Levantamento e identificação de manifestações patológicas em fachadas de edifícios antigos da baixa portuense

Tendo em consideração o estado de degradação do parque habitacional nacional é necessário promover a sua regeneração dado o efeito nocivo com que este se repercute na nossa sociedade. É de referir a existência em Portugal de uma cultura reativa, por vezes tardia, de resolução de problemas dos edifícios, devendo-se, de certo modo, à existência de uma legislação generalista e claramente insuficiente, de uma fiscalização inoperante e à inexistência, durante décadas, de políticas de incentivo à manutenção. Torna-se imperativo a necessidade da implementação de medidas preventivas que evitem o aparecimento do mesmo cenário de deterioração. A presente dissertação insere-se no âmbito da reabilitação de edifícios pelo facto de esta atividade ter uma importância fundamental no desempenho do parque edificado, o que reflete a situação socioeconómica do país e no desenvolvimento sustentável das sociedades. Neste contexto, desenvolve-se o objeto de investigação deste trabalho, que se relaciona com manifestações patológicas de edifícios antigos da baixa portuense, procurando o estudo de fenómenos anómalos ao nível das fachadas das edificações. A reabilitação surge como uma medida possível e desejável de correcção das anomalias que se verificam na generalidade dos edifícios, principalmente nos mais antigos. O processo de reabilitação no presente tempo deve ser realizado de forma sustentável, de modo a minimizar desperdícios de recursos, custos e proporcionar o máximo bem-estar aos utilizadores. O estudo destes fenómenos desenvolve-se para a recuperação das fachadas ao seu estado inicial, procurando enquadrar e incentivar para uma posterior estratégia de manutenção condicionada, baseada em inspeções e numa perspetiva preventiva de atuação, ou seja, intervindo na origem dos problemas e evitando o seu desenvolvimento, com o objetivo principal de otimizar a vida útil e os custos diferidos dos respetivos edifícios.

The epidemiology of acute viral gastroenteritis in hospitalized children in Cordoba city, Argentina: an insight of disease burden

Information concerning the disease burden of viral gastroenteritis has important implications for the use and monitoring the impact of public health policies. The present study, carried out in Córdoba city, Argentina, documents the epidemiology of severe viral diarrhea as well as the burden of viral gastrointestinal disease in the hospital children admission. A total of 133 stools were collected from hospitalized children (Town Childhood Hospital) suffering from acute diarrhea and studied for the presence of Group A rotavirus, astrovirus and adenovirus 40/41 by enzyme-immuno assay, between November 1997 and October 1998. Enteric viruses accounted for 42.1% of the total diarrheal cases analyzed. Group A rotaviruses, astroviruses, adenoviruses 40/41 and mixed infections were found in 35.3, 4.5, 1.5, and 0.8% studied specimens respectively. We estimated that 1 in 27 children in the 0-35 month-old cohort/range would be annually hospitalized for a viral gastroenteritis illness. The major impact on viral diarrhea lies on rotaviral infection, accouting for 84.0% of the viral diarrheal cases analyzed and for approximately one third of severe diarrheas requiring hospital admission in Córdoba City, Argentina.

Outbreak of influenza type A (H1N1) in Iporanga, São Paulo State, Brazil

From June to July 1999 an outbreak of acute respiratory illness occurred in the town of Iporanga. Out of a total of 4,837 inhabitants, 324 cases were notified to the Regional Surveillance Service. Influenza virus was isolated from 57.1% of the collected samples and 100% seroconversion to influenza A (H1N1) was obtained in 20 paired sera tested. The isolates were related to the A/Bayern/07/95 strain (H1N1). The percentages of cases notified during the outbreak were 28.4%, 29.0%, 20.7%, 6.2% and 15.7% in the age groups of 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19 and older than 20 years, respectively. The highest proportion of positives was observed among children younger than 14 years and no cases were notified in people older than 65 years, none of whom had been recently vaccinated against influenza. These findings suggest a significant vaccine protection against A/Bayern/7/95, the H1 component included in the 1997-98 influenza vaccine for elderly people. This viral strain is antigenically and genetically related to A/Beijing/262/95, the H1 component of the 1999 vaccine. Vaccines containing A/Beijing/262/95 (H1N1) stimulated post-immunization hemagglutination inhibition antibodies equivalent in frequency and titre to both A/Beijing/262/95-like and A/Bayern/7/95-like viruses. Thus, this investigation demonstrates the effectiveness of vaccination against influenza virus in the elderly.

