The notion of equivalence and lexical cohesion in the translation of political speeches

Abstract This dissertation investigates the notion of equivalence with particular reference to lexical cohesion in the translation of political speeches. Lexical cohesion poses a particular challenge to the translators of political speeches and thus preserving lexical cohesion elements as one of the major elements of cohesion is undoubtedly crucial to their translation equivalence. We rely on Halliday’s (1994) classification of lexical cohesion which comprises: repetition, synonymy, antonymy, meronymy and hyponymy. Other traditional models of lexical cohesion are examined. We include Grammatical Parallelism for its role in creating textual semantic unity which is what cohesion is all about. The study shed light on the function of lexical cohesion elements as rhetorical device. The study also deals with lexical problems resulting from the transfer of lexical cohesion elements from the SL into the TL, which is often beset by many problems that most often result from the differences between languages. Three key issues are identified as being fundamental to equivalence and lexical cohesion in the translation of political speeches: sociosemiotic approach, register analysis, rhetoric, and poetic function. The study also investigates the lexical cohesion elements in the translation of political speeches from English into Arabic, Italian and French in relation to ideology, and its control, through bias and distortion. The findings are discussed, implications examined and topics for further research suggested.

Sviluppo di un sistema tomografico con tubo a raggi x da 300 kv: progettazione e test preliminari.

In questo elaborato sono descritti la progettazione e lo sviluppo di un sistema tomografico con sorgente di raggi X da 300 kV per analisi nel campo dei Beni Culturali; in particolare sono stati effettuati test preliminari sia per verificare le prestazioni del tubo a raggi X e dello schermo scintillatore sia per avere indicazioni utili alla progettazione (e conseguente costruzione) del box di rivelazione. Il collaudo della sorgente di raggi X è stato eseguito con lo studio dell'andamento della dose integrale e/o del rateo di dose in funzione della tensione, della corrente e del tempo d'irraggiamento. La caratterizzazione dello schermo scintillatore di CsI(Tl) è basata sul confronto delle sue caratteristiche con uno schermo analogo di spessore differente nelle stesse condizioni sperimentali, attraverso lo studio dei parametri standard dei dispositivi per imaging, quali la curva di risposta, il rapporto segnale-rumore e la risoluzione spaziale. Inoltre, come ulteriore test, lo schermo scintillatore è stato utilizzato per l’indagine tomografica di alcuni pani di terra contenenti olle di epoca villanoviana. Per la progettazione del box rivelatore sono state invece svolte misure di tipo ottico. I vari test svolti in laboratorio hanno dato risultati positivi e hanno dimostrato la validità dei componenti scelti per il nuovo sistema tomografico, il cui assemblaggio verrà completato a breve, essendo stata ultimata proprio in queste settimane la costruzione del box di rivelazione.

Non linear response of planar asymmetric systems

The seismic behaviour of one-storey asymmetric structures has been studied since 1970s by a number of researches studies which identified the coupled nature of the translational-to-torsional response of those class of systems leading to severe displacement magnifications at the perimeter frames and therefore to significant increase of local peak seismic demand to the structural elements with respect to those of equivalent not-eccentric systems (Kan and Chopra 1987). These studies identified the fundamental parameters (such as the fundamental period TL normalized eccentricity e and the torsional-to-lateral frequency ratio Ωϑ) governing the torsional behavior of in-plan asymmetric structures and trends of behavior. It has been clearly recognized that asymmetric structures characterized by Ωϑ >1, referred to as torsionally-stiff systems, behave quite different form structures with Ωϑ <1, referred to as torsionally-flexible systems. Previous research works by some of the authors proposed a simple closed-form estimation of the maximum torsional response of one-storey elastic systems (Trombetti et al. 2005 and Palermo et al. 2010) leading to the so called “Alpha-method” for the evaluation of the displacement magnification factors at the corner sides. The present paper provides an upgrade of the “Alpha Method” removing the assumption of linear elastic response of the system. The main objective is to evaluate how the excursion of the structural elements in the inelastic field (due to the reaching of yield strength) affects the displacement demand of one-storey in-plan asymmetric structures. The system proposed by Chopra and Goel in 2007, which is claimed to be able to capture the main features of the non-linear response of in-plan asymmetric system, is used to perform a large parametric analysis varying all the fundamental parameters of the system, including the inelastic demand by varying the force reduction factor from 2 to 5. Magnification factors for different force reduction factor are proposed and comparisons with the results obtained from linear analysis are provided.

