Normal values of echocardiographic measurements. A population-based study

OBJECTIVE: To describe echocardiographic measurements and left ventricular mass in a population sample of healthy adults inhabitants of the urban region of Porto Alegre. METHODS: An analytical, observational, population-based, cross-sectional study was done. Through a multi-stage probability sample, 114 individuals were selected to be submitted to a M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiogram with color Doppler. The analyses were restricted to healthy participants. Echocardiographic measurements were described by mean, standard deviation, 95 percentile and 95% confidence limits. RESULTS: A total of 100 healthy participants, with several characteristics similar to those from the original population, had a complete and reliable echocardiographic examination. The measurements of aorta, left atrium, interventricular septum, left ventricle in systole and diastole, left posterior wall and left ventricular mass, adjusted or not for body surface area or height, were significantly higher in males. The right ventricle size was similar among the genders. Several echocardiographic measurements were within standard normal limits. Interventricular septum, left posterior wall and left ventricular mass, adjusted or not for anthropometric measurements, and aortic dimensions had lower mean and range than the reference limits. CONCLUSION: The means and estimates of distribution for the measurements of interventricular septum, left posterior wall and left ventricular mass found in this survey were lower than those indicated by the international literature and accepted as normal limits.

Multiple arterial anomalies in the newborn infant. Echocardiographic and angiographic diagnosis

Multiple arterial anomalies characterized by tortuosity and rolling of the pulmonary arteries and aorta were diagnosed on echocardiography in an asymptomatic newborn infant with a phenotype suggesting Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. These changes were later confirmed on angiography, which also showed peripheral vascular abnormalities. The electrocardiogram showed a probable hemiblock of the left anterosuperior branch, and the chest x-ray showed an excavated pulmonary trunk with normal pulmonary flow.

Postoperative necrotizing fasciitis of the thorax in cardiac surgery

Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare soft tissue infection and a life-threatening emergency, often fatal. Its incidence and management are described plentifully in the medical literature regarding the most common anatomical sites involved like the abdomen, lower and upper limbs, and perineum. However, available data and case reports of chest wall necrotizing fasciitis after thoracic procedures are scarce, mainly after major cardiac operations. We report and discuss a case of necrotizing fasciitis of the chest wall occurring in the immediate postoperative period of a cardiac procedure, and include a brief review of the concepts, pathophysiology, and treatment reported in the medical literature. We emphasize the need for early diagnosis and urgent and effective surgical debridement. Of importance is the fact that we have not found any references in the literature to cases similar or equal to the one we describe here, which occurred in the postoperative period of a cardiac procedure.

Percutaneous closure of ductus arteriosus with the amplatzer prosthesis. The Brazilian experience

OBJECTIVE - To report the results of percutaneous occlusion of persistent ductus arteriosus with the Amplatzer prosthesis in 2 Brazilian cardiological centers. METHODS - From May 1998 to July 2000, 33 patients with clinical and laboratory diagnosis of persistent ductus arteriosus underwent attempts at percutaneous implantation of the Amplatzer prosthesis. The median age was 36 months (from 6 months to 38 years), and the median weight was 14kg (from 6 to 92kg). Sixteen patients (48.5%) were under 2 years of age at the time of the procedure. All patients were followed up with periodical clinical and echocardiographic evaluations to assess the presence and degree of residual shunt and possible complications, such as pseudocoarctation of the aorta and left pulmonary artery stenosis. RESULTS - The minimum diameter of the arterial ducts ranged from 2.5 to 7.0mm (mean of 4.0±1.0, median of 3.9). The rate of success for implantation of the prosthesis was 100%. Femoral pulse was lost in 1 patient. The echocardiogram revealed total closure prior to hospital discharge in 30 patients, and in the follow-up visit 3 months later in the 3 remaining patients. The mean follow-up duration was 6.4±3.4 months. All patients were clinically well, asymptomatic, and did not need medication. No patient had narrowing of the left pulmonary artery or of the aorta. No early or late embolic events occurred, nor did infectious endarteritis. A new hospital admission was not required for any patient. CONCLUSION - The Amplatzer prosthesis for persistent ductus arteriosus is safe and highly effective for occlusion of ductus arteriosus of varied diameters, including large ones in small symptomatic infants.