Chagas disease in the Brazilian Amazon: IV. a new cross-sectional study

A new conglomerate family sample of 194 dwellings with 996 resident persons were studied in the town of Barcelos, State of Amazonas, in order to re-evaluate the risk of Chagas disease. During the survey the persons were interviewed and in this occasion we showed to them a collection of Panstrongylus, Rhodnius and Triatoma, asking if they recognized and eventually have been bitten by this kind of bugs. At this time we collected 500 ul of blood in microtainer® tubes from 886 interviewed persons who gave permission after informed consent. A screening test for T. cruzi antibodies based on agglutination of colored polymer particles, sensitized with three different synthetic peptides of T. cruzi (ID-PaGIA Chagas Test)®, showed 13.2% of sera positivity, but only 6.8% were confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence, and ELISA with purified T. cruzi antigens. Two hundred and six interviewed persons (20.7%) recognized the triatomines, as "piaçavas' lice" and 62 (30%) confirmed that have been bitten by the bugs, 25.8% of them had a positive serology for T. cruzi infection. Electrocardiographic alterations were shown in 9.3% of the seropositives and in 11.9% of the seronegative cases. This was considered not statistically significant.

Incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis in southern Brazil: a prospective study

The study aimed to determine the incidence of congenital infection by Toxoplasma gondii and to describe neonatal and maternal characteristics regarding newborn infants treated at a teaching hospital in the town of Passo Fundo, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Cord blood samples collected from 1,250 live newborns were analyzed. The laboratory diagnosis was established by the detection of Toxoplasma gondii IgM using an enzyme linked fluorescent assay. Gestational age, intrauterine growth, anthropometric measures, and prenatal characteristics were assessed. The incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis at birth was 8/10,000 (95%CI 0.2-44.5). Mean birthweight was 3,080 ± 215.56 grams and mean gestational age was 38.43 ± 1.88 weeks. With regard to prenatal care, 58% of the pregnant patients visited their doctors five times or more and 38.9% were serologically tested for toxoplasmosis in the first trimester of pregnancy. The incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis was similar to that found in most studies conducted in our country and abroad. Our study sample is representative of the town of Passo Fundo and therefore it is possible to consider the frequency observed as the prevalence of the disease in this town during the study period.

Impacto da Utilização de Dispositivos de Iluminação Pública de Baixo Consumo Energético

Um dos principais desafios do século XXI prende-se com a evolução para uma economia global sustentável e “limpa”. Com o aumento da população e da procura energética nas últimas décadas, têm-se definido e adotado vários planos de ação a nível mundial para tentar responder aos desafios propostos. Os planos de ação adotados mundialmente visam melhorar o rendimento energético dos produtos, dos edifícios e dos serviços, da produção e distribuição de energia, facilitar o financiamento e a realização de investimentos neste domínio, suscitar e reforçar um comportamento racional em matéria de consumo de energia e consolidar a ação internacional em matéria de eficiência energética. A iluminação pública acompanhou este crescimento de população e consequente aumento das cidades. No entanto surgiram outras preocupações, visto que no passado quando a energia era relativamente barata, os municípios cometeram o erro de instalar mais iluminação em vez de ajustar muitos locais que estavam sobre iluminados. No presente muitos desses municípios estão a reavaliar as suas necessidades de iluminação, devido aos custos mais elevados de energia elétrica e também ao fator ambiental. As tecnologias na área da iluminação pública também sofreram evolução significativa e este projeto visa o estudo do impacto da utilização de dispositivos de iluminação pública de baixo consumo energético numa rua do concelho de Valongo com a finalidade de observar quais as poupanças que se podem obter na fatura energética.

Microbiological quality of drinking rainwater in the inland region of Pajeú, Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil

Despite all efforts to store and reduce its consumption, water is becoming less inexhaustible and its quality is falling faster. Considering that water is essential to animal life, it is necessary to adopt measures to ensure its sanitary conditions in order to be fit for consumption. The aim of this study was to analyze the microbiological quality of drinking rainwater used by rural communities of Tuparetama, a small town located in Northeast Brazil. The study covered seven rural communities, totaling 66 households. In each household two samples were collected, one from a tank and the other from a clay pot located inside the home, resulting in 132 samples (tank plus clay pot). Approximately 90% of samples were below the standard recommended by the current legislation, being considered unfit for human consumption. Part of this high microbiological contamination of drinking rainwater could be related to the lack of sanitary education and of an adequate sewerage sanitation system.

