Keeping Promises : Implementing the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity into EU's Internal Policies

Irrespective of the diverse stances taken on the UNESCO Convention’s bearing in the external relations context, since its wording is fairly open-ended, it is clear to all observers that the Convention’s impact will largely depend on how it is implemented. The discussion on the domestic implementation of the Convention, both in the political and in the academic discourses, is only just emerging. The implementation model of the EU and its Member States could set an important example for the international community and for the other State Parties that ratified the UNESCO Convention, as the EU and the Member States acting individually, played a critical role in the approval of the Convention, and in the longer process of promoting cultural concerns on the international scene. Against this background, it is the objective of the present article to analyse in how far EU’s internal policies are taking account of the spirit and letter of the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity, to critically assess these policies and make some recommendations for adjustment.

Implementing the UNESCO Convention in EU's Internal Policies

This briefing note was prepared by invitation from the European Parliament's Committee on Culture and Education. It provides an analysis of how the existent EU internal policies reflect the spirit and the letter of the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity. The note suggests further ideas on how the EU may calibrate current practices and explores in a forward-looking manner the possibilities for the Convention’s implementation in future internal policies, understood both as hard and soft EU legal instruments. Particular attention in this query is paid to digital media and their regulatory implications.

Business as Usual? : An Appraisal of the Implementation of the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity into EU’s Media Law and Policies

Irrespective of the diverse stances taken on the effect of the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity in the external relations context, since its wording is fairly open-ended, it is clear to all observers that the Convention’s impact will largely depend on how it is implemented domestically. The discussion on the national implementation of the Convention, both in the policy and in the academic discourses, is only just emerging. The implementation model of the EU could set an important example for the international community and for the other State Parties that have ratified the UNESCO Convention, as both the EU and its Member States acting individually, have played a critical role in the adoption of the Convention, as well as in the longer process of promoting cultural concerns on the international scene. Against this backdrop, this article analyses the extent to which the EU internal law and policies, in particular in the key area of media, take into account the spirit and the letter of the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity. The article seeks to critically evaluate the present state of affairs and make some recommendations for calibration of future policies.

Business as Usual? : The Implementation of the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity and EU Media Law and Policies

Irrespective of the diverse stances taken on the effect of the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity in the external relations context, since its wording is fairly open-ended, it is clear to all observers that the Convention’s impact will largely depend on how it is implemented domestically. The discussion on the national implementation of the Convention, both in the policy and in the academic discourses, is only just emerging, although six years the Convention’s entry into force have passed. The implementation model of the EU can set an important example for the international community and for the other State Parties that have ratified the UNESCO Convention, as both the EU and its Member States acting individually, have played a critical role in the adoption of the Convention, as well as in the longer process of promoting cultural concerns on the international scene. Against this backdrop, this article analyses the extent to which the EU internal law and policies, in particular in the key area of media, take into account the spirit and the letter of the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity. Next to an assessment of the EU’s implementation of the Convention, the article also offers remarks of normative character – in the sense of what should be done to actually attain the objective of protecting and promoting cultural diversity. The article seeks to critically evaluate the present state of affairs and make some recommendations for calibration of future policies.

Later Wittgenstein's Anti-Philosophical Therapy

The object of this essay is to discuss Ludwig Wittgenstein's remarks in Philosophical Investigations and elsewhere in the posthumously published writings concerning the role of therapy in relation to philosophy. Wittgenstein's reflections seem to suggest that there is a kind of philosophy or mode of investigation targeting the philosophical grammar of language uses that gratuitously give rise to philosophical problems, and produce in many thinkers philosophical anxieties for which the proper therapy is intended to offer relief. Two possible objectives of later Wittgensteinian therapy are proposed, for subjective psychological versus objective semantic symptoms of ailments that a therapy might address for the sake of relieving philosophical anxieties. The psychological in its most plausible form is rejected, leaving only the semantic. Semantic therapy in the sense defined and developed is more general and long-lasting, and more in the spirit of Wittgenstein's project on a variety of levels. A semantic approach treats language rather than the thinking, language-using subject as the patient needing therapy, and directs its attention to the treatment of problems in language and the conceptual framework a language game use expresses in its philosophical grammar, rather than to soothing unhappy or socially ill-adjusted individual psychologies.