Cardiovascular assessment of patients with Ullrich-Turner's Syndrome on Doppler echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging

OBJECTIVE: To assess the cardiovascular features of Ullrich-Turner's syndrome using echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging, and to correlate them with the phenotype and karyotype of the patients. The diagnostic concordance between the 2 methods was also assessed. METHODS: Fifteen patients with the syndrome were assessed by echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (cardiac chambers, valves, and aorta). Their ages ranged from 10 to 28 (mean of 16.7) years. The karyotype was analyzed in 11 or 25 metaphases of peripheral blood lymphocytes, or both. RESULTS: The most common phenotypic changes were short stature and spontaneous absence of puberal development (100%); 1 patient had a cardiac murmur. The karyotypes detected were as follows: 45,X (n=7), mosaics (n=5), and deletions (n=3). No echocardiographic changes were observed. In regard to magnetic resonance imaging, coarctation and dilation of the aorta were found in 1 patient, and isolated dilation of the aorta was found in 4 patients. CONCLUSION: The frequencies of coarctation and dilation of the aorta detected on magnetic resonance imaging were similar to those reported in the literature (5.5% to 20%, and 6.3% to 29%, respectively). This confirmed the adjuvant role of magnetic resonance imaging to Doppler echocardiography for diagnosing cardiovascular alterations in patients with Ullrich-Turner's syndrome.

Obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract after mitral valvuloplasty with implantation of Gregori's ring

Mitral valvuloplasty is efficient for repairing mitral valve disease with few complications. In some cases, obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract may occur due to systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. We report the case of a patient with this complication and a pressure gradient between the left ventricle and the aorta of 130 mm Hg after mitral valvuloplasty with implantation of a Gregori's ring. The management was clinical with suspension of the vasoactive drugs and introduction of a beta-blocker. Two years after the surgery, the patient is asymptomatic and has a normal life.

Arterial Hypertension in a Child with Williams-Beuren Syndrome (7q11.23 Chromosomal Deletion)

We report the case of a 7-year-old male child diagnosed with Williams-Beuren syndrome and arterial hypertension refractory to clinical treatment. The diagnosis was confirmed by genetic study. Narrowing of the descending aorta and stenosis of the renal arteries were also diagnosed. Systemic vascular alterations caused by deletion of the elastin gene may occur early in individuals with Williams-Beuren syndrome, leading to the clinical manifestation of systemic arterial hypertension refractory to drug treatment.

Myocardial Revascularization Surgery with Regional Anesthesia Without an Endotracheal Tube in Conscious Patients

OBJECTIVE: To report initial experience with myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS) performed on patients who were totally awake and without an endotracheal tube.METHODS: Between January 1994 and May 2001, 272 patients underwent MRS without extracorporeal circulation. In 24, the operations were performed without the use of an endotracheal tube and with the patients totally awake and breathing normally. The age ranged from 51-75 years with the predominant male sex. Epidural thoracic administratios of the anesthesia was performed. Surgery was performed through a habitual anterolateral thoracotomy. During the entire procedure, the left lung remained partially collapsed.RESULTS: The 24 patients progressed well through the surgery. Pneumothorax time ranged from 70-190 minutes. No electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, or enzymatic alterations occurred that characterized pre- and postoperative infarcts. Twenty-three patients were stable enough to be released after 24 hours.CONCLUSION: This technique could be performed on an large number of selected patients. However, more experience is necessary.

Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of saline infusion to maintain volemia on temporary abdominal aortic occlusion

OBJECTIVE: To analyze hemodynamic and metabolic effects of saline solution infusion in the maintenance of blood volume in ischemia-reperfusion syndrome during temporary abdominal aortic occlusion in dogs. METHODS: We studied 20 dogs divided into 2 groups: the ischemia-reperfusion group (IRG, n=10) and the ischemia-reperfusion group with saline solution infusion aiming at maintaining mean pulmonary arterial wedge pressure between 10 and 20 mmHg (IRG-SS, n=10). All animals were anesthetized with sodium thiopental and maintained on spontaneous ventilation. Occlusion of the supraceliac aorta was obtained with inflation of a Fogarty catheter inserted through the femoral artery. After 60 minutes of ischemia, the balloon was deflated, and the animals were observed for another 60 minutes of reperfusion. RESULTS: IRG-SS dogs did not have hemodynamic instability after aortic unclamping, and the mean systemic blood pressure and heart rate were maintained. However, acidosis worsened, which was documented by a greater reduction of arterial pH that occurred especially due to the absence of a respiratory response to metabolic acidosis that was greater with the adoption of this procedure. CONCLUSION: Saline solution infusion to maintain blood volume avoided hemodynamic instability after aortic unclamping. This procedure, however, caused worsening in metabolic acidosis in this experimental model.

Effect of oscillatory breathing on the variability of the RR Intervals and its prognostic importance in individuals with left ventricular global systolic dysfunction

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of the oscillatory breathing on the variability of RR intervals (VRR) and on prognostic significance after one year follow-up in subjects with left ventricular global systolic dysfunction. METHODS: We studied 76 subjects, whose age ranged from 40 to 80 years, paired for age and gender, divided into two groups: group I - 34 healthy subjects; group II - 42 subjects with left ventricular global systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction < 0.40). The ECG signals were acquired during 600s in supine position, and analyzed the variation of the thoracic amplitude and the VRR. Clinical and V-RR variables were applied into a logistic multivariate model to foretell survival after one year follow-up. RESULTS: Oscillatory breathing was detected in 35.7% of subjects in vigil state of group II, with a concentration of the spectral power in the very low frequency band, and was independent of the presence of diabetes, functional class, ejection fraction, cause of ventricular dysfunction and survival after one year follow-up. In the logistic regression model, ejection fraction was the only independent variable to predict survival. CONCLUSION: 1) Oscillatory breathing pattern is frequent during wakefulness in the left ventricular global systolic dysfunction and concentrates spectral power in the very low band of V-RR; 2) it does not relate to severity and cause of left ventricular dysfunction; 3) ejection fraction is the only independent predictive variable for survival in this group of subjects.

Morphometric and topographic study of coronary ostia

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the morphometric and topographic aspects of coronary ostia, correlating them with the aortic leaflets. METHODS: Fifty-one hearts with the great vessels attached were analyzed in this study. The ascending aorta was transversally sectioned 1 cm above the commissures of the aortic leaflets. The right and left coronary ostia were analyzed, as were the distances from these ostia to the bottom of the aortic sinuses and to the commissures of the aortic leaflets. RESULTS: The left coronary ostium was located below the intercommissural line in 42% of cases, above that line in 40% of cases, and at the level of that line in 18% of cases. The mean distance from the left coronary ostium to the bottom of the corresponding sinus was 12.6±2.61 mm. The right coronary ostium was located below the intercommissural line in 60% of cases, above that line in 28% of cases, and at the level of that line in 12% of cases. The mean distance from the right coronary ostium to the bottom of the corresponding aortic sinus was 13.2±2.64 mm. The mean diameters of the left and right coronary ostia were 4.75±0.93 mm and 3.46±0.94 mm, respectively. The mean diameters of the juxtamural portion of the left and right coronary arteries were 3.75±0.79 mm and 2.9±0.73 mm, respectively. In one case, both ostia were located in the left coronary sinus. CONCLUSION: The left coronary ostium may be located either above or below the intercommissural line. The right coronary ostium is predominantly located below the intercommissural line. The coronary ostia have reduced diameters as compared with the juxtamural diameters of their respective coronary arteries.

