Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Kansas State–Nebraska Biochemical Engineering Symposium

The symposium whose papers are abstracted here was the fourth in a series held alternately at Kansas State University and the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Requests for further information on projects conducted at Kansas State should be directed to Professor L.E. Erickson and on those at Nebraska to the editor. ContentsJohn C. Heydweiller, "Estimating Sedimentation of Organisms in a Tower-Type Activated Sludge System" Raymond C. Eliason, "Properties and Utilization of Small Particulates in Cattle Manure" Kenneth H. Hsu, "Oxygen Transfer in Tower Systems with Motionless Mixers" Raymond C. Eliason, "Hydrolysis of Sucrose by 20 Invertase Immobilized on Hollow Fibers" Robert Shipman, "Single Cell Protein from Photosynthetic 26 Bacteria" Peter J. Reilly, "Stability of Commensalistic Systems"

Characterization and performance of carbonaceous materials obtained from exhausted sludges for the anaerobic biodecolorization of the azo dye Acid Orange II.

This work presents the preliminary study of new carbonaceous materials (CMs) obtained from exhausted sludge, their use in the heterogeneous anaerobic process of biodecolorization of azo dyes and the comparison of their performance with one commercial active carbon. The preparation of carbonaceous materials was conducted through chemical activation and carbonization. Chemical activation was carried out through impregnation of sludge-exhausted materials with ZnCl2 and the activation by means of carbonization at different temperatures (400, 600 and 800°C). Their physicochemical and surface characteristics were also investigated. Sludge based carbonaceous (SBC) materials SBC400, SBC600 and SBC800 present values of 13.0, 111.3 and 202.0m(2)/g of surface area. Biodecolorization levels of 76% were achieved for SBC600 and 86% for SBC800 at space time (τ) of 1.0min, similar to that obtained with commercial activated carbons in the continuous anaerobic up-flow packed bed reactor (UPBR). The experimental data fit well to the first order kinetic model and equilibrium data are well represented by the Langmuir isotherm model. Carbonaceous materials show high level of biodecolorization even at very short space times. Results indicate that carbonaceous materials prepared from sludge-exhausted materials have outstanding textural properties and significant degradation capacity for treating textile effluents.

Is The Allergen Really Needed in Allergy Immunotherapy?

Immunotherapy for type I allergies is well established and is regarded to be the most efficient treatment option besides allergen avoidance. As of today, different forms of allergen preparations are used in this regard, as well as different routes of application. Virus-like particles (VLPs) represent a potent vaccine platform with proven immunogenicity and clinical efficacy. The addition of toll-like receptor ligands and/or depot-forming adjuvants further enhances activation of innate as well as adaptive immune responses. CpG motifs represent intensively investigated and potent direct stimulators of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells, while T cell responses are enhanced indirectly through increased antigen presentation and cytokine release. This article will focus on the function of VLPs loaded with DNA rich in nonmethylated CG motifs (CpGs) and the clinical experience gained in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, demonstrating clinical efficacy also if administered without allergens. Several published studies have demonstrated a beneficial impact on allergic symptoms by treatment with CpG-loaded VLPs. Subcutaneous injection of VLPs loaded with CpGs was tested with or without the adjuvant alum in the presence or absence of an allergen. The results encourage further investigation of VLPs and CpG motifs in immunotherapy, either as a stand-alone product or as adjuvants for allergen-specific immunotherapy.

Distribution, genesis and age of the Schlagwasser breccia (Warstein anticline, Rhenish massif)