Algebra of Classical Theoretical Term Reductions in the Sciences

An elementary algebra identifies conceptual and corresponding applicational limitations in John Kemeny and Paul Oppenheim’s (K-O) 1956 model of theoretical reduction in the sciences. The K-O model was once widely accepted, at least in spirit, but seems afterward to have been discredited, or in any event superceeded. Today, the K-O reduction model is seldom mentioned, except to clarify when a reduction in the Kemeny-Oppenheim sense is not intended. The present essay takes a fresh look at the basic mathematics of K-O comparative vocabulary theoretical term reductions, from historical and philosophical standpoints, as a contribution to the history of the philosophy of science. The K-O theoretical reduction model qualifies a theory replacement as a successful reduction when preconditions of explanatory adequacy and comparable systematicization are met, and there occur fewer numbers of theoretical terms identified as replicable syntax types in the most economical statement of a theory’s putative propositional truths, as compared with the theoretical term count for the theory it replaces. The challenge to the historical model developed here, to help explain its scope and limitations, involves the potential for equivocal theoretical meanings of multiple theoretical term tokens of the same syntactical type.

Eyetracking im Sport

Die Analyse des Blickverhaltens rückt in den letzten Jahren zunehmend ins sportwissenschaftliche Interesse. Bis jetzt verhindert jedoch das Fehlen einer geeigneten Messtechnik den breiten Einsatz in der Sportpraxis. Daher entwickelt ein Forschungsteam am Institute for Human Centered Engineering HuCE der Berner Fachhochschule zusammen mit dem Institut für Sportwissenschaft ISPW der Universität Bern einen sporttauglichen Eyetracker.

Japanizität aus dem Geist der europäischen Romantik. Der interkulturelle Vermittler Mori Ogai und die Reorganisierung des japanischen ‚Selbstbildes‘ in der Weltgesellschaft um 1900

Seit der Öffnung des Landes in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts bewegte sich Japan rasant auf dem Weg zur industrialisierten Weltmacht. Das dort seit den 1890er Jahren durch Mori Ogai aus Europa ›eingeführte‹ romantische Syndrom jedoch verzauberte insbesondere die jungen Intellektuellen und trieb sie zur Suche nach der japanischen kulturellen Identität an. Ziel war es, nach innen die gesamte Bevölkerung zu integrieren und nach außen das Land vom »Westen« unterscheidbar zu machen – und zwar paradoxerweise im Geist der europäischen Romantik. Takemitsu Morikawa geht diesen bemerkenswerten Entwicklungen auf den Grund und zeichnet die Entstehung und die Kanonisierung des vermeintlichen Selbstbildes des modernen Japan nach.

MO visualization of Pi Orbitals

In the spirit of trying to convert people to understanding atomic orbitals centered elsewhere than the origin, we continue the discussion of visualizing molecular orbitals, so called LCAO-MO, using various plotting tricks in Maple.

Productivity and Market Integration in American Communal Dairying, 1830-1875

In our late twentieth century experience, survival of an economy seems critically dependent on well established rights to private property and a return to labor that rewards greater effort. But that need not be so. History provides examples of micro-socialist economies that internally, at least, allow for little private property for participants and a constant return to labor that is independent of effort. Some such economies may even be termed 'successful,' if success is taken to mean survival over several generations. If these communities survived without conditions that are generally thought to be necessary for success, a question worth asking is how this occurred, for we can then shed some light on what really is necessary for economic survival. Addressing this issue emphasizes the critical role of time, for even if the microsocialist economies that we study here eventually became the merest shadow of their former selves, the fact that they did flourish for so long makes them a valuable counterexample, and hence, a phenomenon in need of explanation. We consider here the dairy industry of the Shakers, which was characterized by intensive efforts to increase productivity, in part through the use of market signals, but efforts that were also limited by the ideological goals of the community. The Shakers were (and are, but since it is the historical Shakers that concern this paper, the past tense will be used) a Christian communal group. Some of their distinctive beliefs included the existence of a male and female Godhead, from which followed sexual equality, and active communication between Believers (a Shaker term for members of the sect) and denizens of the spirit world. Practices of the Society (their official name is the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, the second appearing being in the body of their foundress, an illiterate Englishwoman named Ann Lee) included pacifism, celibacy, confession of sins to elders, and joint or communal ownership of the Society's assets. Each Shaker received the same return for his or her labor: room, board, clothing, and the experience of divine proximity in a community of like minded Believers (Stein 1992).

