems

A mineralogia da fração argila e os sistemas de uso exercem fundamental importância na estrutura do solo. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar atributos físicos de um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico, caulinítico (LVd), e, de um Latossolo Vermelho Eutroférrico, oxídico (LVef), sob diferentes sistemas de uso, localizados no município de Jaboticabal (SP), Brasil. Os sistemas de uso foram: cana-de-açúcar; algodão e mata. Foram avaliadas a densidade do solo, porosidade total, macro e microporosidade, nas profundidades de 0,0-0,1, 0,1-0,2, 0,2-0,3, 0,3-0,4 m. O Latossolo caulinítico (LVd) apresentou maior densidade do solo e menor porosidade total, macro e microporosidade. O uso aumentou a densidade do solo na profundidade de 0,0-0,3 m, com efeitos maiores no Latossolo caulinítico, principalmente na profundidade de 0,1-0,2 m na área cultivada com cana-de-açúcar.

Discrimination of geomorphic surfaces with multivariate analysis of soil attributes in sandstone - basalt lithosequence

O conceito de superfície geomórfica permite uma interligação entre os diferentes ramos da ciência do solo, tais como geologia, geomorfologia e pedologia. Esta associação favorece a compreensão da distribuição espacial dos solos na paisagem, e torna possível compreender o comportamento dos atributos do solo, que estão principalmente relacionadas com a estratigrafia e formas do relevo. Assim, este estudo visa à aplicação da estatística multivariada para categorizar superfícies geomórficas em uma litossequência arenito-basalto, de modo a fornecer uma base para a avaliação do solo em áreas afins. A área de estudo está localizada no município de Pereira Barreto, São Paulo, Brasil. A área escolhida possui 530 hectares, onde foram localizadas e mapeadas três superfícies geomórficas (I, II e III). Na área, 134 amostras foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0,0-0,2 m e 0,8-1,0 m, foram determinados os conteúdos de areia, silte e argila, pH em CaCl2, conteúdo de MO, P, Ca, Mg, K, Al e H+Al. Com base nos resultados, foram realizadas a análise univariada e multivariada de variância, clusters e principal componente, a fim de comparar as três superfícies geomórficas. A análise estatística univariada dos atributos do solo não foi eficiente na identificação das três superfícies geomórficas. Utilizando-se os atributos físicos e químicos do solo, as técnicas estatísticas multivariada permitiram à separação dos três grupos de corpos naturais do solo que foram equivalentes as três superfícies geomórficas mapeadas. Estes resultados são interessantes, pois demonstram a viabilidade da utilização de classificação numérica das superfícies geomórficas para ajudar no mapeamento de solo.