The name "Schlagwasser breccia" is a synopsis of several debris flows in the Warstein area, which can be derived from the Warstein carbonate platform and the Scharfenberg reef. Though only locally developed, the breccia is important for the understanding of paleogeography and sedimentology in the Eastern Sauerland. Considering this breccia some gravitational-resedimentary slide movements between a high, consisting of reef carbonates, and a basin with flinz beds can be pointed out. From the uppermost Middle Devonian to the lowermost Lower Carboniferous several slides yielded the sedimentary components building up the 30 to 50 m thick polymict breccia. Some breccias were redeposited repeatedly as can be verified by different conodont maxima in single samples. Supplying area was the western part of the Warstein high, from which the slide masses glided off to the East and Southeast, more seldom to the West and Westsouthwest. All conodont zones from the upper Middle Devonian up to the lowermost Carboniferous could be identified in the Schlagwasser breccia. Therefore, an uninterrupted continuous sedimentation must have been prevalent in the supplying area; today this area nearly is denuded of flinz beds and cephalopod limestones. The slide masses spread transgressively to the East up to a substratum consisting of different units as massive limestone, flinz beds and cephalopod limestone; they are overlapped by Hangenberg beds, alum schists and siliceous rocks of the Lower Carboniferous. Parts of the substratum were transported during the progress of the slide masses. Proximal and distal parts of the flow masses can be distinguished by the diameter of the pebbles. Graded bedding and banking structures are marked only rarely. Way of transport was up to 3 km. Differently aged slide masses do not always overlap, but are placed side by side, too. Usually the slide masses do not spread out upon a greater area during sedimentation, but form closely limited debris flows. Synsedimentary fracturing and tilting of the reef platform, epirogenetic movements and seaquakes caused the slides. The entire formation period of the breccia includes about 20 millions of years. The longevity of the events points to solid paleomorphological situations around the eastern margin of the carbonate platform.

FISH analysis of biofilm samples from five CANON reactors in Beijing

Completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) has been regarded as an efficient and economical process for nitrogen removal from wastewater. The distribution and genetic diversity of the functional microorganisms in five lab-scale CANON reactors have been investigated by using some molecular biology methods. Nitrosomonas-like aerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AerAOB) and Candidatus Brocadia-related anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) were detected as predominant functional microbes in the five reactors while Nitrobacter-like nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) existed only in the systems operated at ambient temperature. Communities of AerAOB and AnAOB were almost similar among the five reactors while the distribution of the functional microbes was either scattered or densely packed. Meanwhile, this study has demonstrated the feasibility of starting up CANON by inoculating conventional activated sludge in low ammonium content at ambient temperature.

Aplicación de un tratamiento biológico a las aguas residuales provenientes de una destilería de alcohol de caña, utilizando un reactor UASB