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 642 - "Materialien. Druckseiten aus Zeitschriften", "Menschen im Großbetrieb" und "Vorwort zu: 'Zeugnisse. Theodor W. Adorno zum 60. Geburtstag'" (p. IX 20.11-76-IX 22)

11. Salomon, Albert: "The Spirit of the Soldier and Nazi Militarism". Social Research, Februar 1942, 13 Blatt; 12. Dicks, H.V.: "The Psychological Foundations of the Wehrmacht". Als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 42 Blatt; 13. Clark, Robert A.: "Aggressivness and Military Training". American Journal of Sociology, Volume 51, Number 5, March 1946, 5 Blatt; 14. Stagner, Ross: "Fascist Attitudes: Their Determening Conditions". The Journal of Social Psychology, Volume III, Number 4, 1936, 9 Blatt; 15. Apple, Kenneth E.: "Nationalism and Souvereignity: A Psychiatric View." The Journal of Normal and Abnorma Psychology, Volume 40, Number 4, October 1945, 4 Blatt; 16. Schreier, Fritz: "German Aggressivness- Its Reasons and Types". Journal of Normal and Abnormal Psychology, Volume 38, Number 2, April 1943, 7 Blatt; 17. Stagner, Ross: "Fascist Attitudes: An Exploratory Study". The Journal of Social Psychology, Volume III, Number 3, 1936, 6 Blatt; 18. Stagner, Ross und Katzoff, E. T.: "Fascist Attitudes: Factor Analysis of Item Correlations". The Journal of Social Psychology, 16, 1942, 4 Blatt; 19. Stagner, Ross und Osgood, Charles E.: "Impact of War on a Nationalistic Frame of Reference". The Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 1946, 15 Blatt; 20. Day, Daniel Droba und Quackenbusch, O.F.: Attitudes Towards Defensive, Cooperative and Aggressive War". The Journal of Social Psychology, 16, 1942, 5 Blatt; 21. Kecskemeti, Paul und Leites, Nathan: "Some Psychological Hypotheses on Nazi Germany: I". The Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 1947, 22 Blatt; 22. Dieselben: "Some Psychological Hypotheses on Nazi Germany: II". Ebenda, 27, 1948, 14 Blatt; 23. Parsons, Tollcott: "Certain Primary Sources and Pattersens of Aggression in the Social Structure of the Western World". Psychiatry, Volume 10, Number 2, May 1047, 8 Blatt; 24. Zerner, Elizabeth H.: "German Occupation and Anti-Semitism in France". Public Opinion Quarterly, Summer 1948, 5 Blatt; 25. Hauser, Ernest O.: "Doctor [Julian] Huxley`s Wonderful Zoo". The Saturday Evening Post, ohne Datum, 5 Blatt; 26. Zeitungsabschnitt, 1 Blatt; "Menschen im Großbetrieb" (GS 8, S. 95-105); Veröffentlicht in: Deutsche Zeitung, 19.02.1955. a) Typoskript mit dem Titel "Meinungsforschung im Betrieb" mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 10 Blatt b) Typoskript mit dem Titel "Der Mensch im Großbetrieb", mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen und einer handschriftlichen Notiz von Theodor W. Adorno, 17 Blatt c) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 17 Blatt d) Zeitungsdruck mit dem Titel "Menschen im Großbetrieb", mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 1 Blatt e)-f) Dasselbe , 1 Blatt; "Vorwort" zu: "Zeugnisse. Theodor W. Adorno zum 60. Geburtstag"; Veröffentlicht: Ebenda, Frankfurt am Main, 1963. a)-b) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 1 Blatt c) Typoskript, 2 Blatt;

Evaluation of therapist and client language in Motivational Interviewing (MI) sessions: A secondary analysis of data from the Southern Methodist Alcohol Research Trial (SMART) study