Follow-up study of morphology and cardiac function in rats undergoing induction of supravalvular aortic stenosis

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the follow-up of an experimental model of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) induced by supravalvular ascending aortic stenosis in young rats. METHODS: Wistar rats were submitted to thoracotomy and aortic stenosis was created by placing a clip on the ascending aorta (AoS group, n=12). Age-matched control animals underwent a sham operation (C group, n=12). Cardiac function was analysed by echocardiograms performed 6, 12, and 21 weeks after aortic banding. Myocardial morphological features and myocardial hydroxyproline concentration (HOP) were evaluated 2, 6, 12, and 21 weeks after surgery in additional animals. RESULTS: Aortic banding promoted early concentric LVH and a progressive increase in HOP. Under light microscopy, we observed myocyte hypertrophy and wall thickening of the intramural branches of the coronary arteries due to medial hypertrophy. Cardiac function was supranormal after 6 weeks (percentage of fractional shortening - EAo6: 70.3±10.8; C6: 61.3±5.4; p<0.05), and depressed in the last period. Diastolic dysfunction was detected after 12 weeks (ratio of early-to-late filling velocity - EAo12: 4.20±3.25; C12: 1.61±0.16; p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Ascending aortic stenosis promotes concentric LVH with myocardial fibrosis and minimal histological changes. According to the period of evaluation, cardiac function may be improved, normal, or depressed. The model is suitable and useful for studies on pathophysiology and treatment of the different phases of cardiac hypertrophy.

Níveis de hormônios tireoideanos em pacientes com dissecção aórtica: comparação com controles e correlação com a porcentagem de área da camada média composta por depósitos mixóides

OBJETIVO: Pesquisar a ocorrência de disfunção clínica ou subclínica da tireóide em portadores de dissecção aórtica e analisar se há correlação entre os níveis séricos de hormônios relacionados à função tireoideana e ao conteúdo de material mixóide da média aórtica. MÉTODOS: Níveis séricos de triiodotironina (T3), tiroxina (T4) e hormônio estimulador da tireóide (TSH) foram dosados por métodos convencionais em 28 pacientes em pós-operatório de correção de dissecção aórtica; T4 livre foi medido em 20 deles. Os mesmos hormônios foram quantificados em 20 pacientes-controle pareados por sexo e idade. Os resultados foram comparados pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. A porcentagem da camada média da aorta ocupada por material mixóide foi medida em espécimes cirúrgicos de 25 pacientes e correlacionada aos níveis séricos de hormônios através do teste de Pearson. Estabeleceu-se o nível de significância como p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Nos 20 pares nos quais as quantidades de hormônios foram comparadas, os valores médios de T3, T4, T4 livre e TSH foram 1,22ng/ml, 9,89mcg/dl, 1,18ng/dl e 5,45microUi/ml nos casos e 1,15ng/ml, 8,57mcg/dl, 1,32ng/dl e 2,15microUi/ml nos controles. Nem tais diferenças nem a correlação entre a percentagem de conteúdo mixóide (média= 30%) e os valores de T3, T4, T4 livre e TSH (médias- 1,22ng/ml, 9,44mcg/dl, 1,20ng/dl e 5,08 micro Ui/ml; n=25) foram significantes. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos dados sugerem que a dissecção da aorta; não têm relação com os níveis séricos de hormônios tireoideanos.