En este trabajo se llevó a cabo el tratamiento de vinazas mediante dos tecnologías anaerobias. Se dividió en cuatro estudios técnicos. El primero fue el arranque y estabilización del reactor UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket), en dónde se evaluó la estabilización mediante la eficiencia de remoción de DQO y la granulación del lodo. El segundo estudio evaluó el rendimiento del reactor UASB frente a diferentes Cva. El tercer estudio evaluó el efecto del TRH sobre la eficiencia del reactor UASB, y el cuarto de ellos fue evaluar el rendimiento del RABF (Reactor Anaerobio de Biomasa Fija). El reactor UASB de 2,6 L de capacidad, fue arrancado por lotes, con seis ensayos utilizando vinaza como sustrato. Se obtuvieron eficiencias de remoción en DQO en un rango de 79-91%, en los seis lotes. Se obtuvo formación de gránulos con diámetro (Ø) de 0,85-1,15 mm y un coeficiente de esfericidad (Є) de 0,7-0,77. Se logró la granulación de lodos tras 2 meses de operación. Alcanzada la estabilización del reactor UASB, se siguió una operación en flujo continuo. Las Cva probadas de 1, 2, 4 y 6 gDQO/L.d para el reactor UASB dan una respuesta bastante favorable con respecto al rendimiento del reactor, ya que presento eficiencias de remoción de DQOs del 51 hasta el 76%, eficiencias similares a los reportados por la literatura. En el estudio de TRH se operó con Cva de 6 gDQO/L.d y los TRH fueron de 24, 12 ,5 ,3 y 1 día. El % de eliminación de DQO fue de 51, 60, 57, 60 y 63 % remoción en DQOsoluble, respectivamente. Se alcanzó una producción de biogás máximo de 5.283 ml/d, pero al reducir el TRH se observó una reducción proporcional del volumen total de biogás. El %CH4 contenido en el biogás aumento al disminuir el TRH, reflejando valores de 80 al 92 % de CH4. El RABF con un volumen de 8,2 L, utilizo tubos de plástico corrugado como medio de soporte para las bacterias. Se aplicaron las siguientes Cva; 0,5, 1, 3 y 6 gDQO/L.d. El reactor RABF presento una excelente remoción de la materia orgánica (80% DQOs), una producción de biogás estable, y un contenido en CH4 del biogás muy interesante. Sin embargo, para una Cva superior a 3 gDQO/L.d empezó un comportamiento inesperado de reducción de capacidad. Las condiciones hidrodinámicas del reactor UASB son decisivas para la formación de los gránulos, condición previa para iniciar el flujo continuo. Al operar el reactor UASB en modo continuo, se pudo evaluar las mejores condiciones de operación para este tipo de residuo (vinaza). La Cva de 6 gDQO/L.d para el reactor UASB alimentado con vinaza bruta representa el límite de su capacidad. Sin embargo, al aumentar la Cva se genera una mayor producción de biogás y metano. La eficiencia de remoción de la DQO soluble es independiente del TRH, para una Cva de 6 g DQO/L•d y las condiciones de TRH probadas (24, 12, 5, 3 y 1 días). Los valores de remoción de DQO alcanzados son un poco superior a los valores de biodegradabilidad anaerobia de la vinaza observados de 50 %. De manera general, la reducción del TRH o bien la dilución de la vinaza no presenta un efecto significativo sobre la remoción de la materia orgánica soluble, pero si lo presenta en la remoción de sulfatos reduciendo indirectamente su toxicidad. El soporte termoplástico inoculado en el RABF y alimentado con vinaza bruta, actuó como un filtro, además de obtener buenos resultados en eliminación de DQO, pero dada las dimensiones y la altura del relleno se frena la evacuación del metano. This work was carried out by treatment vinasses with two anaerobic technologies. It was divided into four technical studies. The first was the start up and stabilization Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor, where the stability was evaluated by the removal efficiency of COD and sludge granulation. The second study evaluated the performance of the UASB reactor against different OLR. The third study evaluated the effect of HRT on the efficiency of the UASB reactor, and the fourth of which was evaluate the performance Fixed Biomass Anaerobic (FBA) reactor. The UASB reactor of 2,6 L capacity, was started in batch, with six assays using vinasse as substrate. Were obtained removal efficiencies of COD in the range of 79- 91% in the six batches. Forming granules were obtained with a diameter (Ø) of 0,85- 1,15 mm and sphericity coefficient (Є) of 0,7 to 0,77. Sludge granulation was achieved after 2 months of operation. Once stabilization is achieved of the UASB reactor, it was followed by a continuous flow operation. The OLR tested 1, 2, 4 and 6 gCOD/L.d for UASB reactor gives a very favorable response regarding the performance of the reactor, as presented COD5 removal efficiencies of 51 to 76%, similar efficiencies those reported in the literature The HRT study was operated with an OLR of 6 gCOD/L.d and HRT were 24, 12, 5, 3 and 1 day. The removal efficiency was 51, 60, 57, 60 and 63% in soluble COD, respectively. It reached a maximum biogas production of 5.283 ml / d, but by reducing the HRT showed a proportional reduction in the total volume of biogas. The %CH4 content in the biogas increased with decreasing TRH, reflecting values of 80 to 92% of CH4. The FBA reactor with a volume of 8,2 L, used corrugated plastic tubes as carrier for bacteria transportation. The following OLR was applied, 0,5, 1, 3 and 6 gCOD/L.d. The FBA reactor showed an excellent removal of organic matter (80% CODS), a stable biogas production, and CH4 content very interesting. However, for more than 3 gCOD/L.d OLR began with unexpected behavior of capacity reduction. The UASB reactor hydrodynamic conditions are decisive for the formation of the granules, precondition to start the continuous flow. By operating the UASB reactor in continuous mode, it was possible to evaluate the best operating conditions for this type of waste (vinasse). The OLR of 6 gCOD/L.d for the UASB reactor fed with raw vinasse represents the limit of its capacity. However, with increasing OLR creates increased biogas production and methane. The removal efficiency of soluble COD is independent of HRT for OLR of 6 gCOD/L.d and HRT conditions tested (24, 12, 5, 3 and 1 day). COD Removal values achieved are slightly higher than the values of the vinasse anaerobic biodegradability of observed at 50%. Generally, reduction of HRT or vinasse dilution does not present a significant effect on the removal of the soluble organic matter; however if it occurs in the removal of sulfate reducing indirectly its toxicity. The thermoplastic support inoculated in FBA reactor and fed with raw vinasse, acted as a filter, in addition to obtaining good results in COD removal, but given the size and height of the filling slows evacuation of methane.

