Evolutionary history of Ramphastos toucans: Molecular phylogenetics, temporal diversification, and biogeography

The toucan genus Ramphastos (Piciformes: Ramphastidae) has been a model in the formulation of Neotropical paleobiogeographic hypotheses. Weckstein (2005) reported on the phylogenetic history of this genus based on three mitochondrial genes, but some relationships were weakly supported and one of the subspecies of R. vitellinus (citreolaemus) was unsampled. This study expands on Weckstein (2005) by adding more DNA sequence data (including a nuclear marker) and more samples, including R v. citreolaemus. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods recovered similar trees, with nodes showing high support. A monophyletic R. vitellinus complex was strongly supported as the sister-group to R. brevis. The results also confirmed that the southeastern and northern populations of R. vitellinus ariel are paraphyletic. X v. citreolaemus is sister to the Amazonian subspecies of the vitellinus complex. Using three protein-coding genes (COI, cytochrome-b and ND2) and interval-calibrated nodes under a Bayesian relaxed-clock framework, we infer that ramphastid genera originated in the middle Miocene to early Pliocene, Ramphastos species originated between late Miocene and early Pleistocene, and intra-specific divergences took place throughout the Pleistocene. Parsimony-based reconstruction of ancestral areas indicated that evolution of the four trans-Andean Ramphastos taxa (R. v. citreolaemus, R. a. swainsonii, R. brevis and R. sulfuratus) was associated with four independent dispersals from the cis-Andean region. The last pulse of Andean uplift may have been important for the evolution of R. sulfuratus, whereas the origin of the other trans-Andean Ramphastos taxa is consistent with vicariance due to drying events in the lowland forests north of the Andes. Estimated rates of molecular evolution were higher than the ""standard"" bird rate of 2% substitutions/site/million years for two of the three genes analyzed (cytochrome-b and ND2). (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

High T/P evolution and metamorphic ages of the migmatitic basement of northern Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina: Characterization of a mid-crustal segment of the Famatinian belt

New petrologic, thermobarometric and U-Pb monazite geochronologic information allowed to resolve the metamorphic evolution of a high temperature mid-crustal segment of an ancient subduction-related orogen. The EI Portezuelo Metamorphic-Igneous Complex, in the northern Sierras Pampeanas, is mainly composed of migmatites that evolved from amphibolite to granulite metamorphic facies, reaching thermal peak conditions of 670-820 degrees C and 4.5-5.3 kbar. The petrographic study combined with conventional and pseudosection thermobarometry led to deducing a short prograde metamorphic evolution within migmatite blocks. The garnet-absent migmatites represent amphibolite-facies rocks, whereas the cordierite-garnet-K-feldspar-sillimanite migmatites represent higher metamorphic grade rocks. U-Pb geochronology on monazite grains within leucosome record the time of migmatization between approximate to 477 and 470 Ma. Thus, the El Portezuelo Metamorphic-Igneous Complex is an example of exhumed Early Ordovician anatectic middle crust of the Famatinian mobile belt. Homogeneous exposure of similar paleo-depths throughout the Famatinian back-arc and isobaric cooling paths suggest slow exhumation and consequent longstanding crustal residence at high temperatures. High thermal gradients uniformly distributed in the Famatinian back-arc can be explained by shallow convection of a low-viscosity asthenosphere promoted by subducting-slab dehydration. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Late Paleozoic-Early Triassic magmatism on the western margin of Gondwana: Collahuasi area, Northern Chile

The basement in the `Altiplano` high plateau of the Andes of northern Chile mostly consists of late Paleozoic to Early Triassic felsic igneous rocks (Collahuasi Group) that were emplaced and extruded along the western margin of the Gondwana supercontinent. This igneous Suite crops out in the Collalluasi area and forms the backbone of most of the high Andes from latitude 20 degrees to 22 degrees S. Rocks of the Collahuasi Group and correlative formations form art extensive belt of volcanic and subvolcanic rocks throughout the main Andes of Chile, the Frontal Cordillera of Argentina (Choiyoi Group or Choiyoi Granite-Rhyolite Province), and the Eastern Cordillera of Peru. Thirteen new SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages from the Collahuasi area document a bimodal timing for magnatism, with a dominant peak at about 300 Ma and a less significant one at 244 Ma. Copper-Mo porphyry mineralization is related to the younger igneous event. Initial Hf isotopic ratios for the similar to 300 Ma zircons range from about -2 to +6 indicating that the magmas incorporated components with a significant crustal residence time. The 244 Ma magmas were derived from a less enriched source, with the initial HT values ranging from +2 to +6, suggestive of a mixture with a more depleted component. Limited whole rock (144)Nd/(143)Nd and (87)Sr/(86)Sr isotopic ratios further support the likelihood that the Collahuasi Group magmatism incorporated significant older crustal components, or at least a mixture of crustal sources with more and less evolved isotopic signatures. (C) 2007 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

