Improving Nucleation in the Fabrication of High-Quality 3D Macro-Porous Copper Film through The Surface-Modification of A Polystyrene Colloid-Assembled Template

A new approach is developed to the fabrication of high-quality three-dimensional macro-porous copper films. A highly-ordered macroporous copper film is successfully produced on a polystyrene sphere (PS) template that has been modified by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). It is shown that this procedure can change a hydrophobic surface of PS template into a hydrophilic surface. The present study is devoted to the influence of the electrolyte solution transport on the nucleation process. It is demonstrated that the permeability of the electrolyte solution in the nanochannels of the PS template plays an important role in the chemical electrodeposition of high-quality macroporous copper film. The permeability is drastically enhanced in our experiment through the surface modi. cation of the PS templates. The method could be used to homogeneously produce a large number of nucleations on a substrate, which is a key factor for the fabrication of the high-quality macroporous copper film.

Bacterial growth rate and host factors as determinants of intracellular bacterial distributions in systemic Salmonella enterica infections.

Bacteria of the species Salmonella enterica cause a range of life-threatening diseases in humans and animals worldwide. The within-host quantitative, spatial, and temporal dynamics of S. enterica interactions are key to understanding how immunity acts on these infections and how bacteria evade immune surveillance. In this study, we test hypotheses generated from mathematical models of in vivo dynamics of Salmonella infections with experimental observation of bacteria at the single-cell level in infected mouse organs to improve our understanding of the dynamic interactions between host and bacterial mechanisms that determine net growth rates of S. enterica within the host. We show that both bacterial and host factors determine the numerical distributions of bacteria within host cells and thus the level of dispersiveness of the infection.

Micro- and macro-tribological study on a self-assembled dual-layer film

A novel self-assembled dual-layer film as apotential excellent lubricant for micromachines was successfully prepared on single-crystal silicon substrate by chemical adsorption of stearic acid (STA) molecules on self-assembled monolayer of 3-aminopropyltri

Optical Factors Determined by the T-matrix Method in Turbidity Measurement of Absolute Coagulation Rate Constants

Turbidity measurement for the absolute coagulation rate constant of suspensions has been extensively adopted because of its simplicity and easy implementation. A key factor to derive the rate constant from experimental data is how to theoretically evaluate the so-called optical factor involved in calculating the extinction cross section of doublets formed in the aggregation. In a previous paper, we have shown that compared with other theoretical approaches, the T-matrix method provides a robust solution to this problem and is effective in extending the applicability range of the turbidity methodology as well as increasing measurement accuracy. This paper will provide a more comprehensive discussion about the physical insight of using the T-matrix method in turbidity measurement and associated technical details. In particular, the importance of ensuring the correct value for the refractive indices for colloidal particles and the surrounding medium used in the calculation is addressed because the indices generally vary with the wavelength of the incident light. The comparison of calculated results with experiments shows that the T-matrix method can correctly calculate optical factors even for large particles, whereas other existing theories cannot. In addition, the calculated data of the optical factor by the T-matrix method for a range of particle radii and incident light wavelengths are listed.

Innovation processes within the healthcare industry: Determining critical success factors aligned to product strategies

The impact of differing product strategies on product innovation processes pursued by healthcare firms is discussed. The critical success factors aligned to product strategies are presented. A definite split between pioneering product strategies and late entrant product strategies is also recognised.

Evaluación del efecto de fertilización de diferentes niveles de fósforo y la extracción de macro y micronutrientes en tres variedades de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

El presente trabajo fue realizado en la estación Experimental la Compañía, Carazo, en época de postrera 1996, en suelos jóvenes de origen volcánico. El suelo es franco - limoso con altos contenidos de potasio y deficiente en fósforo. De acuerdo a sus propiedades, este suelo puede ser considerado como adecuado para la mayoría de los cultivos. El propósito del experimento fue determinar el efecto de tres niveles de superfosfato triple en tres variedades de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) en cuanto a la acumulación de materia seca y rendimiento, así como la extracción de macro y micronutrientes. Las variedades evaluadas fueron: Dor-364, H-46 y Revolución 79, los niveles que se utilizaron O kg/ha, 45 kg/ha y 90 kg/ha. El diseño utilizado fue un bloque completamente al azar (B.C.A), con nueve tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron: altura de planta, numero de Planta por hectárea, número de vaina por planta, granos por vaina, porcentaje de grano bueno y malo, peso de 100 granos, rendimiento, extracción de macro y micro elementos, número de nódulos, peso de nódulos, peso de cada nódulo. Los datos se procesaron usando análisis de varianza (ANDEVA), y se utilizó la prueba de rangos múltiples de DUNCAN (P< 0.05) los resultados obtenidos se pueden sintetizar de la siguiente forma: la variedad Dor-364 presento un mejor comportamiento en cuanto a la altura, granos por vaina, porcentaje de grano bueno, rendimiento, nódulos efectivos, extracción de nitrógeno, potasio, calcio, y magnesio por parte del grano. la variedad H-46 su mejor comportamiento fue en vaina por planta, densidad poblacional, mustia hilachosa, extracción de nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio, calcio, magnesio, boro, hierro, cobre, manganeso y zinc por parte del follaje y fósforo, azufre, boro, hierro, cobre, manganeso, y zinc por parte del grano y la variedad Rev-79 presento el mejor comportamiento en peso de 100 granos, número de nódulo por planta, peso de cada nódulo. En cuanto a los niveles el mejor comportamiento se obtuvo en el nivel 90 kg/ha con mayor densidad poblacional, granos por vaina, porcentaje de grano bueno, rendimiento, extracción de nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio, calcio manganeso y azufre por el follaje y potasio por el grano. Seguido del nivel 45 kg/ha con el peso de 100 grano, número de nódulos por planta, peso de nódulos por planta, mustia hilachosa, calcio, magnesio y azufre por parte del grano y por último el testigo O kg/ha en cuanto a la altura, numero de vaina por planta, nitrógeno y fósforo por parte del grano. En lo que se refiere a los micro elementos presentaron un comportamiento similar tanto en el follaje como en el grano.

