半湿润区农田生态系统氮肥对不同基因型冬小麦产量构成的影响

施N对“NR9405”、“9430”、“偃师9号”、“小偃6号”、“陕229”、“西农2208”、“矮丰3号”和“商188”这8种不同基因型冬小麦产量构成影响的田间试验结果表明,单株分蘖成穗数、单位面积粒数和单位面积株数的差异同时受基因和N素营养水平控制。“矮丰3号”和“小偃6号”单株分蘖成穗数最多,分别为2.00分蘖穗/株和1.72分蘖穗/株,“9430”最少,为0.85分蘖穗/株。从不同基因型看,施N比不施N处理增加0.74穗/株,每穗粒数在不同基因型间存在极显著差异,以“西农2208”最多,为36.73粒/穗,“NR9405”最少,为24.35粒/穗,施N对每穗粒数无显著影响。单位面积株数主要受施N影响,基因型间差异相对较小。基因型和施N同时显著影响单位面积粒数和千粒重,但基因型对千粒重的影响程度大于N肥。从2个施N水平看,单位面积籽粒产量存在显著差异,“矮丰3号”、“西农2208”、“偃师9号”、“陕229”、“9430”、“小偃6号”、“商188”和“NR9405”依次减小,“矮丰3号”为435g/m2,“NR9405”为316g/m2,相差119g/m2。施N可极显著增加单位面积籽粒产量,不同基因...

施氮与基因型对半湿润区冬小麦灌浆期籽粒氮、磷累积的影响

在年均降水量632mm的黄土高原南部半湿润区红油土上以“9430”、“小偃6号”和“商188”为供试材料,研究了不施N和施N(90kg/hm2)条件下不同基因型冬小麦灌浆期间籽粒中N、P累积特性。结果表明,不同基因型冬小麦灌浆期间籽粒含N量呈现出“高-低-高”的时间变化趋势,而籽粒含P量基本呈直线下降趋势。不同基因型小麦籽粒最终含N量的高低与灌浆进程中籽粒含N量的高低一致,“小偃6号”籽粒含N量始终高于“商188”和“9430”。在整个灌浆期间,籽粒中N累积速率显著高于P累积速率,灌浆末期表现更为明显。籽粒N的活跃累积期与千粒重呈显著正相关,提高籽粒中N累积速率有利于增加籽粒蛋白质含量。基因型是控制籽粒中N活跃累积期和N活跃平均累积速率的主要因子,而基因型对籽粒P活跃累积期和平均累积P速率无显著影响。施N虽然对灌浆期间籽粒N、P累积参数无显著影响,但在一定程度上可以提高灌浆进程中籽粒含N量,对最终籽粒N累积具有一定的促进作用。

两种施氮水平下不同基因型冬小麦叶片光合特性与形态差异的研究

田间试验研究不施N和施N(90kg/hm2)条件下“NR9405”、“9430”、“偃师9号”、“小偃6号”、“陕229”、“西农2208”、“矮丰3号”和“商188”等8种不同基因型冬小麦中后期生理特性及其叶片形态的差异结果表明,抽穗期倒二叶和灌浆期旗叶的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率及瞬时水分利用效率在不同基因型间存在显著差异,施N仅能显著降低抽穗期倒二叶的蒸腾速率,而对功能叶的其他生理指标无明显影响。小麦成熟期旗叶和倒二叶的长度、宽度及叶面积在不同基因型间也存在极显著差异,施N对这些叶片形态指标有极显著地促进作用,基因型和N肥同时影响灌浆期旗叶的SPAD值,而叶片衰老指数主要受基因型调控。总体上看,冬小麦叶片形态指标同时受施N和基因型影响,而生理指标主要受基因型影响,N肥的影响相对较小。