THE RIO APA CRATON IN MATO GROSSO DO SUL (BRAZIL) AND NORTHERN PARAGUAY: GEOCHRONOLOGICAL EVOLUTION, CORRELATIONS AND TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS FOR RODINIA AND GONDWANA

The Rio Apa cratonic fragment crops out in Mato Grosso do Sul State of Brazil and in northeastern Paraguay. It comprises Paleo-Mesoproterozoic medium grade metamorphic rocks, intruded by granitic rocks, and is covered by the Neoproterozoic deposits of the Corumbi and Itapocurni Groups. Eastward it is bound by the southern portion of the Paraguay belt. In this work, more than 100 isotopic determinations, including U-Pb SHRIMP zircon ages, Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd whole-rock determinations, as well as K-Ar and Ar-Ar mineral ages, were reassessed in order to obtain a complete picture of its regional geological history. The tectonic evolution of the Rio Apa Craton starts with the formation of a series of magmatic arc complexes. The oldest U-Pb SHRIMP zircon age comes from a banded gneiss collected in the northern part of the region, with an age of 1950 +/- 23 Ma. The large granitic intrusion of the Alumiador Batholith yielded a U-Pb zircon age of 1839 +/- 33 Ma, and from the southeastern part of the area two orthogneisses gave zircon U-Pb ages of 1774 +/- 26 Ma and 1721 +/- 25 Ma. These may be coeval with the Alto Terere metamorphic rocks of the northeastern corner, intruded in their turn by the Baia das Garcas granitic rocks, one of them yielding a zircon U-Pb age of 1754 +/- 49 Ma. The original magmatic protoliths of these rocks involved some crustal component, as indicated by the Sm-Nd TDm model ages, between 1.9 and 2.5 Ga. Regional Sr isotopic homogenization, associated with tectonic deformation and medium-grade metamorphism occurred at approximately 1670 Ma, as suggested by Rb-Sr whole rock reference isochrons. Finally, at 1300 Ma ago, the Ar work indicates that the Rio Apa Craton was affected by widespread regional heating, when the temperature probably exceeded 350 degrees C. Geographic distribution, age and isotopic signature of the fithotectonic units suggest the existence of a major suture separating two different tectonic domains, juxtaposed at about 1670 Ma. From that time on, the unified Rio Apa continental block behaved as one coherent and stable tectonic unit. It correlates well with the SW corner of the Amazonian Craton, where the medium-grade rocks of the Juruena-Rio Negro tectonic province, with ages between 1600 and 1780 Ma, were reworked at about 1300 Ma. Looking at the largest scale, the Rio Apa Craton is probably attached to the larger Amazonian Craton, and the actual configuration of southwestern South America is possibly due to a complex arrangement of allochthonous blocks such as the Arequipa, Antofalla and Pampia, with different sizes, that may have originated as disrupted parts of either Laurentia or Amazonia, and were trapped during later collisions of these continental masses.

Paleomagnetic data and K-Ar ages from Mesozoic units of the Santa Marta massif: A preliminary interpretation for block rotation and translations