Stress intensity factors for functionally graded solid cylinders

This paper presents the mode I stress intensity factors for functionally graded solid cylinders with an embedded penny-shaped crack or an external circumferential crack. The solid cylinders are assumed under remote uniform tension. The multiple isoparametric finite element method is used. Various types of functionally graded materials and different gradient compositions for each type are investigated. The results show that the material property distribution has a quite considerable in influence on the stress intensity factors. The influence for embedded cracks is quite different from that for external cracks.

Deformation Twinning In Bulk Nanocrystalline Metals: Experimental Observations

Deformation twins have been observed in nanocrystalline (nc) fcc metals with medium-to-high stacking fault energies such as aluminum, copper, and nickel. These metals in their coarse-grained states rarely deform by twining at room temperature and low strain rates. Several twinning mechanisms have been reported that are unique to nc metals. This paper reviews experimental evidences on deformation twinning and partial dislocation. emissions from grain boundaries, twinning mechanisms, and twins with zero-macro-strain. Factors that affect the twinning propensity and recent analytical models on the critical grain sizes for twinning are also discussed. The current issues on deformation twinning in nanocrystalline metals are listed.

The Key Factors In Fabrication Of High-Quality Ordered Macroporous Copper Film

The template-directed fabrication of highly-ordered porous film is of significant importance in implementation of the photonic band gap structure. The paper reports a simple and effective method to improve the electrodeposition of metal porous film by utilizing highly-ordered polystyrene spheres (PSs) template. By surface-modification method, the hydrophobic property of the PSs template surfaces was changed into hydrophilic one. It was demonstrated that the surface modi. cation process enhanced the permeability of the electrolyte solution in the nanometer-sized voids of the colloidal template. The homogeneously deposited copper film with the highly-ordered voids in size of less than 500 nm was successfully obtained. In addition, it was found that large defects, such as microcracks in the template, strongly influenced the macroporous films quality. An obvious preferential growth in the cracked area was observed. (C) 2008 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Semi-weight function method on computation of stress intensity factors in dissimilar materials

Semi-weight function method is developed to solve the plane problem of two bonded dissimilar materials containing a crack along the bond. From equilibrium equation, stress and strain relationship, conditions of continuity across interface and free crack surface, the stress and displacement fields were obtained. The eigenvalue of these fields is lambda. Semi-weight functions were obtained as virtual displacement and stress fields with eigenvalue-lambda. Integral expression of fracture parameters, K-I and K-II, were obtained from reciprocal work theorem with semi-weight functions and approximate displacement and stress values on any integral path around crack tip. The calculation results of applications show that the semi-weight function method is a simple, convenient and high precision calculation method.

Computation of stress intensity factors by the sub-region mixed finite element method of lines

Based on the sub-region generalized variational principle, a sub-region mixed version of the newly-developed semi-analytical 'finite element method of lines' (FEMOL) is proposed in this paper for accurate and efficient computation of stress intensity factors (SIFs) of two-dimensional notches/cracks. The circular regions surrounding notch/crack tips are taken as the complementary energy region in which a number of leading terms of singular solutions for stresses are used, with the sought SIFs being among the unknown coefficients. The rest of the arbitrary domain is taken as the potential energy region in which FEMOL is applied to obtain approximate displacements. A mixed system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and algebraic equations is derived via the sub-region generalized variational principle. A singularity removal technique that eliminates the stress parameters from the mixed equation system eventually yields a standard FEMOL ODE system, the solution of which is no longer singular and is simply and efficiently obtained using a standard general-purpose ODE solver. A number of numerical examples, including bi-material notches/cracks in anti-plane and plane elasticity, are given to show the generally excellent performance of the proposed method.

Stress intensity factors calculation in anti-plane fracture problem by orthogonal integral extraction method based on femol

For an anti-plane problem, the differential operator is self-adjoint and the corresponding eigenfunctions belong to the Hilbert space. The orthogonal property between eigenfunctions (or between the derivatives of eigenfunctions) of anti-plane problem is exploited. We developed for the first time two sets of radius-independent orthogonal integrals for extraction of stress intensity factors (SIFs), so any order SIF can be extracted based on a certain known solution of displacement (an analytic result or a numerical result). Many numerical examples based on the finite element method of lines (FEMOL) show that the present method is very powerful and efficient.