Inclusão social de uma criança com necessidades educativas especiais num jardim-de-infância: O contributo dos pares

Este relatório reflete o trabalho desenvolvido no estágio de creche e de jardim-de-infância, de modo a concluir o Mestrado em Educação Pré-Escolar. Numa primeira fase é feita a caraterização dos contextos socioeducativos e a sua influência na minha intervenção. Através de uma análise reflexiva sobre as intenções para a ação pedagógica, identifiquei um aspeto que considerei mais significativo, a inclusão de uma criança com necessidades educativas especiais (NEE), que decidi estudar mais aprofundadamente. O meu estudo centra-se nas atitudes e opiniões dos pares ao terem uma criança com NEE no grupo. Assim, no jardim-de-infância apliquei um teste sociométrico em abril, e após um momento de intervenção que privilegiou a inclusão social da criança com NEE no grupo, apliquei novamente o mesmo teste sociométrico em julho. Desde modo, foi possível perceber e analisar as alterações nas dinâmicas sociais do grupo.

Impacto en la calidad de vida laboral de los empleados de los programas de responsabilidad social empresarial

El interés de este trabajo, es tener la oportunidad de conocer como las organizaciones desarrollan sus programas de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial con sus empleados como grupo de interés, donde se pudo concluir que las acciones y estrategias encaminadas al desarrollo del talento humano en su vida personal, familiar y social siguen siendo actividades de cumplimiento de tipo legal que luego son presentadas como resultados de una supuesta Responsabilidad Social. Con el fin de Identificar cuál es el impacto de los programas de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial en los empleados como grupo de interés, se aplicará, el método deductivo con enfoque aplicativo de las fuentes secundarias disponibles con las que se aclararán los conceptos básicos y necesarios para familiarizarnos con el tema de estudio, además de conocer los programas de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial de tres empresas con reconocimiento y trayectoria en su gestión de la responsabilidad social empresarial: dos del sector alimentos y una del sector financiero, de esta forma se podrán identificar las actividades, procesos y aspectos prioritarios para el desarrollo y cumplimiento del objetivo general del proyecto que es determinar el impacto de los programas de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial en la calidad de vida laboral de los empleados. Encontramos en las empresas objeto de estudio que tienen un alto compromiso con la sostenibilidad de sus organizaciones y que para definir el direccionamiento estratégico han tenido en cuenta estándares internacionales en materia de sostenibilidad como son los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Mileno (ODM), donde en éste puntualmente desarrollan a través de la innovación acciones específicas a uno de los objetivos del milenio que es garantizar la sostenibilidad del medio ambiente, los compromisos del Pacto Global de las Naciones Unidas, los cuales aplican a través de los principios de conducta y acción en materia de derechos humanos, trabajo, medio ambiente y lucha contra la corrupción, los compromisos de la Conferencia de Naciones Unidas sobre Desarrollo Sostenible (Río+20), la Guía ISO 26000 quien da los lineamientos para la responsabilidad social, el estándar del Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), que orienta frente a los 54 indicadores centrales y están organizadas en tres dimensiones: ambiental, financiera y social, con esta información son empresas que trabajan para ser socialmente responsables con sus grupos de interés, pero con el grupo específico de empleados que es el impacto que se pretendía identificar, encontramos que hacen actividades y estrategias con un nivel superior en la gestión que dan cumplimiento a los emitidos por la GRI. Es importante reconocer la participación que estas empresas dan a los empleados en la construcción de las acciones de bienestar laboral, familiar y social que impactan directamente en el logro de los objetivos organizacionales al tener personal motivado en trabajo que aportan desde su acción a la sostenibilidad y permanencia de la organización.