Tratamiento de vinazas de alcohol de caña en un reactor UASB

Para la realización de este artículo, se evaluó el rendimiento del reactor UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) utilizando vinazas de alcohol de caña como sustrato.

Flammability properties of dry sewage sludges

Dry sewage sludge are being considered as a possible energy source for direct firing. They have interesting properties to be used as an alternative fuel, but also other characteristics must be considered from the point of view of its safe operation: the most important are ignition sensitivity, explosion severity, thermal sensitivity and thermal stability. The aim of this study was to determine if sewage sludge have different characteristics due to different locations or seasons and how this influences their flammability properties. To study these characteristics sludge samples were selected from different locations in Spain, taken during different seasons. In addition, relationships between flammability parameters and chemical analysis were observed. Some parameters can be controlled during normal operation, such as granulometry or humidity, and may mean a decrease in the risk of explosion. Those relationships are well known for other dusts materials, like coal, but not yet for sewage sludge dusts. Finally, properties related to spontaneous combustion were determined (thermal susceptibility and stability). The addition of those properties to the study provides an overview of the thermal behavior of sewage sludge during their utilization, including transport and storage.

Residuos orgánicos como fuentes de fósforo

En este trabajo, se han llevado a cabo distintos experimentos en laboratorio, con el objetivo de estudiar el efecto de la aplicación de residuos orgánicos como fuentes de P en las pérdidas de este elemento, que se producen en suelo, tanto por escorrentía superficial como por lixiviación. El interés por evaluar las pérdidas de P se debe a la necesidad de conocer mejor los factores que influyen en los procesos de pérdidas de este elemento y así, poder reducir los problemas de eutrofización de aguas, tanto superficiales como subterráneas, provocadas por un exceso de este nutriente, junto con otros como el nitrógeno. Los trabajos experimentales que se han llevado a cabo se detallan a continuación: Se ha realizado el estudio de las formas de P contenidas en una serie de 14 residuos orgánicos, de distinto origen y tratamiento (compost, lodos, purines y digestato), comparando la información aportada por tres protocolos de fraccionamientos de P diferentes, seleccionados entre los principales métodos utilizados: protocolo de fraccionamiento de Ruttemberg (1992), protocolo de Normas, medidas y ensayos (Ruban et al., 2001a) y protocolo de Huang et al. (2008). Todos los métodos de fraccionamiento empleados aportaron información útil para conocer las formas de P de los residuos, a pesar de que alguno de ellos fue descrito para sedimentos o suelos. Sin embargo, resulta difícil comparar los resultados entre unos y otros, ya que cada uno emplea extractantes y tiempos de ensayos diferentes. Las cantidades de P total determinadas por cada método mantienen una relación lineal, aunque el método SMT, por ser más directo, obtiene las cantidades más elevadas para todos los residuos. Los métodos secuenciales (métodos de Huang y Ruttemberg), a pesar de ser más largos y tediosos, aportan información más detallada de la disponibilidad de las formas de P, y con ello, permiten obtener una mejor estimación de las pérdidas potenciales de este elemento tras su aplicación en suelo. Se han encontrado relaciones positivas entre las fracciones determinadas por estos dos métodos. Así mismo, se encuentra una correlación entre las formas solubles de P y la concentración de los iones [Ca + Fe + Al] de los residuos, útiles como indicadores de la disponibilidad de este elemento. Sin embargo, el protocolo SMT, no obtiene información de la solubilidad o disponibilidad de las formas de P contenidas, ni las formas determinadas mantienen relaciones directas con las de los otros métodos, con excepción del P total. Para el estudio del comportamiento de los residuos aplicados en suelos, se pusieron a punto sistemas de lluvia simulada, con el objetivo de caracterizar las pérdidas de P en la escorrentía superficial generada. Por otra parte, se emplearon columnas de suelos enmendados con residuos orgánicos, para el estudio de las pérdidas de P por lixiviación. Los ensayos de simulación de lluvia se llevaron a cabo de acuerdo al “National Phosphorus Research proyect“ (2001), que consigue simular eventos sucesivos de lluvia en unas condiciones semejantes a la realidad, empleando cajas llenas de suelo del horizonte superficial, con residuos aplicados tanto superficialmente como mediante mezcla con el propio suelo. Los ensayos se realizaron con seis residuos de diferente naturaleza y sometidos a distintos tratamientos. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en las pérdidas de las formas de P analizadas, tanto disueltas como particuladas, en las aguas de escorrentía generadas. En general, las pérdidas en el primer evento de lluvia tras la aplicación de los residuos fueron mayores a las generadas en el segundo evento, predominando las formas de P particuladas respecto a las disueltas en ambos. Se encontró una relación positiva entre las pérdidas de P en las aguas de escorrentía generadas en cada ensayo, con los contenidos de P soluble en agua y fácilmente disponible de los residuos empleados, determinados por los protocolos de fraccionamientos secuenciales. Además, se emplearon los modelos matemáticos desarrollados por Vadas et al. (2005, 2007), de evaluación de las pérdidas de P por escorrentía para fertilizantes y estiércoles. La predicción de estos modelos no se cumple en el caso de todos los residuos. Las distintas propiedades físicas de los residuos pueden afectar a las diferencias entre las pérdidas experimentales y las esperadas. Los ensayos de simulación del proceso de lixiviación se llevaron a cabo en columnas de percolación, con suelos enmendados con residuos orgánicos, de acuerdo a la norma “CEN/TS 14405–2004: Caracterización de los residuos – Test de comportamiento de lixiviación – Test de flujo ascendente”. Las pérdidas de P por procesos de lixiviación de agua, han sido despreciadas durante mucho tiempo respecto a las pérdidas por escorrentía. Sin embargo, se ha demostrado que deben tenerse en consideración, principalmente en algunos tipos de suelos o zonas cercanas a acuíferos. Se utilizaron tres suelos de distinta procedencia para los ensayos, de manera que se pudo estudiar la influencia del tipo de suelo en las pérdidas de P para cada tipo de residuo (purín, compost, digestato y lodo de EDAR). Los índices de adsorción de P determinados para cada suelo permiten evaluar aquellos que presentarán más riesgo de producir pérdidas de este elemento al aplicarse fuentes externas de P, encontrando una