941 resultados para correntes neutras


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Even after its abolition, the slave labor still exists in the world. In a new socio-historic context, the shackles and slave quarters have been left behind, nowadays the workers are tempted, subjected to degrading conditions and have their rights retrenched. The contemporary slave labor has been emerging as subject of research in the Organizational Studies since the early 2000s, calling attention to many gaps to be filled about the way organizations all around the world use this practice. Contemporary slave labor is found in many and various economic activities, since coal to textile industries or even stores. In this dissertation, we have incorporated the consumption dimension to the field of Organizational Studies, discussing the modern slavery, aiming to understand the consumers’ point of view about this topic, that is, we have researched the consumers’ interpretations concerning the slave labor in the fashion industry. Our objective is to analyze consumer’s argumentative construction in the decision of buying or not products made by industries from the fashion field that were denounced because of slave labor usage. We have adopted fashion industry as research focus because it obscures the reflection of the consumers that feel like in a new world while shopping, a world of beauty and fantasy, seeking their own satisfaction. Furthermore, the Brazilian fashion industry is one of the biggest of the world (ABIT, 2015), with a huge symbolic strength in the country. We have realized a qualitative research using semi-structured interviews with 35 consumers to identify their arguments according to the criteria defined by Liakopoulos (2002): data, propositions, guarantees, supports and refutations. The data are the statements used by the interviewees categorically, that is, those which are clear in the interviews. The propositions are what qualifies and justifies the used data. The guarantees are related to the nature of the data, they are what gives the sense to the data and are introduced implicitly in the interviewee speech. The supports are universal premises introduced in order to legitimate the arguments. The refutations, when present, counter the used arguments. As results, we’ve found consumers who developed arguments pro-consumption and anti-consumption and who have defended ideas about the responsibility of different actors for the existence of this practice and for the fight against it. From these two categories: (1) pro-consumption – consume despite the complaints and (2) anti-consumption – don’t consume, because of the accusations; we have identified the following argumentative lines: skepticism, faultfinding and moral engagement. By the end, we have presented the interviewees’ argumentative construction and the obtained results.

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This work intent to study the motive power provided by the plane linear induction motor, in a lock condition. It uses a method of imposition of the electric current to the stator via a frequency convertor PWM driven by a refed platform. The reading of the motive power was performed by a load cell using an electronic circuit for reading and conditioning of the signal. Aiming a complete analysis of the linear motor, it was performed a computational modeling that employs all relevant parameters to the study of the locked machine. At the end it was held a theoric-experimental confrontation that evaluated the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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O presente estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de refletir a relevância do Ensino de Filosofia no contexto histórico brasileiro em consonância conjectural paulistana. Apontamos através do Decreto nro. 6.283 de 25 de janeiro de 1934, o qual instituiu-se sendo a primeira Universidade brasileira (Universidade de São Paulo) nas palavras de Vita “iniciativa pioneira no Brasil” (1969, p.16). Inspirada no modelo universitário tradicional da cultura filosófica francesa, a Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras adotou desde os seus contíguos metodológicos aos procedimentos intelectivos, favorecendo o desenvolvimento da interdisciplinaridade da formação cultural. Uma confluência marcada por intensos envolvimentos ideológicos estruturados do progresso moderno, infundindo competências científicas na faculdade profissional incorporada à universidade, bem como formar professores para o ensino secundário (SCHWARTZMAN, 2006, p.163). Sendo assim, a Faculdade de Filosofia seria o núcleo propulsor. Porém, o modelo centralizador de pensar o Ensino da Filosofia, a atribui uma superioridade técnica intelectual e saber acumulado, pouco distingue da competência escolar conquistada em outros países, pelo potencial formativo dos professores filósofos Jean Maugüé (1955,1982) e João da Cruz Costa (1945, 1960, 1961,1967). Mauguë aponta-nos quão a formação em Filosofia está diretamente atribuída ao docente e ao aluno, que a ela se dedica. Pela obra Ensino de Filosofia e Diretrizes, ele apresenta-nos também a concepção de docência: o docente-intelectual, comprometido com a (re) construção dos significados epistemológicos, legitimados por uma prática pedagógica entre o já conhecido e ao conhecer, ou seja, entre o ensinado e ao ensinar. Nesse sentido, é notável que os argumentos do docente e do filósofo se imbricam, ao ponto de serem confundidos e potencializados durante a formação. Assim, Cruz Costa, também trabalha, quando assume a cátedra, porém ressalta que o processo formativo adquire sentido pela História das Ideias como construção do pensamento filosófico e, portanto, o ensino se faz quando se toma consciência da concentricidade histórica, ideias que lhe concede significado conjugado às técnicas de erudição, o que fez advertir aos seus alunos para as vicissitudes pelas quais passaram em nossa terra, as correntes filosóficas estrangeiras, e, sobretudo, para a curiosa significação que elas têm apresentado no envolver de nossa história (VITA, 1950, p.22). O conhecimento histórico é o caminho norteador a ser percorrido, necessário ao devir humano, isto é, a conciliação entre o conhecimento teórico e as condições históricas.

