羊草草原群落氮素平衡和碳水化合物贮藏对氮素添加的响应

草地在世界各种不同的气候带和土壤类型区均有分布，约占陆地面积的24%。尽管二十世纪中叶以来，人类通过各种措施，使氮素由大气圈进入生物圈的量已经翻了一翻，但是，草地生态系统由于没有得到足够的氮素补充，其生产力至少是季节性地受到氮素的制约。我国草原生态系统的退化与氮素匮乏已经引起了广泛重视。尽管一些研究者的工作已经涉及到氮素循环的一些方面，但是关于草原生态系统的氮素平衡过程的系统研究迄今尚未开展。地下器官中贮藏养分的积累是多年生牧草抵御不良环境条件的物质保障，碳水化合物是我国典型草原植物重要的贮藏营养物质。但是关于我国草原生态系统贮藏养分的研究还相当匮乏。值得一提的是，不合理的人类活动也加剧了草地生态系统氮素的损失，甚至对全球环境和人类健康产生了重要影响。为此，我们在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站的羊草样地设计了氮素添加试验，采用15N稀释法对典型草原羊草群落的氮素吸收利用、氮素平衡进行了研究，并就氮素添加条件下，植物氮素利用与植物竞争的关系、氮素吸收分配与牧草生物产量与品质的关系进行了探讨。同时采用高效液相色谱对羊草群落植物贮藏碳水化合物的种类与含量进行了测定。 15N稀释法的试验结果表明：我国典型草原羊草群落吸收的氮素平均16.41%来源于肥料，83.59%来源于土壤。氮素添加不仅显著促进了羊草群落地上器官对肥料氮索和土壤氮素的吸收量，而且促进了地下器官对肥料氮素和土壤氮素的吸收量。生物量达到最大时，羊草群落吸收的氮素分配到地下器官中的比例平均为74.85%，分配到地上器官中的比例平均为25.15%。植物吸收的肥料氮素在地上和地下器官之间的分配比例约各占50%。 在我国典型草原羊草群落，植物对肥料氮素的回收率仅为31.61%，氮素添加显著影响羊草群落植物对肥料氮素的回收，随着氮素添加量的提高，地上和地下植物器官对肥料氮素的回收量均显著提高。凋落物的肥料氮素回收率为2.92%，地下凋落物的回收率显著高于地上凋落物。肥料氮素的土壤存留率为36.16%，主要分布在地表至40cm的土层范围内(>95%)。各土层存留的标记肥料氮素量均随着氮素添加量的增加而显著提高。肥料氮素的当季损失率为21.77%-43.38%。风险：收益分析表明，在本试验条件下，添加5.25gN/m2与28gN/m2的处理风险大于收益，添加17.5g/m2的处理风险最低，收益最高，在草原生态系统的管理中可以参考。 为了了解羊草群落植物的竞争能力是否对羊草群落植物的相对多度有影响，我们对不同盖度的10个物种的15N吸收速率、15N分配、植物组织氮素含量、单株生物量、根／冠比、氮素生产力等反映植物竞争能力的指标进行了测定和分析。发现向根系的氮素分配比例、根／冠比、和氮素生产力与植物的相对盖度显著正相关，向地上器官的氮素分配比例、氮素吸收速率与相对盖度呈显著负相关，而植物组织氮素含量、和单株生物量与植物相对盖度无关。 试验前，我们认为氮素吸收速率应该与植物的相对多度显著正相关，但是本试验发现却是显著负相关。这一结果说明，高的氮素吸收速率并不能代表较高的竞争能力，而是稀少植物能够与优势植物共存的一种生理机制。 氮素的吸收与分配显著地影响牧草的生物产量和品质。氮素添加提高了羊草生物量，促进了生物量向地上器官的分配比例，降低了向根系的分配比例，使根／冠比显著降低。氮素添加促进了羊草对氮素的吸收以及向茎叶中的分配比例，降低了向根系的分配比例，提高了羊草各器官的氮素含量和地上器官的蛋白质含量，对根系的蛋白质含量无显著影响。本试验条件下，氮素添加水平为17.5gN/m2时，羊草根、茎、叶生物产量均最高。与17.5gN/m2的处理相比较，添加28gN/m2的处理，羊草的生物产量以及牧草蛋白质含量均无显著差异。初步认为，本实验条件下，17. 5gN/m2是较为适宜的氮素添加量。 地下器官中贮藏养分的积累是多年生牧草抵御不良环境条件的物质保障，碳水化合物是我国典型草原植物重要的贮藏营养。采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)对羊草群落地下器官的贮藏性碳水化合物进行了分析。结果表明，羊草群落地下贮藏碳水化合物种类主要包括甘露糖醇、果聚糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖。其中甘露糖醇是最主要贮藏碳水化合物，约占60%;其次是果聚糖，约占30%。氮素添加量对羊草群落地下贮藏碳水化合物有显著影响。在0～50 g NH4N03. m-2.yr-1范围内，随着氮素添加量的增加，总糖、果聚糖、甘露糖醇的含量均逐渐升高。氮素添加时期对羊草群落地下贮藏碳水化合物含量亦有显著影响。7月初（雨季）添加氮素比4月份（牧草开始返青）更有利于牧草地下贮藏碳水化合物的积累。 对羊草根茎中的贮藏性碳水化合物的测定结果表明，羊草根茎中的贮藏碳水化合物组分主要包括果聚糖、甘露糖醇、蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖。其中果聚糖是最主要贮藏碳水化合物，约占60%：其次是甘露糖醇，约占20%。氮素添加量对羊草根茎中的贮藏碳水化合物有显著影响。在0～17.5 g N/m2范围内，随着氮素添加量的增加，总糖、果聚糖、甘露糖醇的含量均逐渐升高。氮素添加时期对羊草根茎中的贮藏碳水化合物的含量亦有显著影响。在7月初添加氮素比4月份添加氮素更有利于贮藏碳水化合物的积累。