In the United States, “binge” drinking among college students is an emerging public health concern due to the significant physical and psychological effects on young adults. The focus is on identifying interventions that can help decrease high-risk drinking behavior among this group of drinkers. One such intervention is Motivational interviewing (MI), a client-centered therapy that aims at resolving client ambivalence by developing discrepancy and engaging the client in change talk. Of late, there is a growing interest in determining the active ingredients that influence the alliance between the therapist and the client. This study is a secondary analysis of the data obtained from the Southern Methodist Alcohol Research Trial (SMART) project, a dismantling trial of MI and feedback among heavy drinking college students. The present project examines the relationship between therapist and client language in MI sessions on a sample of “binge” drinking college students. Of the 126 SMART tapes, 30 tapes (‘MI with feedback’ group = 15, ‘MI only’ group = 15) were randomly selected for this study. MISC 2.1, a mutually exclusive and exhaustive coding system, was used to code the audio/videotaped MI sessions. Therapist and client language were analyzed for communication characteristics. Overall, therapists adopted a MI consistent style and clients were found to engage in change talk. Counselor acceptance, empathy, spirit, and complex reflections were all significantly related to client change talk (p-values ranged from 0.001 to 0.047). Additionally, therapist ‘advice without permission’ and MI Inconsistent therapist behaviors were strongly correlated with client sustain talk (p-values ranged from 0.006 to 0.048). Simple linear regression models showed a significant correlation between MI consistent (MICO) therapist language (independent variable) and change talk (dependent variable) and MI inconsistent (MIIN) therapist language (independent variable) and sustain talk (dependent variable). The study has several limitations such as small sample size, self-selection bias, poor inter-rater reliability for the global scales and the lack of a temporal measure of therapist and client language. Future studies might consider a larger sample size to obtain more statistical power. In addition the correlation between therapist language, client language and drinking outcome needs to be explored.^

Policy implications of public health workforce development for disaster preparedness in the United States

Public health efforts were initiated in the United States with legislative actions for enhancing food safety and ensuring pure drinking water. Some additional policy initiatives during the early 20th century helped organize and coordinate relief efforts for victims of natural disasters. By 1950's the federal government expanded its role for providing better health and safety to the communities, and its disaster relief activities became more structured. A rise in terrorism related incidents during the late 1990's prompted new proactive policy directions. The traditional policy and program efforts for rescue, recovery, and relief measures changed focus to include disaster preparedness and countermeasures against terrorism.^ The study took a holistic approach by analyzing all major disaster related policies and programs, in regard to their structure, process, and outcome. Study determined that United States has a strong disaster preparedness agenda and appropriate programs are in place with adequate policy support, and the country is prepared to meet all possible security challenges that may arise in the future. The man-made disaster of September 11th gave a major thrust to improve security and enhance preparedness of the country. These new efforts required large additional funding from the federal government. Most existing preparedness programs at the local and national levels are run with federal funds which is insufficient in some cases. This discrepancy arises from the fact that federal funding for disaster preparedness programs at present are not allocated by the level of risks to individual states or according to the risks that can be assigned to critical infrastructures across the country. However, the increased role of the federal government in public health affairs of the states is unusual, and opposed to the spirit of our constitution where sovereignty is equally divided between the federal government and the states. There is also shortage of manpower in public health to engage in disaster preparedness activities, despite some remarkable progress following the September 11th disaster.^ Study found that there was a significant improvement in knowledge and limited number of studies showed improvement of skills, increase in confidence and improvement in message-mapping. Among healthcare and allied healthcare professionals, short-term training on disaster preparedness increased knowledge and improved personal protective equipment use with some limited improvement in confidence and skills. However, due to the heterogeneity of these studies, the results and interpretation of this systematic review may be interpreted with caution.^

Editoriall: A Holistic View of Family Preservation Services

One of the hallmarks of family preservation services is that they are holistic and attend to multiple dimensions of family life. In that spirit, this issue of the Family Preservation Journal provides a holistic view of these services, by offering research from the perspective of children, parents, caseworkers, and students of social work. These articles focus on the effectiveness of services, parents' perceptions of services, and the knowledge, attitudes and behavior of child welfare caseworkers. There should be something here for everyone who serves children and their families.