We report 6 K-Ar ages and paleomagnetic data from 28 sites collected in Jurassic, Lower Cretaceous and Paleocene rocks of the Santa Marta massif, to test previous hypothesis of rotations and translations of this massif, whose rock assemblage differs from other basement-cored ranges adjacent to the Guyana margin. Three magnetic components were identified in this study. A first component has a direction parallel to the present magnetic field and was uncovered in all units (D 352, I = 25.6, k = 57.35, a95 = 5.3, N = 12). A second component was isolated in Cretaceous limestone and Jurassic volcaniclastic rocks (D = 8.8, I = 8.3, k = 24.71, a95 = 13.7, N = 6), and it was interpreted as of Early Cretaceous age. In Jurassic sites with this component, Early Cretaceous K-Ar ages obtained from this and previous studies are interpreted as reset ages. The third component was uncovered in eight sites of Jurassic volcaniclastic rocks, and its direction indicates negative shallow to moderate inclinations and northeastward declinations. K-Ar ages in these sites are of Early (196.5 +/- 4.9 Ma) to early Late Jurassic age (156.6 +/- 8.9 Ma). Due to local structural complexity and too few Cretaceous outcrops to perform a reliable unconformity test, we only used two sites with (1) K-Ar ages, (2) less structural complexity, and (3) reliable structural data for Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks. The mean direction of the Jurassic component is (D = 20.4, I = -18.2, k = 46.9, a95 = 5.1, n = 18 specimens from two sites). These paleomagnetic data support previous models of northward along-margin translations of Grenvillian-cored massifs. Additionally, clockwise vertical-axis rotation of this massif, with respect to the stable craton, is also documented; the sense of rotation is similar to that proposed for the Perija Range and other ranges of the southern Caribbean margin. More data is needed to confirm the magnitudes of rotations and translations. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tectonic implications of a paleomagnetic study of the Sarmiento Ophiolitic Complex, southern Chile

A paleomagnetic study was carried out on the Late Jurassic Sarmiento Ophiolitic Complex (SOC) exposed in the Magallanes fold and thrust belt in the southern Patagonian Andes (southern Chile). This complex, mainly consisting of a thick succession of pillow-lavas, sheeted dikes and gabbros, is a seafloor remnant of the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Rocas Verdes basin that developed along the south-western margin of South America. Stepwise thermal and alternating field demagnetization permitted the isolation of a post-folding characteristic remanence, apparently carried by fine grain (SD?) magnetite, both in the pillow-lavas and dikes. The mean ""in situ"" direction for the SOC is Dec: 286.9 degrees, Inc: -58.5 degrees, alpha-95: 6.9 degrees, N: 11 (sites). Rock magnetic properties, petrography and whole-rock K-Ar ages in the same rocks are interpreted as evidence of correlation between remanence acquisition and a greenschist facies metamorphic overprint that must have occurred during latest stages or after closure and tectonic inversion of the basin in the Late Cretaceous. The mean remanence direction is anomalous relative to the expected Late Cretaceous direction from stable South America. Particularly, a declination anomaly over 50 degrees is suggestively similar to paleomagnetically interpreted counter clockwise rotations found in thrust slices of the Jurassic El Quemado Fm. located over 100 km north of the study area in Argentina. Nevertheless, a significant ccw rotation of the whole SOC is difficult to reconcile with geologic evidence and paleogeographic models that suggest a narrow back-arc basin sub-parallel to the continental margin. A rigid-body 30 degrees westward tilting of the SOC block around a horizontal axis trending NNW, is considered a much simpler explanation, being consistent with geologic evidence. This may have occurred as a consequence of inverse reactivation of old normal faults, which limit both the SOC exposures and the Cordillera Sarmiento to the East. The age of tilting is unknown but it must postdate remanence acquisition in the Late Cretaceous. Two major orogenic events of the southern Patagonian Andes, in the Eocene (ca. 42 Ma) and Middle Miocene (ca. 12 Ma), respectively, could have caused the proposed tilting. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Antioxidant therapy attenuates oxidative insult caused by benzonidazole in chronic Chagas` heart disease

Chronic chagasic cardiac patients are exposed to oxidative stress that apparently contributes to disease progression. Benznidazole (BZN) is the main drug used for the treatment of chagasic patients and its action involves the generation of reactive species. 41 patients with Chagas` heart disease were selected and biomarkers of oxidative stress were measured before and after 2 months of BZN treatment (5 mg/kg/day) and the subsequent antioxidant supplementation with vitamin E (800 UI/day) and C (500 mg/day) during 6 months. Patients were classified according to the modified Los Andes clinical hemodynamic classification in groups IA, IB, II and III, and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as the contents of reduced glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), protein carbonyl (PC), vitamin E and C and nitric oxide (NO), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities were measured in their blood. Excepting in group III, after BZN treatment SOD, CAT, GPx and GST activities as well as PC levels were enhanced while vitamin E levels were decreased in these groups. After antioxidant supplementation the activities of SOD, GPx and GR were decreased whereas PC, TBARS, NO, and GSH levels were decreased. In conclusion, BZN treatment promoted an oxidative insult in such patients while the antioxidant supplementation was able to attenuate this effect by increasing vitamin E levels, decreasing PC and TBARS levels, inhibiting SOD, GPx and GR activities as well as inflammatory markers, mainly in stages with less cardiac involvement. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Processos e componentes mantélicos no norte da Patagônia (Argentina) e relações com a subducção Andina : Evidências petrográficas, geoquímicas e isotópicas em xenólitos ultramáficos mantélicos