内蒙古多伦典型草原几种植物叶片性状与生物量及降雨量关系的初步研究

植物性状是植物与环境长期互作过程中表现出的内在或外部的特征。目前植物生态学界关于植物性状的研究，主要包括以下三个方面的研究内容：植物性状与环境因子间的关系，反映植物性状对环境变化的响应或适应机制；植物性状与生态系统功能的关系，以更好地揭示生态系统功能的内在驱动机制；植物性状间的相关关系和消长对策，反映植物性状的协同进化机制。 本试验所在地区内蒙古多伦十三里滩为典型克氏针茅草原，水分为当地生态系统的主要限制因素。我们在当地的围封样地内，采用人工模拟生长季降雨变化梯度的方法，研究了内蒙古典型草原几种常见植物叶片功能性状对模拟降雨量梯度的响应、性状之间的协变关系以及植物性状与地上部分生物量间的关系。研究工作在2005-2006年期间进行。观测的叶片性状包括叶片干物质含量(LDMC)，比叶面积(SLA)和叶片氮含量(LNCmass, LNCarea)，以地上部分生物量作为年净初级生产力(ANPP)估计，降雨量梯度模拟了两个水平，即对照(接收正常降雨)和增雨。主要结论如下：1) 叶片性状在降雨量梯度上的变化趋势在物种水平上表现出多样化的特点，性状的变化趋势是否有显著的格局取决于物种或特定性状。2) 叶片性状对水分梯度的响应在功能群水平上表现出各自的特点，Grass功能群对水分梯度的响应敏感性较低，Forb居中，Legume表现出较强的敏感性，表明Grass功能群对水分的耐受性比较强，这在一定程度上解释了当地克氏针茅草原上目前以禾草类为主的现状，对物种之间的替代有一定的指示性。而群落水平上探讨性状在环境梯度上的变异趋势，研究结论存在较大的不确定性，主要是难以区分环境和系统发育背景对植物性状的影响。3)叶片功能性状间的协变关系，不同物种因其自身发生背景不同，在不同环境背景下总体表现出一致的变化规律，但也存在例外。相对而言，对功能性状间协变关系的研究在物种水平或功能群水平上更有意义，而在群落水平上所得结论，可能会掩盖了群落内部不同物种或不同功能群间的信息。4)叶片功能性状与草原地上部生物量的关系在功能群水平上呈显著正相关关系，再次验证了土壤含水量的变化同土壤氮元素的动态，共同影响了植物的氮利用策略，进一步影响了初级生产力等和氮元素直接相关植物性状参数。在群落水平上叶片功能性状与生物量的之间并没有表现出可遵循的规律性，说明叶片功能性状对生物量的作用更多地局限在群落内部的组织层次上发挥作用。5)本研究的虽然从不同的组织层次上探讨了叶片功能性状对环境、性状之间的协变关系以及与地上部分生物量间的关系，由于植物性状变化幅度可能与环境梯度密切相关，如果模拟环境梯度不够大，可能会影响结论的普遍性。此外，本次野外控制试验时间较短，数据量偏少，本文的结论尚需要进一步验证。

Increasing farm income by introducing fish culture in deepwater rice environment

Fish culture in deep-water-rice (DWR) environment using net pen and polder systems was evaluated. In net pen rohu and Thai silver barb were cultured, whereas a 5-species combination (rohu, mrigal, common carp, grass carp and Thai silver barb) were cultured with BR3 rice variety and DWR. Boro-fish production system produced 2.8 t/ha of fish and 7.33 t/ha of rice in polder system with 5-species combinations.

