Technological Change and the Development of the Primary Fishing Industry of Kerala - A Study of Limited Growth

Induction of growth in the primary marine fishing industry of Kerala is a sine gua Qgn for improving the economy of the fishermen, the state's domestic product as well as earning more foreign exchange for the country. The State Administration has been trying to instil growth into the industry eversince the output of the industry showed marked sign of decline (particularly after 1975). Significantly, it has attempted to strengthen the traditional sector, (which is considered to be the crucial sector of the primary marine fishing industry of the state) by introducing intermediate technology and by revamping the organisational structure of the industry. But it appears that the production system in the primary marine fishing industry of Kerala has been severely constrained by the existing technology, organisation of production and marketing institutions. Regeneration of growth in the industry calls forth an understanding of the 'process' of growth in the industry and the need to réorganise it with new technology, and new organisations. The present study is an attempt to unraval the process of growth in the primary marine fishing industry of Kerala since 1951

Centre-State Financial Flows and Inter—State Disparities in India

The problem of regional disparities in economic development is for India an inheritance from the colonial past. At the beginning of the First Five Year Plan (1950-51), three years after the advent of independence, the per capita State income showed considerable inter—state variations.

SHGs and Cooperatives in the Fishing Sector: An Inclusive Development Option for the Fisher folk of Kerala

The Kerala model of development mostly bypassed the fishing community, as the fishers form the main miserable groups with respect to many of the socio-economic and quality of life indicators. Modernization drive in the fishing sector paradoxically turns to marginalization drives as far as the traditional fishers in Kerala are concerned. Subsequent management and resource recuperation drives too seemed to be detrimental to the local fishing community. Though SHGs and cooperatives had helped in overcoming many of the maladies in most of the sectors in Kerala in terms of livelihood and employment in the 1980s, the fishing sector by that time had been moving ahead with mechanization and export euphoria and hence it bypassed the fishing sector. Though it has not helped the fishing sector in the initial stages, but because of necessity, it soon has become a vibrant livelihood and employment force in the coastal economy of Kerala. Initial success made it to link this with the governmental cooperative set up and soon SHGs and Cooperatives become reinforcing forces for the inclusive development of the real fishers.The fisheries sector in Kerala has undergone drastic changes with the advent of globalised economy. The traditional fisher folk are one of the most marginalized communities in the state and are left out of the overall development process mainly due to the marginalization of this community both in the sea and in the market due to modernization and mechanization of the sector. Mechanization opened up the sector a great deal as it began to attract people belonging to non-fishing community as moneylenders, boat owners, employers and middle men which often resulted in conflicts between traditional and mechanized fishermen. These factors, together with resource depletion resulted in the backwardness experienced by the traditional fishermen compared to other communities who were reaping the benefits of the overall development scenario.The studies detailing the activities and achievements of fisher folks via Self Help Groups (SHGs) and the cooperative movement in coastal Kerala are scant. The SHGs through cooperatives have been effective in livelihood security, poverty alleviation and inclusive development of the fisher folk (Rajasenan and Rajeev, 2012). The SHGs have a greater role to play as estimated fall in demand for marine products in international markets, which may result in reduction of employment opportunities in fish processing, peeling, etc. Also, technological advancement has made them unskilled to work in this sector making them outliers in the overall development process resulting in poor quality of physical and social infrastructure. Hence, it is all the more important to derive a strategy and best practice methods for the effective functioning of these SHGs so that the

Low-Cost Micromechanically Tunable Optical Devices: Strained Resonator Engineering, Technological Implementation and Characterization

The rapid growth of the optical communication branches and the enormous demand for more bandwidth require novel networks such as dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM). These networks enable higher bitrate transmission using the existing optical fibers. Micromechanically tunable optical microcavity devices like VCSELs, Fabry-Pérot filters and photodetectors are core components of these novel DWDM systems. Several air-gap based tunable devices were successfully implemented in the last years. Even though these concepts are very promising, two main disadvantages are still remaining. On the one hand, the high fabrication and integration cost and on the other hand the undesired adverse buckling of the suspended membranes. This thesis addresses these two problems and consists of two main parts: • PECVD dielectric material investigation and stress control resulting in membranes shape engineering. • Implementation and characterization of novel tunable optical devices with tailored shapes of the suspended membranes. For this purposes, low-cost PECVD technology is investigated and developed in detail. The macro- and microstress of silicon nitride and silicon dioxide are controlled over a wide range. Furthermore, the effect of stress on the optical and mechanical properties of the suspended membranes and on the microcavities is evaluated. Various membrane shapes (concave, convex and planar) with several radii of curvature are fabricated. Using this resonator shape engineering, microcavity devices such as non tunable and tunable Fabry-Pérot filters, VCSELs and PIN photodetectors are succesfully implemented. The fabricated Fabry-Pérot filters cover a spectral range of over 200nm and show resonance linewidths down to 1.5nm. By varying the stress distribution across the vertical direction within a DBR, the shape and the radius of curvature of the top membrane are explicitely tailored. By adjusting the incoming light beam waist to the curvature, the fundamental resonant mode is supported and the higher order ones are suppressed. For instance, a tunable VCSEL with 26 nm tuning range, 400µW maximal output power, 47nm free spectral range and over 57dB side mode suppresion ratio (SMSR) is demonstrated. Other technologies, such as introducing light emitting organic materials in microcavities are also investigated.