Xenólitos ultramáficos, carregados até a superfície da Terra por magmatismo básico alcalino intraplaca, fornecem evidências diretas da natureza e processos envolvidos em modificações do manto litosférico subcontinental, como fusão parcial e metassomatismo. Estes xenólitos têm sido utilizados para identificar processos relacionados a evolução da litosfera continental, estimar a composição original do manto e a escala das heterogeneidades mantélicas. Raramente xenólitos ultramáficos mantélicos são encontrados em ambientes convergentes, no entanto na Patagônia (sul da América do Sul), diversas ocorrências são identificadas em basaltos alcalinos na região de arco e back arc da Cordilheira do Andes. Estes xenólitos oportunizam o estudo dos processos de interação entre a cunha mantélica, a placa oceânica subductada e a astenosfera. Nesta dissertação são apresentados dados petrográficos, mineralógicos, geoquímicos e de isótopos de Sr e O em 22 xenólitos ultramáficos de dois centros vulcânicos Mioceno-Holoceno distintos: Cerro del Mojon (41°06’S-70°13’W) e Estancia Alvarez (40°46’S-68°46’W), localizados na borda NW do Platô de Somuncura, norte de Patagônia (Argentina). A suíte de xenólitos ultramáficos do Cerro del Mojon consiste de espinélio dunitos e harzburgitos mantélicos anidros (Grupo1), espinélio lherzolitos mantélicos anidros (Grupo 2a) e hidratados (Grupo 2b) e espinélio clinopiroxenitos crustais (Grupo 3). Os xenólitos mantélicos do Grupo 1 são depletados (empobrecidos em ETR pesados e HFSE, com baixas razões 87Sr/86Sr em Cpx – 0,7028-0.7037), de alta PT (16-19 kbar, 950-1078 ºC), e têm evidências de metassomatismo críptico (enriquecimento em K, Na ETR leves) atribuído a componentes derivados de sedimentos da placa oceânica subductada, EM 2 (87Sr/86Sr em RT até 0,7126, 87Rb/86Sr até 1,66 e δ18O até +6.78‰). Estes valores anomalamente altos foram obtidos em amostras com bolsões de reação ao redor do espinélio, induzidos pela percolação de fluidos metassomáticos sob altas pressões seguida por descompressão (Sp+fluido→ Cpx+Ol+Sp+melt-andesítico-traquítico). Os xenólitos do Grupo 2 são moderadamente depletados (empobrecidos em HFSE, com baixas a altas razões 87Sr/86Sr em RT e Cpx – 0,7031-0,7045 e δ18O +5-6.2‰), de baixa PT (14-15 kbar, 936-942 ºC), e têm evidências de metassomatismo modal e críptico (enriquecimento em ETR leves, Na, K, Ti, Sr, Hf e anfibólio modal). O metassomatismo críptico parece estar relacionado ao mesmo agente metassomatizante do Grupo 1, mas ocorre em menor intensidade. O metassomatismo modal, no entanto, tem outra origem, podendo ser derivado de fontes mantélicas profundas. A quebra do anfibólio metassomático durante a descompressão e ascensão dos xenólitos até a superfície formou bolsões de reação ao redor do anfibólio (Anf→Cpx+Ol+Sp+melts-basálticos & andesíticos). A suíte de xenólitos ultramáficos de Estancia Alvarez consiste de espinélio harzburgitos anidros mantélicos (Grupo 1a) e espinélio dunitos anidros crustais (Grupo 1b), ambos com veios de serpentina. Os xenólitos mantélicos do Grupo 1a são depletados (empobrecidos em ETR leves e HFSE), de profundidades variadas (P entre 11-18 kbar) e de baixa T (877-961 ºC). Estes xenólitos têm enriquecimento em ETR leves, B, Rb e K, que pode estar relacionado a percolação de fluidos ricos em H2O e LILE gerados pela desidratação de filossilicatos dos sedimentos da placa oceânica (EM 2), como evidenciado por veios de serpentina e altas razões 87Sr/86Sr (0,7046-0,7298), 87Rb/86Sr (0,07-5,63) e valores de δ18O (até +7,88‰).