Catch assessment of indigenous and exotic carp species of Nasti baor

An investigation on length-weight relationship, length-frequency distribution, catch per unit of effort (CPUE) and stocking and harvesting status of three Indian major carps: rohu Labeo rohita, catla Catla catla and mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala and three exotic carps: silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella) and common carp Cyprinus carpio was carried out in Nasti baor (oxbow lake) for the harvesting season from August to December 1995. The length-weight relationship for six carp species was established for the harvesting months of November and December 1995. The b values for different species respectively for the months of November and December were 2.95 and 2.58 for rohu, 3.06 and 2.98 for catla, 2,84 and 2.90 for mrigal, 2.75 and 2.60 for silver carp, 2.51 and 1.97 for grass carp and 2.38 and 2.50 for common carp. In CPUE study, the CPUE was 0.58 kg/ha/hr while the catch per gear was 0.08 kg/ha/hr/purse-seine. The recovery percentage of mrigal was highest (63.57%) and it was lowest (16.81%) in case of silver carp. The density of submerged macrophytes (Hydrilla, Utricularia, Ceratophyllum and Vallisneria) was highest (4.39 kg/sqm) in November and was lowest (0.76 kg/sqm) in September.

Utilisation of vegetable leaves for carp production

The results of two sets of experiments on mono-culture of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and mixed culture of carps (grass carp 50 : catla 20 : rohu 15 : mrigal 15) fed exclusively with vegetable leaves are reported. The experiments were conducted with two replicates each in 0.02 ha ponds of Wastewater Aquaculture Division of the Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Rahara during 1991-93. Monoculture of grass carp stocked at 1000/ha demonstrated an average net production of 21.0 kg/ 0.02 ha/8 months (1501 kg/ha/yr). Mixed culture of carps stocked at 5000 /ha recorded an average net production of 22.5 kg/0.02 ha/8 months (1903.7 kg/ha/yr). Field studies revealed that water bind weed (Ipomoea aquatica) is the most preferred feed of grass carp amongst vegetable leaves followed by amaranths (Amaranthus gangeticus and Amaranthus viridis), cauliflower (Brassica oleracia var. votrytis) and cabbage (Brassica oleracia var. capitata) leaves. Through selection of highly productive leaf vegetables and suitable crop planning on fallow fish pond dykes, round the year feeding programme of grass carp has been explored. Recycling of sewage effluent for vegetable production and utilisation of vegetable leaves for fish production is considered an ideal way of integrated resource management for low cost production.

A Preliminary survey of 21 Ceylon lakes. 3. Parasites and predators, food of fish, and marginal fauna

Three nematodes, two acanthocephalans and three cestodes were collected by dissecting 15 species of fish. Of these parasites only Hedruris sp. a larval nematode is responsible directly for the death of fish, since it is found in predatory species a reduction of these might prove of considerable consequence to fish, production. Bothriocephalus gowleonensis, a cestode probably introduced from China with Chinese carp, was recorded in an indigenous carp Puntius sarana. This parasite causes heavy mortality in grass carp in China and is a potential danger to local species. A single crustacean parasite was recorded. It is likely that they are widespread. No protozoa were recorded but there can be little doubt that they occur in local freshwater species and may be of considerable importance in fisheries. Several predators (insects, fish and other vertebrates) were recorded and are doubtless of considerable importance. However, the role of parasites and of predators (especially fishes) in relation to the productivity of fisheries can hardly be assessed at present and needs further study. A study of the fauna found at the shallow edges of 21 irrigation reservoirs showed an abundance of fauna in the low-country reservoirs whilst the up-country reservoirs had a poor fauna. The fauna showed insects, crustacea and mollusca in this order of abundance. The presence of insect and molluscs feeding fish in our fauna shows that these rich sources of food are being utilised.

The fisheries resources of Lake Nakivali

Lake Nakivali is one of the four small lakes that form what is known as the koki lake sysyem. It is 14km long,6km wide.26km sqaured in area and has maximum depth of 3.5m at high water level. The lake is located in lake-swamp complex with river Rwizi as the principle inflow, and a number of peripheral lakes among which are four major ones,i.e Lake Nakivali, Mburo, Kachira and Kijanebalola. Lake Nakivali is a controlled lake with four official landing sites, namely: Kikusi, Kahirimbi, Kashojwa and Rukinga. The latter three are located within a Refugee settlement whereas Kikusi is outside. The Nakivali Refugee settlement initially established for Rwandese of Tutsi origin in 1963, now has at least seven nationalities which include people from Rwanda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Somalia, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya and Eritrea. By the end of 2006, the lake’s hinterland of about 378 km squared contained 43,448 people of whom 22,448 were refugees. This large population has had stressful impacts on both land and lake resources to the extent that now there is an apparent overfishing on the lake.