设施条件下氮肥对大青菜硝酸盐及土壤矿质氮累积的影响

采用田间实验研究了施用氮肥对设施条件下大青菜生长发育和产量,以及对土壤硝酸盐含量累积分布的影响。结果表明,在施氮肥0~500 kg hm-2范围内,氮肥施用量越大,产量越高,但到达一定量时,便不能再促进产量的提高,反而会引起减产。土壤铵态氮含量随着土壤剖面向下不断下降,表层的铵态氮含量较高,土壤硝态氮含量在整个土壤剖面的分布变化较小,但也是从表层向下处于一种缓慢减少的趋势,铵态氮的累积主要集中在上部土壤剖面,硝态氮的累积分布在整个土壤剖面,土壤硝态氮含量随施肥量增加而增加;氮肥施用量对硝酸盐含量有很大影响。在施氮肥0~700kg hm-2范围内,氮肥施用量越多,大青菜硝酸盐含量越高。

试议新型高蛋白植物杂交酸模的开发利用

A variety of the perennial herbage in knotweed which was recently introduced to China has characteristics of high fresh yield, rich nutrient matter and wide adaptability, and many way of development and application. In addition , the hybrid Rumex has great ability for cold resistance, drought enduring, and resistance to saline alkali and poor soil. But, this herbage is very sensitive to water, fertilizer and temperature. High yield and fine quality of the herbage are of the basis of the material rewards. The observation is necessary for the safe live of this herbage through the winter at high latitudes and special year

蔬菜温室土壤某些化学性质的演变特征

To explore the changes of soil chemical properties in vegetable greenhouse,a comparative study was carried out with the samples gathered from vegetable greenhouse fields and their adjacent upland fields in Damintun Town,Xinming County,Liaoning Province.The results showed that compared with upland fields,the contents of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in greenhouse fields increased significantly.At the depth of 0～30 cm,soil organic carbon in greenhouses of 1-,4-and 10-year increased by 31.09%,35.44%,and 66.80%,respectively,compared with the upland soil.Soil nitrate content at the depth of 0～30 cm in greenhouse fields was 5.05～12.49 times as much as that in upland fields.The nitrate content in different soil layers increased with the increasing age of greenhouse field.,e.g.,at the depth of 20～30 cm,soil nitrate content was significantly higher in 10-year than in 1-and 4-year greenhouse field,with an increase of 65.73% and 50.89%,respectively,and 6.55 times as much as that in upland field,which indicated that soil nitrate transported downwards,and obviously enriched in deeper soil layers under heavy application of fertilizer.Also with the increasing age of greenhouse field,soil pH decreased,while soil soluble salts accumulated.

Spectral response of winter wheat to crop development and various agronomic limitations

For maximizing the effective applications of remote sensing in crop recognition, crop performance assessment and canopy variables estimation at large areas, it is essential to fully understand the spectral response of canopy to crop development and varying growing conditions. In this paper, the spectral properties of winter wheat canopy under different growth stages and different agronomic conditions were investigated at the field level based on reflectance measurements. It was proved that crop growth and development, nitrogen fertilization rates, nutrient deficit (e.g. lacking any kind of nitrogen, phosphorus and kalium fertilizer or lacking all of them), irrigation frequency and plant density had direct influence on canopy reflectance in 400-900 nm which including the visible/near infrared bands, and resulted in great changes of spectral curves. It was suggested that spectral reflectance of crop canopy can well reflect the growth and development of crop and the impacts from various factors, and was feasible to provide vital information for crop monitoring and assessment. ©2010 IEEE.

Controlled release of urea encapsulated by starch-g-poly(L-lactide)

This paper presented a new approach for preparing a new type of slow-release membrane-encapsulated urea fertilizer with starch-g-PLLA as biodegradable carrier materials. By solution-casting and washing rapidly with water the urea was individually encapsulated within the starch matrix modified by L-lactide through in situ graft-copolymerization.