Aplicação do FMEA na avaliação de risco de taludes e muros de contenção tradicionais em alvenaria de pedra

Ao longo das últimas décadas o município de Amarante tem-se deparado com inúmeros problemas de instabilidade de estruturas de suporte de terras, maioritariamente instabilidade de taludes artificiais, (escavação e/ou aterro) e muros de contenção tradicionais em alvenaria de pedra. A unidade técnica de projeto, ou UTP da Câmara Municipal de Amarante tem vindo a elaborar estudos, projetos e adjudicar as obras para repor a normalidade apos a instabilização desses elementos, contudo a frequência de ocorrência destes fenómenos e os recursos necessários para a sua resolução ultrapassam a capacidade desta unidade, levando a que muitos destes casos se arrastem durante anos antes de ser reposta a sua normalidade. Perante este panorama revelou-se necessário efetuar um estudo de forma a listar, avaliar e priorizar os vários casos de instabilidade existentes, para uma eficiente alocação dos recursos disponíveis. Esta análise pretende ainda identificar as principais causas de instabilidade destas estruturas, de forma a eliminar ou mitigar a ocorrência de futuros problemas semelhantes. Para o estudo destes elementos de contenção de terras adotou-se o método de análise de risco conhecido como FMEA, “Failure Modes and Effects Analysis” ou Analise dos Modos de Falha e Efeitos, com as adaptações necessárias de forma a maximizar a confiabilidade das avaliações mediante a especificidade dos casos a avaliar e realidade da instituição.

Os jovens versus protocolo social

Os jovens são as gerações adultas do futuro e por isso as que estão mais sujeitas a transformações sociais com consequências diretas e indiretas no seu comportamento. Partindo dessa premissa, consideramos constituir matéria importante de estudo, analisar se os jovens hoje em dia utilizam normas de protocolo social. Foi realizada uma investigação junto de alunos do ensino profissional privado com idades compreendidas entre os 15 e os 24 anos, na cidade do Porto e na cidade de Barcelos, pretendendo-se averiguar se os jovens atualmente sabem ser e sabem estar consoante as situações, usando regras de boa educação e boas maneiras. Por outro lado, tivemos a oportunidade de verificar se devido a variáveis sociais e económicas, assim como devido a variáveis geográficas existiram semelhanças ou diferenças nos resultados da investigação. Para efetuar este estudo optou-se pela pesquisa exploratória usando a estratégia do estudo de caso porque se investigou uma situação do dia-a-dia cujas respostas não estavam bem definidas. É considerado um estudo de caso múltiplo dado que envolve duas realidades (Porto e Barcelos). Foram utilizadas técnicas qualitativas e quantitativas através da aplicação de questionários aos jovens das duas escolas e posteriormente foram realizadas entrevistas para aferir os resultados dos questionários. Após a análise dos resultados, verifica-se que estes jovens utilizam as normas de protocolo social pois adotam comportamentos que o demonstram e respondem adequadamente às perguntas que lhes são feitas. Mais revela o estudo não existir diferenças significativas entre os alunos das duas cidades uma vez que a linha de pensamento entre eles é muito idêntica. A atitude de julgamento em relação aos alunos do ensino profissional desvanece dado que estes fazem uso das regras da boa educação.

PREVALENCE OF CHAGAS DISEASE AMONG BLOOD DONOR CANDIDATES IN TRIANGULO MINEIRO, MINAS GERAIS STATE, BRAZIL

Despite public health campaigns and epidemiological surveillance activities, Chagas disease remains a major health problem in Latin America. According to data from the World Health Organization, there are approximately 7-8 million people infected with Trypanosoma cruzi worldwide, a large percentage of which in Latin America. This study aims to examine the serological profile of blood donors in blood banks of Hemominas hematology center, in the town of Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The study sample consisted of 53,941 blood donors, which were grouped according to gender and age. Sample collections were performed from January 1991 to December 2011, and 277 donors (0.5%) were considered serologically ineligible due to Chagas disease. Analysis of data showed no significant difference between genders. As for age, the highest proportion of ineligible donors was from 40 to 49 years (30%), and there was a positive correlation between increasing age and the percentage of patients seropositive for Chagas disease. Therefore, adopting strategies that allow the safe identification of donors with positive serology for Chagas disease is essential to reduce or eliminate indeterminate serological results.