Struttura di età di nasello (Merluccius merluccius, Linnaeus, 1758) in alto-medio Adriatico mediante analisi degli otoliti e frequenza di taglia

The aim of present study is to define the general framework of Merluccius merluccius population structure, to estimate the growth rate and to assess the recruitment dynamics of juveniles from Northern and Central Adriatic, through otoliths analysis. The otoliths of hake specimens collected during the MedITS trawl survey in the 2012 in GSA 17, were cleaned and 102 otoliths out of 506 were embedded, sectioned, grindined and polished to obtain frontal and sagittal sections. The whole sample were analysed under stereomicroscope and optical microscope, with camera and connected to PC provided of an image analyses program. The frequency analysis of size classes and age revealed that the species is dominated by hake with >200mm TL and > one year old. The fish average size of M. merluccius at the end of the first year of life is about 199 mm TL. Allometrics analyses between fish TL and Feret (major axis), MiniFeret (minor axis), Area, Perimeter, showed a direct proportionality among lengths. Among the 88 otoliths sections analysed, the number of daily increments read ranged from 86 to 206, within 55 and 175mm TL range. The age estimate ranged from about 2-3 to 9 months and the growth rate from 20.99 to 27.15mm TL. The hatch-date distribution, obtained by back calculation, showed that the hatching occurs in November-March. In conclusion, strong preventive measures are needed for hake adults because the success of this species seems to be linked to deep water ecosystem protection where big spawners dwell.

La risposta torsionale non lineare di strutture asimmetriche in pianta

Il lavoro principale di questa tesi è stato quello di fornire gli spettri di particolari coefficienti, detti Magnification Factors, da utilizzare in associazione con gli spettri degli spostamenti già forniti dalla normativa quando si ha a che fare con strutture eccentriche a 3 gradi di libertà per ricavare una prima stima di alcuni punti notevoli di tali strutture (spostamenti longitudinali del centro di massa, del lato flessibile e del lato rigido). In particolare tali Magnification Factors, che dipendono esclusivamente da parametri fisici della struttura (i.e. Ωθ, ξ, e, TL, R), vanno moltiplicati per il valore di spostamento spettrale ricavato dalla normativa entrando nello spettro degli spostamenti con il periodo longitudinale disaccoppiato (TL) della struttura. Il risultato di questo prodotto è lo spostamento longitudinale del punto notevole della struttura eccentrica cui ogni Magnification Factors si riferisce. Gli spettri dei Magnification Factors sono stati ricavati attraverso l’integrazione diretta dell’equazione del moto del sistema dinamico ad 1 piano a 3 gradi di libertà.

Telomeres and prognosis in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

In the present study, telomere length, telomerase activity, the mutation load of immunoglobulin variable heavy chain (IGHV) genes, and established prognostic factors were investigated in 78 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) to determine the impact of telomere biology on the pathogenesis of CLL. Telomere length was measured by an automated multi-colour flow-FISH, and an age-independent delta telomere length ( TL) was calculated. CLL with unmutated IGHV genes was associated with shorter telomeres (p = 0.002). Furthermore, we observed a linear correlation between the frequency of IGHV gene mutations and elongation of telomeres (r = 0.509, p < 0.001). With respect to prognosis, a threshold TL of -4.2 kb was the best predictor for progression-free and overall survival. TL was not significantly altered over time or with therapy. The correlation between the mutational load in IGHV genes and the TL in CLL might reflect the initial telomere length of the putative cell of origin (pre- versus post-germinal center B cells). In conclusion, the TL is a reliable prognostic marker for patients with CLL. Short telomeres and high telomerase activity as occurs in some patients with CLL with a worse prognosis might be an ideal target for treatment with telomerase inhibitors.

Massive pulmonary embolism: surgical embolectomy versus thrombolytic therapy--should surgical indications be revisited?

The treatment of massive pulmonary embolism (PE) is a matter of debate. We present our institutional experience of patients suffering from massive PE with the aim of comparing the early results, the outcome and quality of life (QoL) between patients primarily assigned to either pulmonary surgical embolectomy (SE) or thrombolytic therapy (TL). A subgroup of patients (TS) with failed responses to TL requiring SE was separately analysed.