relación positiva entre ambos. Las pérdidas de P en los lixiviados varían en función tanto del residuo como del suelo empleado. Para el compost, el purín y el lodo, se encontró una relación entre las pérdidas generadas en el agua lixiviada de las columnas y las formas de P soluble contenidas en los residuos. Sin embargo, en el caso del digestato, no existía esta correlación. Las pérdidas para este residuo fueron en todos los casos menores a las estimadas, considerando las formas de P contenido. El estudio de la mojabilidad, propiedad física del residuo que evalúa la capacidad de interacción residuo-agua, permitió explicar el comportamiento anómalo de este residuo, con una mayor resistencia a que el agua entrara en su estructura y por tanto, una mayor dificultad de solubilizar el P contenido en el propio residuo, que en el caso de otros residuos. En general, podemos considerar que el estudio de las formas de P más disponibles o solubles en agua, aporta información útil de las pérdidas potenciales de P. Sin embargo, es necesario estudiar las propiedades físicas de los residuos orgánicos aplicados y la capacidad de adsorción de P de los suelos, para estimar las pérdidas de P y con ello, colaborar a controlar los procesos de eutrofización en aguas. ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the effect of organic wastes application as sources of P in losses of this element that occur by both surface runoff and leaching in soil. To do so, diverse laboratory experiments are conducted and presented here. Evaluating P losses is necessary to better understand the factors that influence the processes behind the loss of this element. Reducing P losses reduces eutrophication problems of both surface water and groundwater caused by an excess of this nutrient, along with other as nitrogen. Details of the experiments are presented below: The first experiment studies the forms of P contained in a series of 14 organic wastes of different origin and treatment (compost, sludge, slurry and digestate), comparing the information provided by three methods of P fractionation. The methods selected were: Ruttemberg protocol (1992); Standards, Measurements and Testing protocol (Ruban et al., 2001a); and Huang protocol (Huang et al., 2008). All fractionation methods employed successfully contribute to our knowledge of P forms in wastes, even though one of them was originally described for sediments or soils information. However, it is difficult to compare results among each other, as each protocol employs different extractants and time in the trials. Total amounts of P obtained by each method show a linear relationship, although the SMT method, which is more direct, obtains the highest amounts for all residues. Sequential methods (Huang and Ruttemberg’s protocols), despite being longer and more tedious, provide more detailed information on the availability of the forms of P. Therefore, allow the estimation of the potential losses of P after application in soil. Furthermore, positive relationships have been found among fractions obtained by these methods. Positive relationship has been found also among soluble forms of P and the concentration of ions Fe + Ca + Al, which is useful as an indicator of the availability of this element. However, the SMT protocol does not collect information about solubility or availability of forms of P contained; neither do certain forms maintain direct relations with the forms from other methods, with the exception of total P methods. To study the behavior of wastes applied to soils two experiments were conducted. Simulated rain systems were prepared to characterize P losses in the surface runoff generated. In addition, columns of soils amended with organic waste were developed for the study of P leaching losses. Simulated rain systems were carried out according to the ’National Phosphorus Research Project’ (2001), which manages to simulate successive rainfall events in conditions resembling reality. The experiment uses boxes filled with soil from the surface horizon amended with residues, both superficially and by mixing with the soil. Tests were conducted with six residues of different type and subjected to diverse treatments. Findings show significant differences in losses of the P forms analyzed in the generated runoff water, in both solution and particulate forms. In general, losses in the first rainfall event after application of waste were higher than the losses generated in the second event, predominating particulate forms of P over dissolved forms in both events. In all trials, a positive relationship was found between various P forms determined by sequential fractionation protocols (water soluble P and readily available P forms) and P losses in runoff. Furthermore, results from Vadas´s mathematical models (Vadas et al., 2005; 2007) to assess P losses by runoff fertilizers and manures indicate that the prediction of this model is not fulfilled in the case of all residues. The diverse physical properties of wastes may affect the differences between experimental and expected losses. Finally, leaching simulation processes were carried out in percolation columns, filled with soils amended with organic wastes, following the ‘CEN/TS 14405-2004 standard: Characterization of waste - Leaching behavior test - Test Flow ascending ’. P losses by leaching have been neglected for a long time with respect to runoff losses. However, findings corroborate previous studies showing that these P losses have to be taken into account, especially in certain types of soils and in zones near aquifers. To study the influence of soil type on P losses, experiments were carried out with three different soils and for each type of waste (manure, compost, digestate and sludge WWTP). Each soil’s P adsorption rates allow assessing which soils imply a higher risk of P losses when external sources of P are applied. P losses in leachate vary according to the type of soil employed and according to the specific residue. In the case of compost, manure and sludge, there is a relationship between leaching losses and residues’ soluble forms of P. The exception being the digestate, where there was no such correlation. Digestate P losses by leaching were lower than expected in all cases considering the forms of P contained. Moreover, examining digestate wettability -- that is, the physical property of the residue that assesses the capacity of waste-water interaction -- allowed explaining the anomalous behavior of this residue. Digestate has a high resistance to water entering its structure and thus higher difficulty to solubilize the P contained. Overall, studying the more available or soluble P forms provides useful information about the potential loss of P. However, this dissertation shows that it is necessary to examine the physical properties of organic residues applied as well as the P adsorption capacity of soils to estimate P losses, and thus to control eutrophication in water.

