Community metabolism, P/R ratio and photosynthetic efficiency of a brackishwater farm

The productivity level of a brackishwater fish culture farm consisting of 25 ponds, with a water spread area of 2.5 ha, was studied. Gross community photosynthesis of the farm was found to be 46.32 Kcal/m2/day, which is equivalent to the release of 13.23 of O2/m2/day, or the fixing of 4.10 gC/m2/day. Respiratory demand of the farm was estimated to be 44.66 kcal/m2/day, which is equivalent to the uptake of 12.76 g O2/m2/day or the utilization of 3.95 gC/m2/day. Photosynthetic efficiency of the farm was high at 2.26%. The P/R ratio was 1.04, showing eutrophic nature.

Respiratory metabolism in Oreochromis mossambicus, Peters under different environmental conditions

Oxygen consumption in Oreochromis mossambicus, Peters (3-60g in weight) was measured under different stress conditions at a constant temperature of 20±1°C. The rate of oxygen consumption was significantly higher (0.170 ml gˉ¹hˉ¹)at a salinity of 30x10ˉ³ compared with that (0.132ml gˉ¹hˉ¹) in freshwater. The oxygen consumption was also found to be affected by changes in pH. Weight specific rate decreased significantly from 0.113 to 0.045 ml gˉ¹hˉ¹ with increasing body weight. A positive correlation was recorded between availability of dissolved oxygen and the rate of oxygen consumption by the fish. While copper sulphate and malachite green inhibited the respiratory metabolism, formaldehyde treatment raised it from 0.088 to 0.118ml gˉ¹hˉ¹.

Energetics of resting metabolism in an Indian major carp (Catla catla Ham.)

Resting metabolism in Indian major carp, Catla catla Ham. fingerlings were investigated. For this purpose a water recirculatory system in the laboratory was used. The metabolic energy losses were determined by the indirect method of oxygen consumption by the fish and were then multiplied by an oxycalorific coefficient (Q-ox). Five metabolism chambers in the experimental system were used where there were two same treatment runs in quadruplicate of mean total weight of fish fingerlings of 109.5, 110.4, 112.8 and 111.6g/chamber. The water temperature in the system was 28±0.5°C. The mean metabolic rate in the replicates showed no significant variation (p>0.05) and was found to be 151.66, 153.91, 150.25, 152.74 mgO-2/kg/h respectively. This showed an equivalent energy loss 5.40, 5.52, 5.51 and 5.56 KJ/chamber/day (35.60, 35.92, 36.67 and 36.40 KJ/kg/day) respectively. Energetics of resting metabolism in an Indian major carp (Catla catla Ham.)

Feeding metabolism in an Indian major carp (Catla catla Lin.) fed on different protein diets

Feeding metabolism in an Indian major carp, Catla catla fingerlings of 10.8+0.56g was investigated in a flow-through water recirculating system. The metabolic energy loss in resting metabolism and feeding metabolism were determined by the indirect method of oxygen consumption followed by multiplication by suitable oxycalorific coefficient. This was done in four metabolic chambers of a respirometer system. Ten fish fingerlings of mean total weight of 109.5, 110.4 and 112.8g/chambers respectively each in two experimental runs of three treatments a, b and c were used. The mean resting metabolic rate during unfed condition showed no significant variation in different treatments. The fish in three treatments a, b and c fed on diets containing 28, 33 and 38% crude protein had significantly different (p<0.05) post-fed SDA magnitude of 497.7, 638.7 and 735.5 mgO2/chamber/day having an equivalent energy loss of 12.68, 14.68 and 15.86 KJ respectively. The SDA co-efficient in three treatments a, b and c were 14.95, 19.00 and 22.36% respectively whereas, respiratory energy - 'R' as % of mean total ingested energy in three treatments were 26.93, 31.17 and 34.74% respectively showing a significant increase (p<0.05) with increase of protein. Feeding metabolism in an Indian major carp (Catla catla Lin.) fed on different protein diets.