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Ce travail est le résultat d’une recherche dédiée à étudier le processus philosophique de la découverte du cogitochez Descartes. Ses buts ont été : a) de préciser qu’il existe d’autres possibilités d’interprétation du cogito au-delà de celles les plus courantes et b) de montrer que, dans cette découverte, il y a un trajet qui passe nécessairement par les degrés de la sagesse. La mise en oeuvre du travail d’enquête a exigé la manipulation des sources bibliographiques primaires, constituées des principaux écrits de Descartes, avec une plus grande attention à laLettre-préface des Principes de la philosophie, aux Méditations sur la philosophie première, aux Principes de la philosophie et aux Réponses aux secondes objections. Nous avons cherché à lier ces textes traditionnels aux textes de la littérature secondaire de la modernité, prouvant ainsi la pertinence du sujet au sein du domaine de la Philosophie dans les universités brésiliennes. Pour attester nos constatations, nous nous sommes appuyés sur l’analyse linguistique de termes spécifiques au discours cartésien, en utilisant des dictionnaires de latin (langue dans laquelle a été écrite une grande partie du texte de Descartes), du français de la Renaissance et de portugais. L’argumentation s’est arrêtée dans la mise en contexte du cadre des degrés de la sagesse. Pour cela, il a été nécessaire d’expliquer les notions fondamentales de la philosophie cartésienne explicitées dans la Lettre-préface. Par exemple, le concept de philosopher qui, chez Descartes, est fortement associé à la pulsion sceptique, source commune d’inspiration pour le philosophe et pour le sceptique, étant, en outre, point de convergence entre Descartes et un autre penseur avec lequel il réalise une espèce de conversation : Montaigne. Pendant le moment du quatrième degré de la sagesse, Descartes identifie, dans la pensée de Montaigne, les traces permettant de transcender le quatrième vers le cinquième degré de la sagesse, celui-ci signifiant surtout la découverte des premières causes, des premières notions, des principes qui engendrent toute la Philosophie. La portée des premières notions ou causes, des principes est l’objectif principal du philosopher cartésien. Descartes distingue, même si de façon non explicitée, entre des notions communes et des notions primitives. Dans les deux cas, il s’agit de notions premières, néanmoins, chacun a une fonction différente au sein de la philosophie cartésienne. Les notions communes sont les règles de la raison ou les principes logiques qui confirment la découverte d’un savoir. Les notions primitives sont les principes qui engendrent le savoir. La conclusion présentée dans ce travail – la découverte du cogito passe par les quatre degrés de la sagesse, en réalisant avec excellence, dans son cinquième degré, une expérience dans laquelle il faut trouver l’instance originelle de la pensée – renforce notre constatation, ne mettant pourtant pas fin aux discussions. Puisque, dans la myriade de réflexions sur le sujet, ce n’est qu’une modeste collaboration.