Optimization in the Technological Steps for the Fabrication of Large Area Micromirror Arrays

Micromirror arrays are a very strong candidate for future energy saving applications. Within this work, the fabrication process for these micromirror arrays has been optimized and some steps for the large area fabrication of micromirror modules were performed. At first the surface roughness of the insulation layer of silicon dioxide (SiO2) was investigated. This SiO2 thin layer was deposited on three different type of substrates i.e. silicon, glass and Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN) substrates. The deposition techniques which has been used are Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD), Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) and Ion Beam Sputter Deposition (IBSD). The thickness of the SiO2 thin layer was kept constant at 150nm for each deposition process. The surface roughness was measured by Stylus Profilometry and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). It was found that the layer which was deposited by IBSD has got the minimum surface roughness value and the layer which was deposited by PECVD process has the highest surface roughness value. During the same investigation, the substrate temperature of PECVD was varied from 80° C to 300° C with the step size of 40° C and it was found that the surface roughness keeps on increasing as the substrate holder temperature increases in the PECVD process. A new insulation layer system was proposed to minimize the dielectric breakdown effect in insulation layer for micromirror arrays. The conventional bilayer system was replaced by five layer system but the total thickness of insulation layer remains the same. It was found that during the actuation of micromirror arrays structure, the dielectric breakdown effect was reduced considerably as compared to the bilayer system. In the second step the fabrication process of the micromirror arrays was successfully adapted and transferred from glass substrates to the flexible PEN substrates by optimizing the conventional process recipe. In the last section, a large module of micromirror arrays was fabricated by electrically interconnecting four 10cm×10cm micromirror modules on a glass pane having dimensions of 21cm×21cm.

Technological convergence: a strategic perspective

The information and communication technologies (ICT) sectors are in a process of technological convergence. Determinant factors in this process are the liberalisation of the telecommunications markets and technological change. Many firms are engaged in a process of mergers and alliances to position themselves in this new framework. Technological and demand uncertainties are very important. Our objective in this paper is to study the economic determinants of the strategies of the firms. With this aim, we review some key technological and demand aspects. We shed some light on the strategic motivations of the firms by establishing a parallel with the evolution of the retailing sector

Grain size analyses in tin-lead glazes based on 2d-sections

A problem in the archaeometric classification of Catalan Renaissance pottery is the fact, that the clay supply of the pottery workshops was centrally organized by guilds, and therefore usually all potters of a single production centre produced chemically similar ceramics. However, analysing the glazes of the ware usually a large number of inclusions in the glaze is found, which reveal technological differences between single workshops. These inclusions have been used by the potters in order to opacify the transparent glaze and to achieve a white background for further decoration. In order to distinguish different technological preparation procedures of the single workshops, at a Scanning Electron Microscope the chemical composition of those inclusions as well as their size in the two-dimensional cut is recorded. Based on the latter, a frequency distribution of the apparent diameters is estimated for each sample and type of inclusion. Following an approach by S.D. Wicksell (1925), it is principally possible to transform the distributions of the apparent 2D-diameters back to those of the true three-dimensional bodies. The applicability of this approach and its practical problems are examined using different ways of kernel density estimation and Monte-Carlo tests of the methodology. Finally, it is tested in how far the obtained frequency distributions can be used to classify the pottery

Projecte de dinamització i gestió del centre d’ atenció al visitant dins l’ APA Itacaré-Serra Grande i Península de Maraú

Aquest projecte es centra en el municipi d’ Itacaré (Bahía, Brasil), el qual actualment pateix una creixent demanda de turisme pel seu atractiu natural. Aquest municipi no disposa de cap Pla de Gestió del Turisme. Per aquest motiu i juntament amb l’ ONG del Brasil “Instituto Aliança” s’ ha treballat en un projecte de creació d’ un centre d’ atenció al visitant. Aquest “Centre de atendimento a ou visitante” està encarat bàsicament a informar i sensibilitzar als turistes i als propis natius de la zona, de les característiques ambientals i culturals de la regió, alhora que es potencia un turisme de base comunitària

Proposta de Centre d’ Educació Ambiental a la Vall del LLémana

L’ objectiu principal d’ aquesta proposta d’ educació ambiental és habilitar un espai físic que ja existeix, la rectoria de Cartellà, on els alumnes de primària i de secundària, i les famílies puguin participar d’ una sèrie d’ activitats encarades a l’ obtenció de nous valors relacionats amb el respecte cap a l’ entorn natural. El projecte s’ estructura bàsicament en dues parts: una primera on es situa i es descriu l’ espai on es destina la proposta i una segona on es tracten les actuacions específiques per tal d’ aconseguir que la gent es familiaritzi amb l’ entorn i aprengui a actuar de manera respectuosa amb el medi