不同葡萄糖/果糖类型桃果实发育期间可溶性糖的变化规律和代谢

以成熟果实中不同葡萄糖/果糖（G/F）类型的6个桃品种（G/F≈1品种：‘冈山白’、‘山一白桃’和‘燕红’;高G/F品种：‘张黄7号’、‘龙246’和‘临白7号’）为试材，采用高效液相色谱法测定果实发育期果实和叶片中可溶性糖含量，并在盛花后74 d或101 d测定了‘冈山白’、‘山一白桃’、‘张黄 7号’和‘龙 246’新梢韧皮部中可溶性糖的含量;测定了果实发育过程中‘山一白桃’和‘临白7号’果实中的可溶性糖和淀粉代谢相关酶的活性。研究成熟果实中不同G/F类型桃果实内G/F差异的部位和时期;分析桃果实内G/F差异的可溶性糖代谢调控机理。 成熟果实中不同G/F类型桃果实中均以蔗糖作为主要碳水化合物积累形式，花后43–85 d蔗糖含量很低，随后持续快速积累直至果实成熟;花后43–85 d山梨醇有升高趋势，在果实成熟前40 d左右迅速降低;葡萄糖和果糖含量在果实发育早期较高，之后逐渐降低;但两类不同G/F桃在整个果实发育过程中G/F值与果实成熟时相似。叶片中贮藏的可溶性糖主要是蔗糖和山梨醇，在果实整个发育期间，G/F≈1品种叶片中G/F约1-3，而高G/F品种叶片中G/F约为2-7。G/F≈1品种‘冈山白’和‘山一白桃’与高G/F品种‘张黄 7号’和‘龙 246’韧皮部中山梨醇占总可溶性糖47-63％，显著高于蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖的含量，G/F为0.8-0.91，且两类不同G/F桃品种间G/F值不存在显著差异。 成熟果实中G/F≈1类型的‘山一白桃’和高G/F值类型的‘临白7号’整个果实发育过程中，葡萄糖、山梨醇和淀粉的含量在这两个品种间一般没有明显差异;‘山一白桃’果实中的果糖含量显著高于‘临白7号’果实中的果糖;果实最后迅速生长期，‘山一白桃’果实中的蔗糖明显高于‘临白7号’。‘山一白桃’和‘临白7号’果实中的NAD+依赖型山梨醇脱氢酶（NAD+-SDH）活性低，两者有相似的变化趋势，一般无显著差异。‘临白7号’果实中的NADP+依赖型山梨醇脱氢酶（NADP+-SDH）和山梨醇氧化酶（SOX）活性一直高于‘山一白桃’，两者NADP+-SDH和SOX的活性分别在花后93-123 d和花后43-93 d有显著差异。‘临白7号’果实中的果糖激酶（FK）活性一般高于‘山一白桃’。花后43-93 d，‘临白7号’果实中的磷酸蔗糖合成酶（SPS）和蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性一般显著‘山一白桃’。果实最后迅速生长期，蔗糖快速积累，葡萄糖、果糖、山梨醇和淀粉含量迅速降低，同时伴随有SPS和SS活性的迅速升高。在整个果实发育过程中，两个品种果实中的淀粉酶活性较高，其果实中的淀粉含量和淀粉酶活性都有明显的下降趋势。 研究结果表明，整个果实发育过程中桃果实中均存在G/F≈1和高G/F现象，光合产物在韧皮部的运输对桃果实的G/F没有显著的影响，果实中G/F的差异主要由于果实内糖代谢差异所导致。‘临白7号’果实中山梨醇向果糖方向的转化能力与‘山一白桃’一般没有显著差异，由于不同时期较高的NADP+-SDH和SOX活性，使得山梨醇向葡萄糖方向的转化能力明显高于‘山一白桃’，同时，‘临白7号’果实中的FK活性一般高于‘山一白桃’，因此导致‘临白7号’果实中G/F高于‘山一白桃’。

桃不同组织中的葡萄糖/果糖比值特点及己糖代谢

以不同葡萄糖/果糖（G/F）类型的桃品种（正常G/F 品种：‘燕红’、‘冈山白’和‘山一白桃’；高G/F 品种：‘龙124’、‘龙246’、‘张黄7 号’和‘临白7 号’）为试材，测定果实发育期果实、叶片、韧皮部和木质部中糖和淀粉含量，并分别在果实第一迅速生长期、硬核期和成熟期测定了‘燕红’、‘山一白桃’、‘龙124’、‘龙 246’和‘临白7号’果实和叶片中己糖相关酶。研究不同G/F类型桃品种产生G/F差异的组织器官和时期，并且分析相关代谢酶调控机理。 两类不同G/F 桃果实中均以蔗糖作为主要碳水化合物积累形式，花后70 d前蔗糖含量很低，随后快速积累直至果实成熟；山梨醇含量较为稳定，高G/F品种‘龙124’两年间在未成熟果实中山梨醇含量高于正常 G/F品种；葡萄糖和果糖含量在果实第一迅速生长期积累，之后逐渐降低。高 G/F 品种‘龙124’和‘临白7号’成熟果实中葡萄糖含量高于‘龙246’和正常 G/F 品种。正常G/F品种果实、叶片、韧皮部和木质部中葡萄糖和果糖含量基本相等，G/F基本保持在0.7-1.5。高G/F品种果实、叶片中葡萄糖显著高于果糖，果实中G/F在1.6-8.8，叶片中G/F在果实未成熟时为2.5-9.3，在果实成熟期为14.5-21.3。然而韧皮部和木质部中葡萄糖略高于果糖或基本相等，但较正常G/F品种高。因此，光合产物在韧皮部的运输对桃果实的G/F 没有显著影响。 在第一迅速生长期和成熟期时，所有供试桃品种果实和叶片中合成己糖的NAD+-SDH 和 SOX较为活跃，而分解己糖的FRK、GLK和PGI则保持在较低水平；在果核硬化期则相反，果实和叶片中合成己糖的NAD+-SDH 和 SOX活性较低，而分解己糖的FRK、GLK和PGI则较为活跃。高G/F品种‘龙124’和‘龙246’在果核硬化期果实中的FRK、NADP+-SDH 和GLK活性显著高于正常G/F品种，而高G/F品种‘临白7号’则与正常G/F品种没有明显差异。可见，高G/F品种间己糖代谢调控机制也有所差异。此外，叶片中两种G/F类型间的己糖代谢相关酶差异并无明显规律，由此我们认为叶片存在与果实类似但相对独立的调控机制。