Thermal annealing-induced electric dipole relaxation in natural alexandrite

Electrical properties of natural alexandrite (BeAl2O4:Cr3+) are investigated by the thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) technique. Samples are submitted to consecutive annealing processes and TSDC is carried out after each annealing, yielding bands with different parameters. These bands are fitted by a continuous distribution of relaxation parameters: activation energy and pre-exponential factor of the Arrhenius equation. It has been observed that annealing influences the dipole relaxation behavior, since it promotes a modification of Fe3+ and C3+ impurity distributions on sites of distinct symmetry: Al-1 and Al-2. In order to have a reference for comparison, TSDC is also carried out on a synthetic alexandrite sample, where the only impurity present is Cr3+ ion.

Influence of Ca concentration on the electric, morphological, and structural properties of (Pb,Ca)TiO3 thin films

Pb1-xCaxTiO3 (0.10less than or equal toxless than or equal to0.40) thin films on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si(100) substrates were prepared by the soft solution process and their characteristics were investigated as a function of the calcium content (x). The structural modifications in the films were studied using x-ray diffraction and micro-Raman scattering techniques. Lattice parameters calculated from x-ray data indicate a decrease in lattice tetragonality with the increasing content of calcium in these films. Raman spectra exhibited characteristic features of pure PbTiO3 thin films. Variations in the phonon mode wave numbers, especially those of lower wave numbers, of Pb1-xCaxTiO3 thin films as a function of the composition corroborate the decrease in tetragonality caused by the calcium doping. As the Ca content (x) increases from 0.10 to 0.40, the dielectric constant at room temperature abnormally increased at 1 kHz from 148 to 430. Also calcium substitution decreased the remanent polarization and coercive field from 28.0 to 5.3 muC/cm(2) and 124 to 58 kV/cm, respectively. These properties can be explained in terms of variations of phase transition (ferroelectric-paraelectric), resulting from the substitution the lead site of PbTiO(3)for the nonvolatile calcium. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Unbalanced Three-Phase Induction Motors Starting and Arc Welding Machines Short-Circuit Modeling

Three-Phase Induction Motors (TIM) and Arc Welding Machines (AWM) are loads of special behavior widely used in industrial and commercial installations, and therefore may contribute significantly to the deterioration of the quality of energy supplied by utilities. This paper proposes a modeling in constant power of the unbalanced TIM starting using Genetic Algorithm (GA) and AWM short-circuit based on their statics characteristics curves. The proposed models are compared with the conventional models in the literature. The results showed the good performance of the proposed models, allowing a more precise analysis of the real requests of these loads.

Thermistor behaviour and electric conduction analysis of Ni-doped niobate ferroelectric: the role of multiple beta parameters

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Static electric fields interfere in the viability of cells exposed to ionising radiation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Optimized Allocation of Control and Protective Devices in Electric Distribution Systems

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Kinetics of the polarization reversal process in a non-constant applied electric field and the generalized superposition principle

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Local actions with electric and magnetic sources

Superstring field theory was recently used to derive a covariant action for a self-dual five-form field strength. This action is shown to be a ten-dimensional version of the McClain-Wu-Yu action. By coupling to D-branes, it can be generalized in the presence of sources. In four dimensions, this gives a local Maxwell action with electric and magnetic sources.

Uma metodologia para o controle de seguranca dinamica de sistemas de energia eletrica

This work presents an algorithm for the security control of electric power systems using control actions like generation reallocation, determined by sensitivity analysis (linearized model) and optimization by neural networks. The model is developed taking into account the dynamic network aspects. The preventive control methodology is developed by means of sensitivity analysis of the security margin related with the mechanical power of the system synchronous machines. The reallocation power in each machine is determined using neural networks. The neural network used in this work is of Hopfield type. These networks are dedicated electric circuits which simulate the constraint set and the objective function of an optimization problem. The advantage of using these networks is the higher speed in getting the solutions when compared to conventional optimization algorithms due to the great convergence rate of the process and the facility of the method parallelization. Then, the objectives are: formulate and investigate these networks implementations in determining. The generation reallocation in digital computers. Aiming to illustrate the proposed methodology an application considering a multi-machine system is presented.