Transparência e turbulência atmosférica no infravermelho

Neste trabalho foram utilizadas imagens do satélite meteorológico GOES-8, em órbita geoestacionária, tomadas em três bandas do infravermelho, para caracterizar a absorção de radiação nestes comprimentos de onda, em função da variação espacial de parâmetros atmosféricos. Um dos principais objetivos foi o desenvolvimento de métodos capazes de apontar, em regiões préselecionadas por sua altitude, zonas de menor absorção atmosférica no infravermelho, caracterizando-as como sítios potencialmente apropriados para observações astronômicas nestes comprimentos de onda. A área de estudo faz parte dos Andes Peruanos, contendo regiões com mais de 2500 m de altitude. A metodologia do trabalho baseou-se na escolha dos canais 3, 4 e 5 do satélite GOES devido a sua sensibilidade à presença de vapor d'água na atmosfera. Em especial, no canal 3 é possível detectar a emissão de radiação infravermelha pelo vapor d'água presente nos níveis médio e superior da troposfera, enquanto no canal 4 a atmosfera quase não absorve radiação infravermelha, concentrando-se este efeito nas nuvens. Considerou-se que na ausência de nuvens pode-se observar a radiação proveniente do solo permitindo estimar sua temperatura. O canal 5 situa-se na porção do espectro contaminada pelo vapor d'água, isto é, onde o vapor d'água absorve parte da radiação proveniente da baixa troposfera. Como critério de qualidade dos sítios estudados foram escolhidos a altitude, a visibilidade da superfície e a quantidade de vapor d'água presente na atmosfera. Os resultados mostraram que as regiões ao sul do Peru concentram os sítios mais adequados à instalação de um observatório astronômico. Comparações com resultados de outros pesquisadores reforçam nossas conclusões.

Comunidade Andina de nações

Em seus mais de 40 anos de existência, a Comunidade Andina das Nações alternou períodos de euforia com crises profundas, que resultaram na saída de um de seus membros originais – o Chile, que denunciou o acordo logo em 1976 – e da Venezuela, que aderiu em 1973, mas abandonou em 2006. Além de apresentar o histórico do bloco, a evolução de seu marco institucional e de seus indicadores econômicos e comerciais básicos, o presente capítulo descreve em maior detalhe a evolução dos acontecimentos que culminaram com a saída da Venezuela. A análise dos impactos econômicos e políticos de sua saída é a base das reflexões desenvolvidas nas considerações finais do capítulo, na última seção, sobre as condições necessárias para a estabilidade de acordos regionais de integração.

Constituição, poder constituinte e bolivarianismo: Bolívia, Equador e Venezuela e as estratégias presidenciais

Esta dissertação estuda os países andinos Bolívia, Equador e Venezuela que recentemente, sob a liderança de Presidentes com forte respaldo popular e discurso de renovação política, aprovaram novas constituições. Todo o processo de elaboração das novas constituições nos três países foi realizado buscando-se o respaldo popular, com consultas para saber, no voto, se de fato Assembleias Constituintes deveriam ser convocadas até a posterior aprovação do texto final via plebiscito realizado nacionalmente. Para analisar de forma crítica o que ocorreu na Bolívia, no Equador e na Venezuela foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica do conceito de constituição e poder constituinte, estudando-se também o processo de elaboração de constituições, conforme entendido pela literatura. A compreensão teórica aliada aos três casos práticos estudados no texto permitem identificar uma tendência de direcionamento da vontade popular para a implementação de projetos políticos dos líderes eleitos, que atuam para, com maior ou menor facilidade, conseguir controlar todas as instâncias políticas do país. E as novas Constituições, observar-se-á, são parte fundamental nesse projeto de poder.