Induced spawning of two major species of Chinese carps, Ctenopharyngodon idellus and Aristychthys nobilis in Sri Lanka

Induced spawning of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and bighead carp (Aristychthys nobilis) was carried out successfully in Sri Lanka for the first time in 1977 and 1978, respectively. This article describes the techniques involved in induced spawning in Sri Lanka at the Freshwater Fish Breeding and Experimental Station in Udawalawa.

A report on frame and catch assessment surveys on Lake Nakuwa, Lake Kyoga Basin, Uganda

Lake Nakuwa is one of the large lakes among the Kyoga drainage system lakes, located 132 km north east Off Jinja town, at 01° 091N 33° 21 1 E, an elevation 1037 m, surface area of 200 km2 and an average depth of 3.3 m. The lake is shared by the districts of Kamuli, Pallisa and the newly created district of Kaliro. howerever 80% of the landing sites are in Kaliro and less than 20% are shared between the districts of Kamuli and Pallisa. The lake is free of submerged and floating macrophytes, with lots of floating papyrus (sudds). Papyrus, hippo grass and reeds dominate the shoreline vegetation. Lake Nakuwa like the main lake Kyoga was stocked with the Nile perch and the tilapiine species namely Oreochromis niloticus, Oreochromis leucostictus and Tilapia zillii in the general stocking exercise of small lakes alild dams in the early 1970's.

Polyculture of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, de Man with carps: effects of prawn stocking density

Effects of three stocking densities, viz., 35, 50 and 65/decimal (1 decimal = 40.48 m2) of juvenile freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) on prawn and fish production were tested in a polycuture system with silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), catla (Catla catla), Grass carp (Ctenophmyngodon idella) and silver barb (Barbodes gonionotus). The fish stocking density was 19/decimal with the species combination of silver carp-10, catlac-6, grass carp-1 and silver barb-2. In a 8-month culture period, the prawn yield 423 ± 144 kg/ha was significantly lower (P< 0.5) with the prawn stocking density of 35/decimal than that of 548 ± 178 kg/ha and 662 ± 243 kg/ha with 50 and 65/decimal respectively. The fish production (1844-1891 kg/ha) did not differ significantly (p <0.05) among the three treatments indicating that prawn stocking densities had no influence on fish yield. The lower mean harvest weight (62 g) and survival rate (67 g) and higher yield (2.67 kg/decimal) with the highest stocking rate of prawn reveals that as density was increased, prawn survival and individual weight at harvest decreased but total yield increased.

Culture potentials of bata, Labeo bata under semi-intensive management system

Small indigenous fish species (SIS) provide food, nutrition, subsistence and supplemental income to a great majority of the people particularly the poor and disadvantaged people of Bangladesh. To date nobody explored the possibilities of culturing these species in combination with the indigenous major carps viz. catla, Catla catla; rohu, Labeo rohita, and mrigal Cirrhinus cirrhosus and grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus. An experiment on the polyculture of carps with a popular SIS, bata (Labeo bata) was carried out to evaluate the production performance of carp-SIS culture in on-farm condition during 15 March to 15 September 2003. Three treatments each having three replications with different stocking densities of bata were tested keeping the carp species combination and stocking density similar in all the treatments viz. treatment 1 (T1), bata (5,000/ha) + catla, rohu and mrigal (5,000/ha at the ratio of 1:1:1) + grass carp (250/ha); treatment 2 (T2), bata (7,500/ha) + catla, rohu and mrigal (5,000/ha at the ratio of 1:1:1) + grass carp (250/ha); and treatment 3 (T3), bata (1 0,000/ha) + catla, rohu and mrigal (5,000/ha at the ratio of 1:1:1) + grass carp (250/ha). After six months rearing, the production obtained were 2,466±77, 2,395±85 and 2,074±72 kg/ha from T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The highest production was obtained from T1, where the stocking density of bata was the minimum (5,000/ha) while the lowest production was obtained from T1 [sic], where the stocking density of bata was maximum (10,000/ha). Significant difference (P<0.05) exists in the production levels as obtained from different treatments. The contribution of bata to total production was 10.31%, 13.96% and 14.38% in case of T1, T2 and T3, respectively.