An N2: CH4: H2O DC glow discharge plasma probed by optical and electric techniques: significance to the radiation chemistry of Titan's upper atmosphere in the presence of meteoritic water

This paper presents optical and electrical measurements on plasma generated by DC excited glow discharges in mixtures composed of 95% N2, 4.8% CH4 and 0.2% H2O at pressures varying from 1.064 mbar to 4.0 mbar. The discharges simulate the chemical reactions that may occur in Titan's atmosphere in the presence of meteorites and ice debris coming from Saturn's systems, assisted by cosmic rays and high energy charged particles. The results obtained from actinometric optical emission spectroscopy, combined with the results from a pulsed Langmuir probe, show that chemical species CH, CN, NH and OH are important precursors in the synthesis of the final solid products and that the chemical kinetics is essentially driven by electronic collision processes. It is shown that the presence of water is sufficient to produce complex solid products whose components are important in prebiotic compound synthesis. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Electric charge quantization in a chiral bilepton gauge model

In the context of the standard model the quantization of the electric charge occurs only family by family. When we consider the three families together with massless neutrinos the electric charge is not quantized any more. Here we show that a chiral bilepton gauge model based on the gauge group SU(3)C ⊗ SU(3)L ⊗ U(1)N explains the quantization of the electric charge when we take into account the three families of fermions. This result does not depend on the neutrino masses. Charge quantization occurs whether the neutrinos are massless or Dirac or Majorana massive fields.

Interaction of Hawking radiation and a static electric charge

We investigate whether the equality found for the response of static scalar sources interacting (i) with Hawking radiation in Schwarzschild spacetime and (ii) with the Fulling-Davies-Unruh thermal bath in the Rindler wedge is maintained in the case of electric charges. We find a finite result in the Schwarzschild case, which is computed exactly, in contrast with the divergent result associated with the infrared catastrophe in the Rindler case, i.e., in the case of uniformly accelerated charges in Minkowski spacetime. Thus the equality found for scalar sources does not hold for electric charges.

Electric and magnetic properties of polymer electrolyte/carbon black composites

Measurements of 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxation times, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and AC Impedance Spectroscopy (IS) are reported for composites based on PEO8:LiClO4 and carbon black (CB), prepared by two methods: solvent and fusion processing. Three nuclear relaxation processes were identified for 1H nuclei: (i) belonging to the polymer chains in the amorphous phase, loosely bound to the CB particles, whose dynamics is almost the same as for unfilled polymer, (ii) belonging to the polymer chains which are tightly attached to the CB particles, and (iii) belonging to the crystalline phase in the loose polymer chain. The paramagnetic electronic susceptibility of the composite samples, measured by EPR, was interpreted by assuming a contribution of localized spin states that follow a Curie law, and a Pauli-like contribution of delocalized spins. A significant change of the EPR linewidth was observed at 40 K, which is the temperature where the Curie and Pauli susceptibilities equally contribute to the paramagnetic electronic susceptibility. The electrical properties are very sensitive to the preparation methods of the composites, which conditions the interaction between carbon particle-carbon particle and carbon particle-polymer chain. Classical statistic models to describe the conductivity in these media were not satisfactory. © 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Dynamic behavior of a linear induction motor

Although conventional rotating machines have been largely used to drive underground transportation systems, linear induction motors are also being considered for future applications owing to their indisputable advantages. A mathematical model for the transient behavior analysis of linear induction motors, when operating with constant r.m.s. currents, is presented in this paper. Operating conditions, like phase short-circuit and input frequency variations and also some design characteristics, such as air-gap and secondary resistivity variations, can be considered by means of this modeling. The basis of the mathematical modeling is presented. Experimental results obtained in the laboratory are compared with the corresponding simulations and discussed in this paper.

Inverter-fed linear asynchronous machine

The behaviors of an arc-shaped stator induction machine (the sector-motor) and a disc-secondary linear induction motor are analyzed in this work for different values of the frequency. Variable frequency is produced by a voltage source controlled-current inverter which keeps constant the r.m.s. value of the phase current, also assuring a sinusoidal waveform. For the simulations of the machine developed thrust, an equivalent circuit is used. It is obtained through the application of the one-dimensional theory to the modeling. The circuit parameters take into account the end effects, always present is these kind of machines. The phase current waveforms are analyzed for their harmonic contents. Experimental measurements were carried out in laboratory and are presented with the simulations, for comparison.