Carbon dioxide emissions from semi-arid soils amended with biochar alone or combined with mineral and organic fertilizers

Semi-arid soils cover a significant area of Earth s land surface and typically contain large amounts of inorganic C. Determining the effects of biochar additions on CO2 emissions fromsemi-arid soils is therefore essential for evaluating the potential of biochar as a climate change mitigation strategy. Here, we measured the CO2 that evolved from semi-arid calcareous soils amended with biochar at rates of 0 and 20 t ha?1 in a full factorial combination with three different fertilizers (mineral fertilizer, municipal solid waste compost, and sewage sludge) applied at four rates (equivalent to 0, 75, 150, and 225 kg potentially available N ha?1) during 182 days of aerobic incubation. A double exponential model, which describes cumulative CO2 emissions from two active soil C compartments with different turnover rates (one relatively stable and the other more labile), was found to fit verywell all the experimental datasets. In general, the organic fertilizers increased the size and decomposition rate of the stable and labile soil C pools. In contrast, biochar addition had no effects on any of the double exponential model parameters and did not interact with the effects ascribed to the type and rate of fertilizer. After 182 days of incubation, soil organic and microbial biomass C contents tended to increase with increasing the application rates of organic fertilizer, especially of compost, whereas increasing the rate of mineral fertilizer tended to suppress microbial biomass. Biochar was found to increase both organic and inorganic C contents in soil and not to interactwith the effects of type and rate of fertilizer on C fractions. As a whole, our results suggest that the use of biochar as enhancer of semi-arid soils, either alone or combined with mineral and organic fertilizers, is unlikely to increase abiotic and biotic soil CO2 emissions.