On farm trial of Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI) evolved two aquaculture technologies

Two BFRI evolved aquaculture technologies - integrated rice fish farming and carp polyculture with over-wintered fingerlings under different stocking densities were tested during 2003-04. The study was coordinated with two local NGOs namely NICHAITA and JNDP, Muktagacha, Mymensingh. Integrated rice fish farming technology was demonstrated in 9 plots each having an area between 60-100 dec. during boro season. Fifteen days after transplantation of rice seedlings, fingerlings of rajpunti (Barbodes gonionotus) of 7-10 g of individual weight were stocked in the rice fields at the density of 3,000 (T1), 3,750 (T2) and 4,500/ha (T3). The corresponding final weight of fish after three and half months in treatments 1, 2 and 3 were 110±14.21, 101±16.55 and 86±22.28 g, respectively. The mean weight of fish in treatments 1 and 2 was significantly higher than treatment 3. Fish production obtained from treatments 1, 2 and 3 were 218.16±18.29, 239.70±25.11 and 236±24.66 kg/ha, respectively. On-farm demonstrations of carp polyculture using over-wintered fingerlings rohu (25-28 g), catla (24-26 g), mrigal (21-26 g) and grass carp (20-24 g) under different stocking densities were undertaken in nine earthen ponds (1,200-1,600 square meters) for a period of six months at three different stocking densities. The stocking densities of treatment 1 (T1), treatment 2 (T2) and treatment 3 (T3) were 2,000, 3,000 and 4,000/ha, respectively. Fish were fed with rice bran and mustard oil cake (3:1). Soft green grass and banana leaves were provided mainly for grass carp. At harvest, the production obtained in treatments 1, 2 and 3 were 2,325±74.75, 2,620±49.66 and 2,982± 171.52 kg/ha, respectively. The results demonstrated higher growth of fish in treatment 1 than those of treatments 2 and 3. However, treatment 3 contributed relatively higher production than those of treatments 1 and 2, whereas, highest net benefit was received from treatment 2.

Shifting rice farming to fish culture in some selected areas of Mymensingh, Bangladesh: the process, conflicts and impacts

The evolutionary process of converting low-lying paddy fields into fish farms and its impact on agrarian communities in some selected areas of Mymensingh district were studied. This study was conducted through participatory rural appraisal (PRA) covering 12 villages from each of selected upazillas viz. Fulpur and Haluaghat of Mymensing [sic] district. A total of 12 PRA sessions were conducted where 90 farmers participated during 29 July to 26 August 2004. It is seen that the use of low-lying paddy fields was mostly confined to Broadcast Aman (B. Aman) rice production until 1960s. With the introduction of modern rice farming technology, the farmers started to produce Boro rice in Rabi season and B. Aman rice in Kharif season. With the passage of time, aquaculture technologies have been evolved and the farmers realized that fish farming is more profitable than rice cultivation, and then they started to utilize their paddy fields for alternate rice-fish farming and rice-cum-fish farming. Now a days, aquaculture based crop production system is in practice in more than 25% of the low-lying paddy fields. Conversion of rice fields in to fish ponds has brought up a change in the livelihood patterns of the rural farmers. The areas where the farmers involved themselves in the new production systems were fingerling collection, transportation and marketing of fry and fingerlings. During 1960s to 1970s, a few people used to culture fish in the permanent ponds for their own consumption, the species produced were rohu, catla, mrigal, ghainna, long whiskered catfish, freshwater shark (boal), snake head (shol) etc. Small fishes like climbing perch, stinging catfish, walking catfish, barb, minnows etc. were available in the rice fields during monsoon season. In 1980s to mid 1990s, some rice fields were converted into fish ponds and the people started to produce fish for commercial purposes. When rice-fish farming became profitable, a large number of people started converting their rice fields in to rice-fish culture ponds. Culture of some exotic fishes like silver carp, tilapia, grass carp, silver barb etc. also started in the paddy fields. Higher income from fish farming contributed positively in improving the housing, sanitation and education system in the study areas. It is seen that the medium and medium high lands were only used for alternate rice fish farming. The net income was high in any fish based cropping system that motivated the farmers to introduce fish based cropping system in the low-lying inland areas. As a result, the regional as well as communal income disparities occurred. However, the extraction of ground water became common during the dry period as the water was used for both rice and fish farming. Mass conversion of paddy fields into rice-fish culture ponds caused water logging in the study areas. In most cases, the participated farmers mentioned that they could be easily benefited by producing fish with T. Aman or only fish during the monsoon season. They agreed that this was an impressive technology to them and they could generate employment opportunities throughout the year. Finally, the social, economic and technical problems which are acting as constraints to rapid expansion of fish production system were reported from the interviewee.