The trajectory of social housing policy in Brazil: From the National Housing Bank to the Ministry of the Cities

This paper discusses social housing policy in Brazil since the 1990s by analyzing government programs’ institutional arrangements, their sources of revenues and the formatting of related financial systems. The conclusion suggests that all these arrangements have not constituted a comprehensive housing policy with the clear aim of serving to enhance housing conditions in the country. Housing ‘policies’ since the 1990s – as proposed by Fernando Collor de Mello, Itamar Franco, Fernando Henrique Cardoso and ´ Luis Inacio Lula da Silva’s governments (in the latter case, despite much progress towards subsidized investment programs) – have sought to consolidate financial instruments in line with global markets, restructuring the way private interests operate within the system, a necessary however incomplete course of action. Different from rhetoric, this has resulted in failure as the more fundamental social results for the poor have not yet been achieved.

A social and gender analysis of Northern Province, Zambia: Qualitative evidence that supports the use of a gender transformative approach

A qualitative social and gender analysis was carried out in June 2015 in Luwingu and Mbala Districts in Northern Province, Zambia. The research explored the norms and power relations at various institutional levels that constrain certain social groups from benefiting from programmatic investments aimed at improving livelihoods, health status, and food and nutrition security within the Irish Aid Local Development Programme (IALDP). This technical paper provides a summary of the research findings, lessons learned and suggests options for action the IALDP could consider to help bring about gender transformative change in the lives and livelihoods of poor and vulnerable people.

Analyse descriptive de deux filiales de service social : Roberval et Dolbeau

Il s'agit de la présentation de la description de deux filiales de service social dont l'une héritait d'orientations traditionnelles et l'autre débutait selon l'esprit de la loi des Services de Santé et des Services Sociaux. Ce travail se situe au niveau d'une action précise dans le domaine du service social. La première partie sera consacrée à une critique sommaire des objectifs et du fonctionnement de l'agence de Service Social du Diocèse de Chicoutimi des années 1970-72. Je retiendrai trois principes, soit l'accessibilité des services, la participation de la population et la flexibilité des interventions qui nous guideront dans l'orientation d'une filiale à Dolbeau. La deuxième partie consistera en une description comparative des objectifs et du fonctionnement entre deux filiales, soit celle de Roberval, modèle de la filiale traditionnelle en évolution et la nouvelle filiale, celle de Dolbeau, ouverte au début de l'année 1972, et orientée selon l'esprit de la nouvelle loi des Services de Santé et des Services Sociaux. Cette étude comparative nous permettra d'élaborer des hypothèses d'évaluation d'objectifs, de personnel et de rendement pour les deux filiales concernées, et c'est ce qui complétera le présent travail dans la troisième partie. [...]

Étude théorique des principaux modèles de la pratique du service social personnel