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The hydrocycloning operation has a goal to separate solid-liquid suspensions and liquid-liquid emulsions through the centrifugal force action. Hydrocyclones are equipment with reduced size and used in both clarification and thickening. This device is used in many areas, like petrochemical and minerals process, and accumulate advantages like versatility and low cost of maintenance. However, the demand to improve the process and to reduce the costs has motivated several studies of equipment optimization. The filtering hydrocyclone is a non-conventional equipment developed at FEQUI/UFU with objective to improve the hydrocycloning separation efficiency. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the operating conditions of feed concentration and underflow diameter on the performance of a filtering geometry optimized to minimization of energy costs. The filtration effect was investigated through the comparison between the performance of the Optimized Filtering Hydrocyclone (HCOF) and the Optimized Concentrator Hydrocyclone (HCO). Because of the resemblance of hydrocyclones performance, the filtration did not represent significant effect on the performance of the HCOF. It was found that in this geometry the decrease of the variable underflow diameter was very favorable to thickening operation. The suspension concentration of quartzite at 1.0% of solids in volume was increased about 42 times when the 3 mm underflow diameter was used. The increase on the feed solid percentage was good for decreasing the energy spent, so that a minimum number of Euler of 730 was achieved at CVA = 10.0%v. However, a greater amount of solids in suspension leads to a lower efficiency of the equipment. Therefore, to minimize the underflow-to-throughput ratio and keep a high efficiency level, it is indicated to work with dilute suspension (CVA = 1.0%) and 3 mm underflow diameter (η = 67%). But if it is necessary to work with high feed concentration, the use of 5 mm underflow diameter provides a rise in the efficiency. The HCO hydrocyclone was compared to the traditional family of hydrocyclones Rietema and presented advantages like higher efficiency (34% higher in average) and lower energy costs (20% lower in average). Finally, the efficiency curves and project equation have been raised for the HCO hydrocyclone each with satisfactory adjust.

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Ao longo dos anos, a análise de risco de crédito tem vindo a assumir um papel decisivo na análise do financiamento das empresas, sendo este um elemento fundamental para os órgãos de gestão. O financiamento é um elemento muito importante de suporte à atividade empresarial, uma vez que as empresas não detendo capital para realizar o investimento ou atividades correntes, recorrem ao crédito. Para que as empresas possam diminuir o risco de perdas, elas têm de seguir políticas de análise de crédito e de cobranças muito rigorosas. Este controlo será mais eficaz e eficiente se a organização mantiver relações de proximidade com os seus clientes. Um dos métodos cada vez mais utilizados para se conseguir manter relações estáveis e duradouras passa por adotar estratégias de CRM – Customer Relationship Management. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo desenvolver um modelo de análise de risco de crédito para os clientes da empresa inCentea. Este modelo permitirá perceber se o cliente reúne as condições necessárias para atribuição de crédito, e assim diminuir os risco para a inCentea. Conclui-se que a utilização de um maior número de variáveis na avaliação do risco permite uma minimização do risco. Através da integração do modelo de análise de crédito no software de CRM, a inCentea poderá fundamentar a sua decisão de concessão ou não de crédito com base em indicadores económicos e financeiros.

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A gestão portuária em Cabo Verde‚ ao longo dos anos‚ vem-se desenvolvendo com a rápida evolução dos recursos tecnológicos. Prova disso são os investimentos feitos nos portos através de infraestruturas e equipamentos portuários para um bom funcionamento. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a gestão dos portos em função das suas infraestruturas, associada a melhoria da produtividade dos estivadores do Porto Grande. Nesse âmbito pretendemos propor ideias chaves‚ nomeadamente a reformulação dos ternos de estiva, numa redução do numero de estivadores por terno, contribuindo deste modo para a eficiência e eficácia da empresa, manifestando-se numa diminuição das despesas correntes, promovendo a competitividade e a possibilidade de negociar a desvinculação da mão-de-obra excedente, respeitando sempre os princípios de ressarcimento para todos os que forem contemplados no programa.

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A alexitimia é caraterizada pela dificuldade no processamento emocional e reconhecimento de expressões faciais, processos indispensáveis no relacionamento interpessoal. Neste estudo pretendemos avaliar se indivíduos com altos níveis de alexitimia apresentam maiores índices de psicopatologia e se o seu processamento de expressões faciais, sobretudo de expressões com cariz emocional negativo (raiva e nojo), é diferenciado do processamento efetuado por indivíduos com baixos níveis de alexitimia. Os participantes (67 mulheres) realizaram uma tarefa de procura visual onde se apresentavam conjuntos de expressões faciais emocionais (alegria, raiva, nojo), tendo os participantes de detetar de modo rápido e preciso a presença (ou ausência) destas expressões apresentadas entre estímulos neutros (expressões faciais neutras). Os resultados não revelaram quaisquer diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Contudo, verificou-se um processamento diferencial das expressões faciais emocionais em função do género da face. As expressões emocionais negativas em faces de homens foram mais rapidamente detetadas. Por outro lado, o processamento de faces de mulheres que expressavam raiva conduziu a uma maior proporção de erros. Estes resultados poderão remeter para a sensibilidade adquirida face às expressões faciais masculinas negativas e ameaçadoras, que conferem maior probabilidade de predizer agressão. Os pressupostos evolutivos associados ao processamento das emoções negativas, sobretudo da raiva, que a literatura na área da relação entre a emoção e a atenção aponta como adaptativa na população em geral, poderá explicar a ausência de efeitos significativos entre o grupo com altos e baixos níveis de alexitimia.