La UdG, centre neuràlgic del món del turisme

La xarxa dels Centres de Recerca de Catalunya implica una aposta decidida del govern català per fer aflorar, dotar de contingut i expandir totes aquelles àrees de coneixement que, d’una manera o altra, representen un punt i a part en el panorama de la investigació a Catalunya. Girona disposa en l’actualitat de dos d’aquests centres: l’Institut Català de Recerca en Patrimoni Cultural i l’Institut Català de Recerca de l’Aigua; i s’està a l’expectativa sobre la destinació final de l’IRTUCA (Institut de Recerca en Turisme de Catalunya)

Estudi històric i patològic del Mas Vell: rehabilitació del Mas Vell i transformació en centre d’esports d’aventura

L’objectiu que es va marcar abans de començar el projecte, era el de realitzar la rehabilitació del Mas Vell convertint-lo en un centre d’esports d’aventura. Per fer això creiem convenient que abans calia realitzar un estudi de les principals patologies que l’afectaven i de pas, datar la seva construcció i estudiar l’evolució i modificacions que ha patit al llarg dels anys. Per realitzar l’estudi patològic es crearien unes fitxes, localitzant, descrivint, explicant la causa de cada patologia en concret i donant la solució més adequada per reparar cada una d’elles. La rehabilitació del mas es faria pensant amb l’ús immediat que se li donarà, que serà un centre d’esports d’aventura. Les premisses que volíem seguir eren: no augmentar la volumetria que la masia tenia en el moment del seu abandonament, conservar l’aspecte rústic de l’edifici, tant en les parts que es conserven com en les que reconstruïm. Es pensava mantenir l’estructura de fusta de coberta i forjat que es trobés en bon estat. A la zona que estava en ruïnes es pensava construir les parets aterrades amb els mateixos materials originaris

Resum del curs "El Centre de Recursos per a l’Aprenentatge i la Investigació (CRAI) com a model d’oferta integrada de serveis davant els reptes del nou EEES"

Resum del curs "El Centre de Recursos per a l’Aprenentatge i la Investigació (CRAI) com a model d’oferta integrada de serveis davant els reptes del nou EEES", organitzat per l'UPC, on es presentaven quatre experiències docents i de reorganització dels serveis bibliotecaris. En aquest marc es plantejaven els canvis en el model docent davant de l'EEES i el que significa aflorar la competència en la recerca d'informació. Com a models de Crai es presenten la Universitat de Kingston, Sheffield i la Pompeu Fabra

[Ressenya del llibre Géographies des colonisations: XVe-XXe siècles: Actes du colloque Géographie, colonisations, décolonisations XVe-XXe siècles, Talence mars 1992, organisé par le Centre d'Etudes de Géographie Tropicale (CNRS)]

Ressenya del llibre Géographies des colonisations: XVe-XXe siècles. L’obra recull les actes del col•loqui “Géographie, colonisations, décolonisations. XV-XX siècles” en el que es van manifestar dos grans temes d’investigació, per una banda, establir l’articulació de relacions històriques, sociològiques i epistemològiques de les geografies colonials, dels geògrafs de la colonització i dels coneixements que han produït i/o vehiculat, i, per l’altra banda, l’anàlisi geogràfic del fet colonial quan determina una configuració específica de territoris a totes les escales

Databases and cooperative projects of the IZI documentation centre : promoting media literacy. 'Bases de datos y proyectos cooperativos del centro de documentación IZI : promoviendo la alfabetización de los medios de comunicación'.

El Instituto Internacional Central para la Televisión Juvenil y Educativa (IZI) es un centro de investigación y documentación dedicado a promover la calidad en la televisión y medios de comunicación para niños y jóvenes y educación. El departamento de documentación del IZI cuenta con una base de datos de referencia internacional para educadores, investigadores, padres, estudiantes y especialistas de la información. Además el IZI participa en redes nacionales e internacionales educativas documentales. El objetivo esencial de estos proyectos cooperativos es la promoción de la alfabetización de medios de comunicación, que constituye una habilidad imprescindible en la sociedad del conocimiento.

Els joves a un centre d'acollida de baixa exigència. 'Los jóvenes en un centro de acogida de baja exigencia'.

Se presentan dos centros de acogida para personas sin techo en Mallorca, Sa Placeta y Es Sostre. Son centros que ofrecen alojamiento a personas con adicción a drogas y que están en riesgo de exclusión social. Se realiza un análisis de los usuarios en función de la edad, según el consumo de drogas, legales e ilegales. Las actuaciones que se llevan a cabo con las personas afectadas persiguen el siguiente objetivo: reducir daños e iniciar un proceso de inserción social de las personas en riesgo de exclusión.