Le service social d'aujourd'hui est confronté à de nouvelles réalités. Nous devons faire face quotidiennement à de nouvelles valeurs qui se heurtent à notre fonctionnement individuel et social. Il faut en arriver à pouvoir composer avec ces nouveaux éléments. Citons par exemple le rôle de la femme qui prend de plus en plus d'importance dans la structure sociale, les étudiants, les travailleurs et les assistés sociaux qui revendiquent leurs droits par des moyens de pressions de plus en plus convaincants, le couple qui ne vit plus exclusivement pour la procréation, l'avortement qui fait l'objet de prises de positions très controversées et enfin le système dans son entier qui est remis en question par certains. Le service social personnel qui agit à un niveau individuel d'intervention se doit de faire face à ces nouvelles réalités et de découvrir des méthodes de travail qui conviennent à cette situation. C'est dans ce contexte que nous entreprenons cette étude. Au Québec, le service social, comme la plupart des sciences sociales, possède un passé qui date de moins d'un siècle. Et dans ces différents domaines comme dans d'autres, nous subissons l'influence de nos voisins du sud. Depuis quelques années, on a tendance à identifier globalement le service social personnel à deux types d'approches: une première communément appelée l'approche traditionnelle à long terme et la seconde appelée l'approche court terme. Ces deux méthodes d'intervention constituaient le guide de référence de ce qu'on appelait le casework. Celui-ci est identifié au Québec par divers termes, soient ceux d'intervention clinique, d'intervention sociale individuelle ou encore de service social personnel. Ces différentes terminologies désignent l'activité du service social auprès des individus et des petits groupes. Si l'on considère le domaine de l'intervention clinique d'une façon plus approfondie, on constate que depuis quelques années, sous l'influence des sciences du comportement et des sciences sociales ainsi qu'à partir de l'expérience de la pratique du service social personnel, se sont développés de nouveaux modèles de pratique. Nous constatons que ces modèles sont peu connus au Québec. Les milieux universitaires commencent à s'y intéresser et les milieux de la pratique en subiront l'influence dans quelques années. Nous croyons qu'un approfondissement de ces modèles pourra vraisemblablement améliorer les méthodes d'action et par conséquent la qualité des services rendus s'y verra peut-être augmentée. Cette étude découle d'un besoin d'explorer le champ des connaissances de l'intervention clinique. Cette exploration pourra conséquemment être utile à ceux qui voudront bien s'en servir. Ce besoin d'améliorer l'état de nos connaissances en service social personnel ressort de certaines observations qui démontrent que plusieurs approches en intervention clinique sont peu connues. Afin de clarifier et d'améliorer notre connaissance théorique des modèles d'intervention clinique, nous procéderons à l'exploration de neuf de ceux-ci. Pour orienter notre observation, nous partirons de variables que nous définirons ultérieurement. Ces variables vont nous guider dans la cueillette des données et dans la présentation de modèles. Avant de présenter systématiquement les modèles, il y aura un chapitre sur la position du problème et un second sur la méthodologie employée. La partie centrale qui traite des approches sera suivie d'une étude comparative.

O processo de organização social do Grupo Herança Viva de Chapecó-SC e suas estratégias de ação conjunta

The consequences resulting from economic modernization model generated social and environmental imbalances, resulting in the exclusion and social isolation, perceived consequences in the agricultural sector. When studying social organizations, tends to see how they keep their forward cooperation processes all a company incorporated by the appreciation of individualism and competition. The overall objective for this research was to analyze the organizational dynamics of Agroecology Group Heritage Viva Chapecó, Santa Catarina, in order to identify the strengths and threats and collaborate in this way for preparation of action strategies for sustainability. The selected group is based on the principles of agroecology for the conduct of their agricultural production systems, avoiding the use of agrochemicals, proven through the use of participatory certification seal Ecovida Network, and the products sold mainly in street fairs in the city of chapecó. To fulfill such a proposal were consulted the minutes of meetings and questionnaires with farmers to assess the dynamics of cooperation among its members, through the understanding of their social capital and social network analysis (SNA). To extend the study of the group and its members was adopted methodological approach of action research where activities were developed to identify strengths and weaknesses and contribute to its organizational restructuring, resulting in the construction, carried out by farmers, the guiding principles of the Living Heritage Group will contribute to the decision-making and strengthen their identity. The survey also brought the group is inserted in the Social Transition Agroecology therefore change the current paradigm is not inserted only in the alternative model of production, but in the form of organization of social actors and their role in the marketing process of their products, in discussing the scenario of food supply chains.

Los valores éticos en la responsabilidad social corporativa

La significación de responsabilidad social corporativa (RSC) o empresa socialmente responsable (RSE) ha pasado de ser un concepto abstracto y mal entendido, a ser un apellido que otorga prestigio a las empresas que deciden adoptarlo. Las empresas han adoptado y adaptado esta concepción con el objetivo de seguir lucrándose con sus actividades empresariales, pero poseyendo un argumento perfecto para venderse ante una sociedad cada vez mejor educada en temas sociales y medioambientales: ser socialmente responsable o, lo que es lo mismo, buena con el entorno más próximo que le rodea y en el que crece.Se puede afirmar que una empresa es socialmente responsable cuando su modelo de actuación promueve el desarrollo de prácticas transparentes en el foro interno y externo de la empresa, marco de actuación que no solo se limita al área de confort de la organización sino a un saber hacer ético. Los códigos éticos y corporativos deben ser accesibles y comunicados correctamente ante todos los públicos de una empresa. El objetivo de este estudio se centra en analizar la relación existente entre la Ética y la RSC, ya que ambas deben ser inseparables en la construcción del eje transversal que recorre la estrategia organizacional. Se desarrolla una metodología de tipo cualitativo, justificado por el enfoque conceptual-teórico desde el punto de vista social, cultural y económico del tema objeto de estudio. 