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O Serviço Social Escolar é um campo de acção que ao longo de quase 40 anos tem uma trajectória significativa, tendo sofrido algumas vicissitudes no seu percurso influenciado pelo contexto social político e económico e pelas relações Estado/Mercado. Este estudo vai no sentido de fazer uma análise ao processo de institucionalização do Serviço Social Escolar em Portugal nas décadas de 60 e 70, em que se privilegiam as trajectórias e dinâmicas da prática profissional das Assistentes Sociais na área da Educação, ao nível dos ensinos primários, preparatórios e secundários, e mais especificamente da prática profissional das Assistentes Sociais do Ministério da Educação, da Zona Centro do País. Está dividido em duas partes fundamentais, acompanhando a primeira de1960 até 1974 e a segunda parte após o período da Revolução de 25 de Abril de 1974 até ao período de Normalização Democrática de 1976 a 1980. Procura-se apreender e compreender a relação entre o Serviço Social, políticas sociais, de acção social escolar, a sociedade portuguesa, as correntes de pensamento e as influências que se fizeram sentir no Serviço Social Escolar, identificando problemas e posicionamentos das Assistentes Sociais na dinâmica sócio-histórico e no Instituto de Acção Social Escolar, nos períodos em análise. Com este trabalho pretende-se abrir o debate sobre este campo de acção na actualidade e restituir ao Serviço Social Escolar o papel fundamental de mediador nos processos de regulação no campo da educação, num trabalho em parceria e numa transversalidade de competências e saberes com todos os parceiros da comunidade educativa e com a sociedade em geral, na defesa pelos direitos humanos e ampliação do estatuto de cidadania, por uma escola para todos e de qualidade.

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This work has as its main purpose to investigate the contribution of supply chain management in order to obtain competitive advantage by companies from the textile industry and from Ceará footwear industry, focusing its analysis mainly in the interorganizational relations (dyadic). For this, the theoretical referential contemplates different explanatory streams of the competitive advantage, detaching the relational perception of the resources theory, as well as, the main presuppositions of the supply chain management which culminates with the development of an analysis sample that runs the empirical study; the one which considers an expanded purpose of the supply chain which includes the government and the abetment institutions as institutional environment representatives. Besides supply chain management consideration as a competitive advantage source, the work also tried to identify other possible competitive advantage sources for the companies of the investigated sectors. It represents a study of multiple interpretive cases, having four cases as a total; meaning two cases in each one of the sectors, which used as a primary data collecting instrument a semi-structured interview schedule. Different methods were used for the data analysis, the content analysis and the constant comparison methods, the analytical procedure originated from the grounded theory research strategy, which were applied the Atlas/ti software recourse. Considering the theoretical referential and the used analysis sample, four basic categories of the work were defined, including its respective proprieties and dimensions: (1) characteristics concerning to the relationship with the supplier; (2) the company relations with the government; (3) the company relations with the abetment institutions and; (4) obtaining sources of competitive advantage. In general, the applied research in the footwear sector revealed that in the relationships of the researched companies related to its suppliers, there is a predominance of the partnership system and the main presuppositions of the supply chain management are applied which contributes for the acquisition of the relational competitive advantage; while in the textile sector, only some of these presuppositions are applied, with little contribution for the relational competitive advantage. The main resource which was accessed by the companies in both sectors through its relationships with the government and the abetment institutions are the tax incentives which, for the footwear companies, contribute for the acquisition of the temporary competitive advantage in relation to the contestants who do not own productive installations in the Northeast region, it also conducts to a competitive parity situation in relation to the contestants who own productive installations in the Northeast region and to the external market contestants; while for the companies of the textile sector, the tax incentives run the companies to a competitive parity situation in relation to its contestants. Furthermore, the investigated companies from the two sectors possess acquisition sources of the competitive advantage which collimate with different explanatory streams (industrial analysis, resources theory, Austrian school and the dynamic capabilities theory), although there is a predominance of the product innovation as a competitive advantage source in both sectors, due to the bond of these with the fashion tendencies