Implementación del modelo de digestión anaerobia ADM1 en MATLAB/SIMULINK

Este trabajo tiene por objeto la implementación del modelo ADM1 (The IWA Anaerobic Digestion Model No.1), para evaluar su capacidad de simular el proceso de digestión anaerobia de lodos de agua residual. Para implementar el modelo ADM1 se eligió el software Matlab y su herramienta Simulink, por su capacidad para simular sistemas dinámicos. Los resultados demostraron que la simulación a través de la implementación del modelo ADM1, es capaz de predecir la mayoría de los valores medios correspondientes a los parámetros de control más comunes del proceso de digestión anaerobia que se lleva a cabo en la Estación de depuración de aguas residuales (EDAR) sur de Madrid. Se deduce del estudio que la implementación del modelo ADM1 desarrollada mediante Matlab/Simulink, es capaz de simular el proceso dinámico de digestión anaerobia de cualquier EDAR, si se ajustan algunos de los parámetros del modelo para cada caso concreto. Abstract This work aims at the implementation of The IWA Anaerobic Digestion Model No.1 (ADM1) in order to assess its ability to simulate the anaerobic digestion process of wastewater sludge. A Matlab/Simulink implementation of the ADM1 was developed, the simulations results shows that the ADM1 is able to predict the average values of the most common control parameters of the anaerobic digestion process that takes place in the Waste water treatment plant (WWTP) south of Madrid. It is deduced of the estudy that the Matlab implementation of the ADM1 developed, is able to simulate the anaerobic digestion dynamic process of a WWTP, if some of the model parameters are fitted for each specific case.

Factors driving the carbon mineralization priming effect in a sandy loam soil amended with different types of biochar

The effect of biochar on the soil carbon mineral- ization priming effect depends on the characteristics of the raw materials, production method and pyrolysis conditions. The goal of the present study is to evaluate the impact of three different types of biochar on physicochemical properties and CO2 emissions of a sandy loam soil. For this purpose, soil was amended with three different biochars (BI, BII and BIII) at a rate of 8 wt % and soil CO2 emissions were measured for 45 days. BI is produced from a mixed wood sieving from wood chip production, BII from a mixture of paper sludge and wheat husks and BIII from sewage sludge. Cumulative CO2 emissions of biochars, soil and amended soil were well fit to a simple first-order kinetic model with correlation coef- ficients (r 2 ) greater than 0.97. Results show a negative prim- ing effect in the soil after addition of BI and a positive prim- ing effect in the case of soil amended with BII and BIII. These results can be related to different biochar properties such as carbon content, carbon aromaticity, volatile matter, fixed carbon, easily oxidized organic carbon or metal and phenolic substance content in addition to surface biochar properties. Three biochars increased the values of soil field capacity and wilting point, while effects over pH and cation exchange capacity were not observed.

Optimización de la gasificación de lodos de estaciones depuradoras de aguas residuales urbanas para minimizar la formación de alquitranes