Los nuevos movimientos sociales, el uso de las TIC y su impacto social

El siguiente trabajo es el resultado una revisión sobre los Nuevos movimientos sociales y el uso de las nuevas tecnologías, vistos a la luz de la filosofía política. Esta reflexión parte de los resultados obtenidos en la tesis doctoral sobre “Nuevos movimientos sociales y uso de las TIC. Estudio de casos” presentada en la Universidad Complutense de Madrid en el doctorado de Comunicación, Cambio Social y Desarrollo. Si bien estos movimientos han existido desde hace mucho tiempo, las nuevas tecnologías digitales permiten la visualización, expansión y divulgación mayor de sus agendas y propuestas. El “saber hacer” de estos nuevos movimientos y su capacidad de transformación social, son expresión de un marco de estrategias diferentes a las propuestas por los grupos tradicionales enmarcados en los partidos políticos. Las metodologías de acción civil requieren de un flujo natural de la información, que los partidos políticos no pueden reproducir. Los recursos simbólicos y las expresiones de sentimientos y emociones, saltan a la palestra del juego social configurando un nuevo lenguaje, una manera distinta de ser. Más allá de la implicaciones mediáticas y políticas, hay un trasfondo en términos de cambio social profundo.

Incomplete information games of conflict and collective action

My thesis consists of three essays that investigate strategic interactions between individuals engaging in risky collective action in uncertain environments. The first essay analyzes a broad class of incomplete information coordination games with a wide range of applications in economics and politics. The second essay draws from the general model developed in the first essay to study decisions by individuals of whether to engage in protest/revolution/coup/strike. The final essay explicitly integrates state response to the analysis. The first essay, Coordination Games with Strategic Delegation of Pivotality, exhaustively analyzes a class of binary action, two-player coordination games in which players receive stochastic payoffs only if both players take a ``stochastic-coordination action''. Players receive conditionally-independent noisy private signals about the normally distributed stochastic payoffs. With this structure, each player can exploit the information contained in the other player's action only when he takes the “pivotalizing action”. This feature has two consequences: (1) When the fear of miscoordination is not too large, in order to utilize the other player's information, each player takes the “pivotalizing action” more often than he would based solely on his private information, and (2) best responses feature both strategic complementarities and strategic substitutes, implying that the game is not supermodular nor a typical global game. This class of games has applications in a wide range of economic and political phenomena, including war and peace, protest/revolution/coup/ strike, interest groups lobbying, international trade, and adoption of a new technology. My second essay, Collective Action with Uncertain Payoffs, studies the decision problem of citizens who must decide whether to submit to the status quo or mount a revolution. If they coordinate, they can overthrow the status quo. Otherwise, the status quo is preserved and participants in a failed revolution are punished. Citizens face two types of uncertainty. (a) non-strategic: they are uncertain about the relative payoffs of the status quo and revolution, (b) strategic: they are uncertain about each other's assessments of the relative payoff. I draw on the existing literature and historical evidence to argue that the uncertainty in the payoffs of status quo and revolution is intrinsic in politics. Several counter-intuitive findings emerge: (1) Better communication between citizens can lower the likelihood of revolution. In fact, when the punishment for failed protest is not too harsh and citizens' private knowledge is accurate, then further communication reduces incentives to revolt. (2) Increasing strategic uncertainty can increase the likelihood of revolution attempts, and even the likelihood of successful revolution. In particular, revolt may be more likely when citizens privately obtain information than when they receive information from a common media source. (3) Two dilemmas arise concerning the intensity and frequency of punishment (repression), and the frequency of protest. Punishment Dilemma 1: harsher punishments may increase the probability that punishment is materialized. That is, as the state increases the punishment for dissent, it might also have to punish more dissidents. It is only when the punishment is sufficiently harsh, that harsher punishment reduces the frequency of its application. Punishment Dilemma 1 leads to Punishment Dilemma 2: the frequencies of repression and protest can be positively or negatively correlated depending on the intensity of repression. My third essay, The Repression Puzzle, investigates the relationship between the intensity of grievances and the likelihood of repression. First, I make the observation that the occurrence of state repression is a puzzle. If repression is to succeed, dissidents should not rebel. If it is to fail, the state should concede in order to save the costs of unsuccessful repression. I then propose an explanation for the “repression puzzle” that hinges on information asymmetries between the state and dissidents about the costs of repression to the state, and hence the likelihood of its application by the state. I present a formal model that combines the insights of grievance-based and political process theories to investigate the consequences of this information asymmetry for the dissidents' contentious actions and for the relationship between the magnitude of grievances (formulated here as the extent of inequality) and the likelihood of repression. The main contribution of the paper is to show that this relationship is non-monotone. That is, as the magnitude of grievances increases, the likelihood of repression might decrease. I investigate the relationship between inequality and the likelihood of repression in all country-years from 1981 to 1999. To mitigate specification problem, I estimate the probability of repression using a generalized additive model with thin-plate splines (GAM-TPS). This technique allows for flexible relationship between inequality, the proxy for the costs of repression and revolutions (income per capita), and the likelihood of repression. The empirical evidence support my prediction that the relationship between the magnitude of grievances and the likelihood of repression is non-monotone.