Evaluation of a sequential extraction for the speciation of thorium in soils from Baotou area, Inner Mongolia

Sequential extraction procedures were widely applied for speciation of radioactive elements. In this study, the sequential extraction procedure developed by Martinez-Aguirre was employed for quantification of different chemical forms of thorium in the soil. The total amount of thorium in contaminated soil was much higher by four-fold than the local background value. The soil properties affect the amount of thoriurn and distribution of fractions in contaminated soil. Results showed that the proportion of thorium in soils from Baotou was found as the residual fraction (F5 + F6) > absorbed fraction (F3), coprecipitated fraction (F4) > carbonates fraction (172) and exchangeable fraction (F1) that could be available to plants. The recovery, calculated by ratio of the sum of the six fractions to the pseudo-total content of thorium, was in the range from 96% to 110%. A comparison was carried out between the sequential extraction and the single extraction to evaluate the selectivity of the extractants. It was found that the amount of thorium of absorbed fraction (H) was higher in the single extraction than that estimated in the sequential extraction, possibly duo to transform of the labile form. While for non-residual fraction analysis, the single extraction scheme was a desirable alternative to the sequential extraction procedure.

A new hydrometallurgical process for extracting rare earths from apatite using solvent extraction with P-350

In this paper, a new process is proposed to recover rare earths from nitric acid leaching of apatite without interfering with the normal route for fertilizer production using solvent extraction with dimethyl heptyl methyl phosphonate CH3P(O)(OC8H17)(2) (P-350, B). In the present work, the leaching conditions are studied. In selected condition, apatite was dissolved in 20% (v/v) nitric acid solution at 60-70 degrees C while agitating. The most suitable acidity for extraction is 0.4 M HNO3. More than 98% of rare earths in apatite can be recovered using countercurrent extraction process with six stages when phase ratio = 0.5, and defluorination is unnecessary. The influences of phase ratio, stage number, acidity and salting-out agent on extractabilities Of P-350 are studied. The results show that rare earths can be separated with P-350 from Ca, P, Fe and other impurities. Mixed rare earth oxides (REO) of which purity is more than 95% with yield over 98% can be obtained.

Algal biotechnology industries and research activities in China

In old China there were very few people engaged in the study of the algae, but in new China, freshwater and marine algae are studied by over one hundred old and new phycologists. There is now an algal biotechnology industry consisting of an aquaculture industry, producing large amounts of the seaweeds Laminaria, Porphyra, Undaria, Gracilaria, eucheumoids, and the microalgae Dunaliella and Spirulina. There is also a phycocolloid industry, producing algin, agar and carrageenan; an industry producing chemicals and drugs, such as iodine, mannitol, phycocyanin, beta -carotene, PSS (propylene glycol alginate sulfate) and FPS (fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides) and an industry producing food, feed and fertilizer. The Laminaria cultivation industry produces about 900,000 t dry Laminaria, probably the largest producer in the world and 13,000 t algin, undoubtedly one of the largest algin producer in the world.

Dominant chloramphenicol-resistant bacteria and resistance genes in coastal marine waters of Jiaozhou Bay, China

Studies of abundance, diversity and distribution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance determinants are necessary for effective prevention and control of antibiotic resistance and its dissemination, critically important for public health and environment management. In order to gain an understanding of the persistence of resistance in the absence of a specific antibiotic selective pressure, microbiological surveys were carried out to investigate chloramphenicol-resistant bacteria and the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase resistance genes in Jiaozhou Bay after chloramphenicol was banned since 1999 in China. About 0.15-6.70% cultivable bacteria were chloramphenicol resistant, and the highest abundances occurred mainly in the areas near river mouths or sewage processing plants. For the dominant resistant isolates, 14 genera and 25 species were identified, mostly being indigenous estuarine or marine bacteria. Antibiotic-resistant potential human or marine animal pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Shewanella algae, were also identified. For the molecular resistance determinants, the cat I and cat III genes could be detected in some of the resistant strains, and they might have the same origins as those from clinical strains as determined via gene sequence analysis. Further investigation about the biological, environmental and anthropogenic mechanisms and their interactions that may contribute to the persistence of antibiotic-resistance in coastal marine waters in the absence of specific antibiotic selective pressure is necessary for tackling this complicated environmental issue.