Características morfológicas angiográficas na atresia pulmonar com septo interventricular íntegro

OBJETIVO: Determinar as alterações morfofuncionais do ventrículo direito na atresia pulmonar com septo íntegro (APSI) para uma avaliação de candidatos aos diversos procedimentos terapêuticos atualmente disponíveis. MÉTODOS: Submetidos ao estudo cineangiocardiográfico utilizando-se projeções axiais, 31 pacientes com idades variando de 1 a 50 dias (x=9,6), sendo que 28 foram estudados no 1º mês de vida. Na análise estatística foram empregados o X² e calculado o intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95), o teste de Kruskal-Wallis para a média e desvio padrão e a regressão múltipla. Considerado significativo quando alfa < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes foram divididos em 3 grupos de acordo com a morfologia angiográfica do ventrículo direito (VD): grupo A - VD tripartide (n=16); grupo B - VD bipartide (n=9) e grupo C - VD unipartide (n=6). O diâmetro da válvula tricúspide foi de 10,28 ± 2,67 mm (A); 7,82 ± 3,41 (B) e 5,27 ± 0,57 (C) (p=0,0005). A atresia pulmonar foi da válvula em todos do grupo A e infundibular em todos do grupo C (p<0,0001). As conexões coronário-cavitárias foram infreqüentes (2/16) no grupo A e em todos do grupo C (p=0,0006), com opacificação retrógrada da aorta (fluxo do VD para a aorta) em 2 pacientes do grupo A e em todos os do grupo C (p=0,0003). Em 3 pacientes (2 do grupo C e 1 do grupo A) observou-se circulação coronariana VD dependente. A regurgitação tricúspide moderada/grave isolada teve tendência de ser mais freqüente no grupo A (p=0,0525). O ângulo que o ductus arteriosus faz com a aorta descendente foi: 104,06 ± 8,98 no grupo A; 79,17 ± 33,08 no grupo B e 39,0 ± 6,52 no grupo C (p=0,0016). A correlação entre o diâmetro da válvula tricúspide e o ângulo entre o ductus arteriosus com a aorta descendente foi 0,6568 (p=0,0002). CONCLUSÃO: Em função da heterogeneidade da morfologia do VD nos pacientes com atresia pulmonar com septo íntegro, torna-se necessário o conhecimento de todas essas informações na seleção de candidatos aos diversos procedimentos terapêuticos.

Avaliação das pressões sistólica, diastólica e pressão de pulso como fator de risco para doença aterosclerótica coronariana grave em mulheres com angina instável ou infarto agudo do miocárdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se as pressões, medidas na raiz da aorta, são fatores de risco para doença aterosclerótica coronariana grave em mulheres com angina instável ou infarto agudo do miocárdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (AI/IAMSS). MÉTODO:As pressões, assim como os fatores de risco para doença arterial coronariana (DAC) foram prospectivamente coletados de março/1993 a agosto/2001 em 593 mulheres com diagnóstico de AI/IAMSS submetidas à cinecoronariografia. Lesões coronarianas definidas como graves estenoses > 70%. RESULTADOS: Idade média de 59,2±11,2 anos, significantemente mais alta nas pacientes com DAC: 61,9 ± 10,8 anos vs 56.4 ± 10,8 anos; tabagismo, diabetes e climatério foram mais freqüentes nas pacientes com DAC. As médias das pressões sistólica e arterial média foram iguais nos dois grupos, entretanto as médias das pressões diastólicas do ventrículo esquerdo (17.6 ± 8.7 x 15.1 ± 8.1, p=0.001) e da pressão de pulso aórtica foram significantemente maiores nas pacientes com DAC (75.5 ± 22 x 70 ± 19, p=0.002), enquanto a média da pressão diastólica aórtica foi significantemente mais alta nas pacientes sem DAC (75.3 ± 17.5 x 79.8 ± 16, p=0.003). Na análise multivariada a pressão de pulso > 80 mmHg e pressão sistólica > 165 foram independentemente associadas a DAC com razão de chance de 2.12 e 2.09, p<0.05, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: A doença arterial coronariana está associada à pressão de pulso mais elevada e pressão diastólica mais baixa em mulheres com AI/IAMSS. Embora a média da pressão sistólica não tenha se associado com DAC, valores dicotomisados de pressão de pulso > 80 mmHg e pressão sistólica > 165 mmHg determinaram risco duas vezes maior de lesão coronariana grave.