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This research is part of the field of organizational studies, focusing on organizational purchase behavior and, specifically, trust interorganizational at the purchases. This topic is current and relevant by addressing the development of good relations between buyer-supplier that increases the exchange of information, increases the length of relationship, reduces the hierarchical controls and improves performance. Furthermore, although there is a vast literature on trust, the scientific work that deal specifically at the trust interorganizational still need further research to synthesize and validate the variables that generate this phenomenon. In this sense, this investigation is to explain the antecedents of trust interorganizational by the relationship between the variable operational performance, organizational characteristics, shared values and interpersonal relationships on purchases by manufacturing industries, in order to develop a robust literature, most consensual, that includes the current sociological and economic, considering the effect of interpersonal relationships in this phenomenon. This proposal is configured in a new vision of the antecedents of interorganizational trust, described as significant quantitative from models Morgan and Hunt (1994), Doney and Cannon (1997), Zhao and Cavusgil (2006) and Nyaga, Whipple, Lynch (2011), as well as qualitative analysis of Tacconi et al. (2011). With regard to methodological aspects, the study assumes the form of a descriptive, survey type, and causal trace theoretical and empirical. As for his nature, the investigation, explicative character, has developed a quantitative approach with the use of exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling SEM, with the use of IBM software SPSS Amos 18.0, using the method of maximum verisimilitude, and supported by technical bootstraping. The unit of analysis was the buyer-supplier relationship, in which the object under investigation was the supplier organization in view of the purchasing company. 237 valid questionnaires were collected among key informants, using a simple random sampling developed in manufacturing industries (SIC 10-33), located in the city of Natal and in the region of Natal. The first results of descriptive analysis demonstrate the phenomenon of interorganizational trust, in which purchasing firms believe, feel secure about the supplier. This demonstration showed high levels of intensity, predominantly among the vendors that supply the company with materials that are used directly in the production process. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, performed on each variable alone, generated a set of observable and unobservable variables more consistent, giving rise to a model, that needed to be further specified. This again specify model consists of trajectories was positive, with a good fit, with a composite reliability and variance extracted satisfactory, and demonstrates convergent and discriminant validity, in which the factor loadings are significant and strong explanatory power. Given the findings that reinforce the model again specify data, suggesting a high probability that this model may be more suited for the study population, the results support the explanation that interorganizational trust depends on purchases directly from interpersonal relationships, sharing value and operating performance and indirectly of personal relationships, social networks, organizational characteristics, physical and relational aspect of performance. It is concluded that this trust can be explained by a set of interactions between these three determinants, where the focus is on interpersonal relationships, with the largest path coefficient for the factor under study

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The internationalization as an organizational phenomenon fundamentally strategic had as theoretical contributions some Schools that throughout the decades 60, 70, and 80 developed behavioral and economic approaches in order to explain the process. The behavioral approach deals with the perception of phenomenon as a gradual process from the perspective of the executives behavior (JOHANSON and VAHLNE, 1977; HALLÉN and WIEDERSHEIM - PAUL, 1979; CZINKOTA, 1985). This phenomenon in permanent theoretical and managerial evolution made an opportunity to build this investigation, whose goal is to analyse the impact comes from organizational capabilities and the external environment on the international performance of exporting firms. For both, were used as theoretical basis two types of analysis for the comprehension of international performance: Strategic Management - Industrial Organization and Resource-Based View and International Businesses - Current Economic and Behavioral. It was made a cross-sectional survey-based explanatory research, including 150 exporting companies with operations in the Northeast of Brazil. A conceptual model was made with eight constructs and eight research hypotheses, representative of the effects of external factors on international performance. The data were processed using the Exploratory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling. The structural equations model was reespecified and estimated through the use of the maximum-likelihood method up to achieve adequated values of indexes of adjustment. As the main theoretical contribution, were identified organizational and physical resources which shows the importance of the management skills development, of the learning capability and capability to establish strategic alliances abroad. That because the knowledge, as the operational point of view as in its strategic application, offers to organization conditions of market positioning which can create opportunities sustainable competitive advantages and which impact the performance of international companies