Incidence of diverse integrons and beta-lactamase genes in environmental Enterobacteriaceae isolates from Jiaozhou Bay, China

Environmental microbiology investigation was performed to determine the molecular diversity of beta-lactamase genes among ampicillin-resistant bacteria from Jiaozhou Bay. beta-lactamase genes were detected in 93.8% of the bacterial isolates identified as Enterobacteriaceae. The most frequently detected gene was bla(TEM), followed by bla(SHV), bla(OAX-1), bla(MOX) and bla(CMY). Most of the isolates (68.8%) were positive for the intI1 integrase gene, and two isolates were also found for the intI2 gene. The dfr and aadA gene cassettes were predominant. Anthropogenic contamination from onshore sewage processing plants might contribute predominantly to the beta-lactamase gene reservoir in the studied coastal waters. Environmental antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes may serve as bioindicators of coastal environmental quality or biotracers of the potential contamination sources. This is the first report of the prevalence and characterization of beta-lactamase genes and integrons in coastal Enterobacteriaceae from China.

The nitrogen isotopic composition of dissolved nitrate in the Yangtze River (Changjiang) estuary, China

The nitrogen isotopic composition of dissolved nitrate (delta N-15-NO3-) in surface water of the Yangtze River estuary was determined in four seasons of 2006. delta N-15-NO3- ranged from 0.4 parts per thousand to 6.5 parts per thousand and varied with seasons and geographic regions, reflecting the dynamics of nitrogen cycling in the estuarine ecosystem. delta N-15-NO3- was markedly lower in February than in other seasons and exhibited conservative mixing, which was probably attributed to the NO3- being sourced from the atmospheric deposition and agricultural fertilizer. In the upper estuary, the influence of riverine inputs was important during all surveys. in the turbidity maximum zone, nitrification was found with nitrate depleted in N-15 in May, whereas denitrification resulting in heavy delta N-15-NO3- played an important role in August. More enriched delta N-15-NO3- values coinciding with losses of nitrate concentrations based on the conservative mixing model were found in the adjacent marine area in May, and may reflect obvious phytoplankton assimilation of dissolved nitrate. In this manner, delta N-15-NO3- may be a sensitive indicator of nitrogen sources and biogeochemical processing existing in this estuary in conjunction with the variations of dissolved nitrate and other environmental factors. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Persistent organic pollutant residues in the sediments and mollusks from the Bohai Sea coastal areas, North China: An overview

The Bohai Sea costal area is one of the most developed zones of China and the sewage water from populous and developed cities, including Beijing, Tianjin. Qinhuangdao and Dalian is discharged into the Bohai Sea. Additionally, its semi-enclosed characteristic restricts water exchange, which leads to high accumulation of pollutants in the environment. This overview presents the residues of 6 classes of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). including PAHs, DDTs. HCHs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs. in the sediments and mollusks of the Bohai Sea through analyzing previous literatures. In the sediments. the highest PAH concentrations were detected in the vicinities of Qinhuangdao, while the northeast corner of the Bohai Bay possessed the highest levels of DDTs and PCBs. The investigations on HCHs and PCDD/Fs distributions on the whole sea scale have not been reported. In mollusks, PAH concentrations were in the same order of magnitude in the whole Bohai Sea, so were DDTs. HCHs and PCBs, while the outlier maximum values of PCDDs and PCDFs occurred in Yingkou. In general, the POPs residues in mollusks collected from Shandong Province were higher than the other areas. The compositions of DDTs, HCHs and PCBs in sediments indicated their recent usage. By comparing POP concentrations in sediments with the recommended criterions, it was shown that some individual PAH compounds occasionally associated with adverse biological effects in the vicinities of the Liaodong Bay and Qinhuangdao, and the Liaohe River Estuary were heavily contaminated with DDTs, but PCBs were all below the thresholds. In order to reveal the transference and transformation of POPs in the environment, further studies concerning with their behavior, fate and bioaccumulation in the different trophic levels should be programmed. Moreover, laws and regulations should be enforced to ban the illegal usage of POPs-containing pesticides to guarantee health of the environment and human. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.