La gasificación de lodos de depuración es una alternativa atractiva para generar gases combustibles como H2 y CO. A su vez, estos gases pueden emplearse como materias primas para la obtención de productos químicos orgánicos y combustibles líquidos. Sin embargo, la gasificación no está exenta de problemas como el ligado a la generación de residuos sólidos y alquitrán. El alquitrán en el gas puede ser un inconveniente para emplear el gas como combustible por las obstrucciones y corrosión en los equipos. Dado que las condiciones de gasificación influyen en la producción de alquitrán, este trabajo de investigación se ha centrado en analizar la influencia de parámetros como la temperatura, la carga de alimentación, el tamaño de partícula, el agente gasificante y la utilización de catalizadores en la gasificación en lecho fluidizado de lodos de depuración. Adicionalmente a la medición del efecto de los anteriores parámetros en la producción y composición del alquitrán, también se ha cuantificado su influencia en la producción y composición del gas y en producción del residuo carbonoso. Los resultados muestran que el incremento de la carga de alimentación (kg/h.m2) provoca el descenso de la producción de gas combustible y el incremento del residuo carbonoso y del alquitrán debido a la reducción del tiempo de residencia del gas lo que supone un menor tiempo disponible para las reacciones gas-gas y gas-sólido ligadas a la conversión del alquitrán y del residuo carbonoso en gases combustibles. También se ha comprobado que, el aumento del tamaño de partícula, al incrementar el tiempo de calentamiento de ésta, tiene un efecto similar en los productos de la gasificación que el derivado del incremento en la carga de alimentación. La utilización de una temperatura de gasificación alta (850 ºC), el empleo de aire-vapor como agente gasificante y/o catalizadores primarios como la dolomía consiguen reducir la producción de alquitrán. ABSTRACT Gasification of sewage sludge is an attractive alternative for generating of fuel gases such as H2 and CO. These gases, in turn, can be used as raw materials for the production of organic chemicals and liquid fuel. However, gasification is not without problems as the linked ones to production of char and tar. The tar in the gas can be an inconvenience for to use it as fuel by the problems of blockage and corrosion in the equipments. Since the gasification conditions affect the production of tar, this research has focused on analysing the influence of parameters such as temperature, throughput, the particle size, the gasifying agent and the use of catalysts in the fluidized bed gasification of sewage sludge. In addition to measuring the effect of the above parameters on the production and composition of the tar, it has also been quantified their influence on the yield and composition of the gas and char production. The results show that higher throughput (kg/h.m2) leads to a reduction of fuel gas production and an increase in the production of char and tar, this owes to a lower of gas residence time or what is the same thing less time available for gas-solid and gas-gas reactions attached to the conversion of tar and char to fuel gases. There has also been proven that the rising in particle size, by the increasing heating time of it, has a similar effect in the products of gasification that the results by the rise in the throughput. The applications a high gasification temperature (850 ° C), the use of air-steam as gasifying agent and/or dolomite as primary catalysts are able to reduce the production of tar.

Determinación de propiedades de inflamabilidad de mezclas para co-combustión

La recuperación de energía a partir de biomasa y residuos no reciclables por la combustión está cobrando una notable importancia actualmente. Una de las técnicas más utilizadas para esta propuesta es la co-combustión de mezclas de residuos y biomasa. Con esta nueva tecnología, mezclas de diferentes materiales han aparecido en las instalaciones industriales y tienen que ser reconocidas como nuevos combustibles, debido a que a sus propiedades son aún desconocidas. Estas propiedades incluyen las energéticas, que son el objetivo del proceso de mezcla, y también las propiedades de inflamabilidad. Residuos y biomasa en forma de polvos tienen propiedades de ignición que se han de tener en cuenta a la hora de diseñar las medidas de prevención y protección en una instalación industrial. El objetivo principal de este estudio es determinar el riesgo de ignición de las mezclas de residuos / biomasa en capas y cómo, mediante la adición de diferentes cantidades de estos materiales, este riesgo puede cambiar. Para desarrollar este estudio, se utiliza la temperatura mínima de ignición en la capa. Tres muestras diferentes han sido analizadas, lodos con secado térmico de depuradora, paja de trigo y virutas de madera, Abstract Energy recovery from biomass and non-recyclable waste products by combustion has become important. One of the most used techniques for this proposal is the co-firing of waste and biomass mixtures, With this new technology, mixtures of different materials have appeared in the industrial facilities and they have to be treated as new fuels because their properties are unknown. Among this properties we include energetic properties that are the objective of the mixing process, and also the ignitability properties. Waste and biomass dusts have ignition properties that have to be taken into account in the design but also in the, prevention and protection process of an industrial facility.. The main objective of this research is to determine the risk of ignition of waste / biomass mixtures layers and how, by adding different quantities of these materials, this risk may vary. To develop this, the minimum ignition temperature on layer is used. Three different samples have been analysed, thermally dried sewage sludge, wheat straw and wood chips.