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O auto-criticismo é um traço de personalidade preditor de psicopatologia. Sabe-se que indivíduos com elevado auto-criticismo tendem a processar a compaixão como um estímulo ameaçador. Apesar destes dados, a literatura é escassa no que se refere à forma como os indivíduos com elevado auto-criticismo reagem perante emoções complexas, como o criticismo e a compaixão. Desta forma, no presente estudo foram utilizadas faces de compaixão, criticismo e neutras como estímulos distratores, em que o estímulo relevante consistiu na identificação de uma letra num conjunto delas. Os resultados mostraram que as pessoas com elevado auto-criticismo tenderam a errar mais e a ter maiores tempos de resposta na tarefa principal quando o estímulo distrator foi uma face de compaixão. Estes dados sugerem que a atenção automática de indivíduos com elevado auto-criticismo pode ser afetada perante estímulos faciais de compaixão.

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This study is about the institutional self-evaluation in Dimension 4, "Communication with Society", from the National System of Higher Education Evaluation SINAES, mandatory for all universities in Brazil. A multiple cases study was conducted with three institutions from Rio Grande do Norte, and the goal was to know how this evaluation is made, describing the concept for the evaluation of communication proposed by them, identifying controllers or emancipator aspects, categorizing methodological procedures and discussing the difficulties reported in the communication evaluation process. Coordinators of the institutions Evaluating Committees were interviewed and data categorized by means of qualitative content analysis. It was noted characteristics of the current controller, emancipator and hybrid designs in the three institutions for evaluation of communication, revealing the lack of a theoretical corpus that transits in accordance with the systemic perspective and epistemology of complexity from SINAES. It was found that the most frequently reported difficulties in the evaluation processes of communication are in the preparation stage, especially in the definition of indicators and tools and awareness work. The weakness in planning makes their own activities in the sector of communication become targets of assessment, forming goals poorly related with broader organizational goals. It was also concluded that the technical evaluation cannot override the issues associated with the broader issue of the complexity surrounding the assessment paradigm proposed by SINAES because contradictions and imperfections are part of the evaluation process and several references are current in the literature to support this view. Finally, it is said that objectives such as transparency and behavioral changes can rely on methodologies and techniques for research on the question of the construction of meaning

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This study aims to investigate the influence of the asset class and the breakdown of tangibility as determinant factors of the capital structure of companies listed on the BM & FBOVESPA in the period of 2008-2012. Two current assets classes were composed and once they were grouped by liquidity, they were also analyzed by the financial institutions for credit granting: current resources (Cash, Bank and Financial Applications) and operations with duplicates (Stocks and Receivables). The breakdown of the tangible assets was made based on its main components provided as warrantees for loans like Machinery & Equipment and Land & Buildings. For an analysis extension, three metrics for leverage (accounting, financial and market) were applied and the sample was divided into economic sectors, adopted by BM&FBOVESPA. The data model in dynamic panel estimated by a systemic GMM of two levels was used in this study due its strength to problems of endogenous relationship as well as the omitted variables bias. The found results suggest that current resources are determinants of the capital structure possibly because they re characterized as proxies for financial solvency, being its relationship with debt positive. The sectorial analysis confirmed the results for current resources. The tangibility of assets has inverse proportional relationship with the leverage. As it is disintegrated in its main components, the significant and negative influence of machinery & equipment was more marked in the Industrial Goods sector. This result shows that, on average, the most specific assets from operating activities of a company compete for a less use of third party resources. As complementary results, it was observed that the leverage has persistence, which is linked with the static trade-off theory. Specifically for financial leverage, it was observed that the persistence is relevant when it is controlled for the lagged current assets classes variables. The proxy variable for growth opportunities, measured by the Market -to -Book, has the sign of its contradictory coefficient. The company size has a positive relationship with debt, in favor of static trade-off theory. Profitability is the most consistent variable in all the performed estimations, showing strong negative and significant relationship with leverage, as the pecking order theory predicts