El derecho y la paz transformadora. El sentido de la estructura social en Talcott Parsons

El funcionalismo estructural de Talcott Parsons propone un sistema de acción que permite el análisis de la estructura social a partir de aspectos como la adaptación, la capacidad para alcanzar metas, la inte­gración y la latencia. En este sentido, se encuentra una serie de subsistemas que permiten que una sociedad funcione. El de­recho es uno de ellos, y cumple una función integradora; además, se convierte en un instrumento para el logro de objetivos so­ciales; se propone el concepto de paz trans­formadora como objetivo (valor cultural) en la estructura social, y el derecho como medio idóneo para lograr la integración de los individuos a la estructura societal. Cabe resaltar que la paz transformadora es un proceso y un fin en sí misma, lo que permite que sea un objetivo de construc­ción participativa.

A representação social do papel de gestores em organizações não governamentais

The discussions concerning the absence of a management model appropriate to the peculiarities of third sector organizations have not been impeditive to their emphasized expansion in the last decades. In the attempt of understanding this phenomenon from the perspective of those who manage social organizations, this work based on the theory of social representations to understand the notion that organization managers of the third sector - based in Fortaleza CE - have of the part that they play and how this notion influences the direction of their activities. Social representations of managers of four different categories of non-governmental organizations have been investigated, each category composed of two unities. The categories researched were: social integration through art and education, prevention and treatment of alcohol and drug abuse, children s health assistance and community action. By using Doise s Societal Approach, the role of social managers translated in intraindividual, interindividual and situational processes of their actions, has been analysed within the social representations, focusing on beliefs, values, symbols and stories that give meaning to the existence of non-governmental organizations. Analysis and discussion of data displayed the existence of diversity in the understanding of managers within their practice, in other words, the management profile is also its own manager s. The branch where an organization acts is also preponderant in the shaping of a management style. It could be deduced, from to the organizations researched, that professional formation and the manager s social insertion mainly, are determinative factors in the outlining of a management model of its own. It was concluded that, due to heterogeneity of interests and action segments, there is no systematic process for social management among organizations. Management styles are supported by their director s own perception of achievement, who model organizations according to their contingencies