Earnings dynamics and inequality in Venezuela: 1995-1997

In this paper, we decompose the variance of logarithmic monthly earnings of prime age males into its permanent and transitory components, using a five-wave rotating panel from the Venezuelan “Encuesta de Hogares por Muestreo” from 1995 to 1997. As far as we know, this is the first time a variance components model is estimated for a developing country. We test several specifications and find that an error component model with individual random effects and first order serially correlated errors fits the data well. In the simplest model, around 22% of earnings variance is explained by the variance of permanent component, 77% by purely stochastic variation and the remaining 1% by serial correlation. These results contrast with studies from industrial countries where the permanent component is predominant. The permanent component is usually interpreted as the results of productivity characteristics of individuals whereas the transitory component is due to stochastic perturbations such as job and/or price instability, among others. Our findings may be due to the timing of the panel when occurred precisely during macroeconomic turmoil resulting from a severe financial crisis. The findings suggest that earnings instability is an important source of inequality in a region characterized by high inequality and macroeconomic instability.

Transparência na gestão pública

Andrés Hernandez é professor da Universidade Los Andes, Colômbia. Seus interesses de pesquisa são accountability social, prestação de contas, movimentos sociais e governança ambiental. Ele esteve no Brasil em agosto de 2013 para participar do I Colóquio Internacional em Estudos Organizacionais. Nesta entrevista, Hernandez fala sobre transparência, accountability e prestação de contas.

Natural fibers based composites - Technical and social issues

Brazil is the only country in South America to have an automotive supplier sector based on natural fibers. New opportunities are arising due to an increase demand by the car makers in applying natural fibers in their parts. Several crop fibers have been developed in Brazil. Among them can be listed caroa, piacava, pupunha, mutum and others of regional application. For the automotive industry, which requires large quantities with uniform quality, the alternatives are sisal (170,000 ton/yr), curaua (150 ton/yr in 2003), malva, 200 ton/yr; Brazil is the single largest producer country of sisal, and commercially, the only one in curaua. For South America, the alternatives are fique in Colombia, abaca in equator, flax in Argentina and curaua in Venezuela. It must be understood by the target countries of drugs, is that crop fiber can be an economic alternative to coca in the Andes region, therefore an instrument of land reform and drug reduction plantations. Several companies have a strong program of apply natural fibers based components in their products: Volkswagen do Brazil, DaimlerChrysler, General Motors do Brazil. Among their suppliers can be listed companies such Pematec (curaua), Toro (sisal, coir and jute), Incomer (sisal and jute), Ober (jute, curaua), Indaru (jute and sisal), Antolin (imported kenaf,) Tapetes Sao Carlos (sisal), Poematec (coir) and Art-Gore, with Woodstock'' wood and natural fibers). Figures about production and demand are discussed in the paper.

Divergence Between Sympatric Rice- and Maize-Infecting Populations of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA from Latin America

The basidiomycetous fungus, Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group (AG)-1 IA is a major pathogen in Latin America causing sheath blight (SB) of rice Particularly in Venezuela. the fungus also Causes banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB) oil maize, which is considered all emerging disease problem where maize replaced traditional rice-cropping areas or is now planted in adjacent. fields Our goals in this study Were 10 elucidate (i) the effects of host specialization on gene flow between sympatric and allopatric rice and maize-infecting fungal populations and (ii) the reproductive mode of the fungus, looking for evidence of recombination in total, 375 isolates of R. solani AG1 IA sampled from three sympatric rice and maize fields in Venezuela (Porutuguesa State) and two allopatric rice fields from Colombia (Meta State) and Panama (Chiriqui State) were genotyped Using, 10 microsatellite loci Allopatric populations from Venezuela. Colombia. and Panama were significantly differentiated (Phi(ST), of 0 16 to 0 34). Partitioning of the genetic diversity indicated differentiation between sympatric populations from different host species, with 17% of the total genetic variation distributed between hosts while only 3 to 6% wits distributed geographically among the sympatric Venezuelan Fields We detected symmetrical historical migration between the rice- and the maize-infecting populations from Venezuela Rice- and maize-derived isolates were able to infect built rice and maize but were more aggressive Oil their original hosts, consistent with host specialization. Because the maize- and rice-infecting populations are still cross-pathogenic, we postulate that the genetic differentiation was relatively recent and mediated via a host shift. An isolation with nu.-ration analysis indicated that the maize-infecting population diverged from the rice-infecting population between 40 and 240 years ago Our findings also suggest that maize-infecting Populations have a mainly recombining reproductive system whereas the rice-infecting Populations have a Mixed reproductive system in Latin America