VIROLOGICAL AND SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES IN BATS FROM AN URBAN AREA IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON

The outbreaks of rabies in humans transmitted by Desmodus rotundus in 2004 and 2005, in the northeast of the Brazilian State of Para, eastern Amazon basin, made this a priority area for studies on this zoonosis. Given this, the present study provides data on this phenomenon in an urban context, in order to assess the possible circulation of the classic rabies virus (RABV) among bat species in Capanema, a town in the Amazon basin. Bats were collected, in 2011, with mist nets during the wet and dry seasons. Samples of brain tissue and blood were collected for virological and serological survey, respectively. None of the 153 brain tissue samples analyzed tested positive for RABV infection, but 50.34% (95% CI: 45.67-55.01%) of the serum samples analyzed were seropositive. Artibeus planirostris was the most common species, with a high percentage of seropositive individuals (52.46%, 95% CI: 52.31 52.60%). Statistically, equal proportions of seropositive results were obtained in the rainy and dry seasons (c2 = 0.057, d.f. = 1, p = 0.88). Significantly higher proportions of males (55.96%, 95% CI: 48.96-62.96%) and adults (52.37%, 95% CI: 47.35-57.39%) were seropositive. While none of the brain tissue samples tested positive for infection, the high proportion of seropositive specimens indicates that RABV may be widespread in this urban area.

HIGH PREVALENCE OF Blastocystis spp. INFECTION IN CHILDREN AND STAFF MEMBERS ATTENDING PUBLIC URBAN SCHOOLS IN SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL

After a gastroenteritis outbreak of unknown etiology in the municipality ofSebastião da Grama, SãoPaulo, Brazil, we conducted a parasitological survey to establish the epidemiological profile of enteroparasitosis in children and staff members attending the public urban schools in operation in town. The cross-sectional study evaluated 172 children aged 11 months to 6 years old and 33 staff members aged 19 to 58 years old. Overall, 96 (55.81%) children and 20 (60.61%) staff members were mono-parasitized, while 58 (33.72%) children and 4 (12.12%) workers were poly-parasitized. Protozoa (88.37%; 72.73%) was more prevalent than helminthes (3.48%; 0%) in children and staff members respectively.Blastocystis spp. was the most prevalent parasite in children (86.63%) and staff members (66.67%). The age of 1 year old or less was found to be associated with increased prevalence of giardiasis [OR = 13.04; 95%CI 2.89-58.91; p = 0.00] and public garbage collection was identified as a protective factor against intestinal helminth infections [OR = 0.06; 95%CI 0.00-0.79; p = 0.03]. Although most of the children tested positive for Blastocystis spp. and also presented clinical signs/symptoms (62.2%), this association was not statistically significant [OR = 1.35; 95%CI 0.53-3.44; p = 0.51]. Intestinal parasites still represent a public health concern and this study underscores the importance of further investigations to better understand the pathogenic role ofBlastocystis spp.

Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae) na cidade de Recife capturados com isca luminosa

Eleven species of the genus Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae) were recorded frorn a mangrove area in the town of Recife, Brazil. The midges were collected by 6 light traps during the period of a whole year, 1954-1955. The predominant species were C. maruim, C. guyanensis and C. insignis. The first one represented 73.7% of the total collected. Seasonal variations were markedly observed, with higher number of midges appearing during the period of March to July.

Influence of Compound 16.842 on hookworm infections

Compound 16.842 was tried with three different groups of patients in order to evaluate its tolerancy, and efficacy as well, with a view of using the drug in mass campaigns against hookworm. Group I, used for a preliminary trial, consisted of 38 patients attending an out-patient clinic, and living either in the out-skirts or in the various urban areas of the city of Rio de Janeiro, including some inmates of an orphanage. Group II, a field trial, was carried out in two farms, where the drug was administered both to the positive cases (124) and to the rest of the population (nearly 90%). Group III, a field trial was also carried out in a small town where nearly 40% of the total population was treated with the Compound. Tolerability was considered rather satisfactory, mainly among the patients receiving two single doses (50-150mg), according to the age, 4 - 6 weeks apart). These results suggest that 2-4 courses of therapy within a shorter span of time should be the ideal for a mass treatment campaign. Efficacy varied from 26.6% to 76.2% parasitological cure in the various groups, with a wide range of variation also in the percent of mean reduction of eggs for hookworm. The drug showed also some effect against Ascaris lumbricoides giving cure rates between 10,5% and 35.7% in the various groups, with a percentage reduction in mean egg counts of 27% to 83.3% according to the various groups. It was concluded that Compound 16.842 possesses a marked effect on hookworm and a mild effect on A. lumbricoides. The findings indicate the need for more accurate studies to determine the most efficient schedules of treatment and the real value of the drug, as compared to other antihelminthics against the two parasites under study.

Public Participation geographic information systems in developing countries: lessons from Uganda on the impacts of interactive screens PPGIS and community perceptions of space

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies.