Creating Useful Products From Connecticut's 2000 LIDAR Data Set JHR 08-314 Project 07-2

The State of Connecticut owns a LIght Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) data set that was collected in 2000 as part of the State’s periodic aerial reconnaissance missions. Although collected eight years ago, these data are just now becoming ready to be made available to the public. These data constitute a massive “point cloud”, being a long list of east-north-up triplets in the State Plane Coordinate System Zone 0600 (SPCS83 0600), orthometric heights (NAVD 88) in US Survey feet. Unfortunately, point clouds have no structure or organization, and consequently they are not as useful as Triangulated Irregular Networks (TINs), digital elevation models (DEMs), contour maps, slope and aspect layers, curvature layers, among others. The goal of this project was to provide the computational infrastructure to create a first cut of these products and to serve them to the public via the World Wide Web. The products are available at http://clear.uconn.edu/data/ct_lidar/index.htm.

Building a Globally Distributed Historical Sheet Map Set

This paper describes the procedures used to create a distributed collection of topographic maps of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Spezialkarte der Öesterriechisch-ungarnischen Monarchie, Masse. 1:75,000 der natur. This set of maps was published in Vienna over a period of years from 1877 to 1914. The part of the set used in this project includes 776 sheets; all sheets from all editions number over 3,665. The paper contains detailed information on how the maps were converted to digital images, how metadata were prepared, and how Web-browser access was created using ArcIMS Metadata Server. The project, funded by a 2004 National Leadership Grant from the Institute for Museums and Library Science (IMLS), was a joint project of the Homer Babbidge Library Map and Geographic Information Center at the University of Connecticut, the New York Public Library, and the American Geographical Society’s Map Library at the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee.

Volunteering: Demographic characteristics, motives and potential benefits from service

Volunteering is intricately woven into the fabric of our society. In 2009 alone, approximately 63.4 million Americans participated in volunteer activities, collectively donating over 8.1 billion service-hours (Corporation for National and Community Service [CNCS], 2010). Each service-hour is determined by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2010) to be valued at $20.85/hr which translates to a national savings of $169 billion. Thus, we can clearly observe the significance of volunteer contribution to the overall benefit of society. In addition, there is now evidence that voluntary service may also benefit the actual volunteer, especially individuals who are 65+ years. As we reach 2020 this elderly class, composed of nearly 13 million (CNCS, 2010) Americans, will be of much consequence. Their potential to contribute in community-related efforts may save the U.S. billions in labor costs, and may also help reduce healthcare-related expenditures if volunteering proves to be a protective factor. In this literature review, we set out to explore the potential relationship between volunteer participation and increased mental and physical wellness. We also examined volunteer demographic characteristics and common motives for engaging in service-related activities. Analysis showed that volunteer work often combined low-impact physical activity and mental satisfaction from serving others, resulting in overall health benefit. Demographic characteristics displayed were consistent with previous studies and found that a majority of volunteers were female, White, married status, having received college degree or higher, employed, middle-high SES. In addition, age was seen to be a key characteristic in forecasting volunteer motivation and self-reported perceived health benefits.^

Pigment data set from the SeaWiFS Bio-optical Archive and Storage System (1961-1996)

The oceans play a critical role in the Earth's climate, but unfortunately, the extent of this role is only partially understood. One major obstacle is the difficulty associated with making high-quality, globally distributed observations, a feat that is nearly impossible using only ships and other ocean-based platforms. The data collected by satellite-borne ocean color instruments, however, provide environmental scientists a synoptic look at the productivity and variability of the Earth's oceans and atmosphere, respectively, on high-resolution temporal and spatial scales. Three such instruments, the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) onboard ORBIMAGE's OrbView-2 satellite, and two Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS) onboard the National Aeronautic and Space Administration's (NASA) Terra and Aqua satellites, have been in continuous operation since September 1997, February 2000, and June 2002, respectively. To facilitate the assembly of a suitably accurate data set for climate research, members of the NASA Sensor Intercomparison and Merger for Biological and Interdisciplinary Oceanic Studies (SIMBIOS) Project and SeaWiFS Project Offices devote significant attention to the calibration and validation of these and other ocean color instruments. This article briefly presents results from the SIMBIOS and SeaWiFS Project Office's (SSPO) satellite ocean color validation activities and describes the SeaWiFS Bio-optical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS), a state-of-the-art system for archiving, cataloging, and distributing the in situ data used in these activities.

Biotic and abiotic parameters and cynobacteria abundance during an experimental set-up with varying pCO2 conditions

Heterocystous cyanobacteria of the genus Nodularia form extensive blooms in the Baltic Sea and contribute substantially to the total annual primary production. Moreover, they dispense a large fraction of new nitrogen to the ecosystem when inorganic nitrogen concentration in summer is low. Thus, it is of ecological importance to know how Nodularia will react to future environmental changes, in particular to increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and what consequences there might arise for cycling of organic matter in the Baltic Sea. Here, we determined carbon (C) and dinitrogen (N2) fixation rates, growth, elemental stoichiometry of particulate organic matter and nitrogen turnover in batch cultures of the heterocystous cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena under low (median 315 µatm), mid (median 353 µatm), and high (median 548 µatm) CO2 concentrations. Our results demonstrate an overall stimulating effect of rising pCO2 on C and N2 fixation, as well as on cell growth. An increase in pCO2 during incubation days 0 to 9 resulted in an elevation in growth rate by 84 ± 38% (low vs. high pCO2) and 40 ± 25% (mid vs. high pCO2), as well as in N2 fixation by 93 ± 35% and 38 ± 1%, respectively. C uptake rates showed high standard deviations within treatments and in between sampling days. Nevertheless, C fixation in the high pCO2 treatment was elevated compared to the other two treatments by 97% (high vs. low) and 44% (high vs. mid) at day 0 and day 3, but this effect diminished afterwards. Additionally, elevation in carbon to nitrogen and nitrogen to phosphorus ratios of the particulate biomass formed (POC : POP and PON : POP) was observed at high pCO2. Our findings suggest that rising pCO2 stimulates the growth of heterocystous diazotrophic cyanobacteria, in a similar way as reported for the non-heterocystous diazotroph Trichodesmium. Implications for biogeochemical cycling and food web dynamics, as well as ecological and socio-economical aspects in the Baltic Sea are discussed.

Disposiciones espaciales y valorización del capital. El caso de Nordelta

Asistimos a la ampliación de "...una lógica estrictamente capitalista en el desarrollo metropolitano, otorgando a la plusvalía urbana el rango de criterio urbanístico básico" (de Mattos, 2002:1). El gobierno del Estado se reemplaza por la gobernancia y el sector privado revaloriza su rol como constructor y decisor, el Estado se repliega y el capital encuentra nuevos nichos para valorizarse. La redefinición normativa y la gestión privada alteran la propiedad constitutiva de la ciudad como valor de uso complejo (Topalov, 1979). El capital aprende a valorizarse adquiriendo un control parcial sobre derechos, servicios y bienes públicos, y produciendo elementos urbanos que antes le resultaban irreproducibles. Así, la planificación de la ciudad y la comercialización de un nuevo estilo de vida para los sectores privilegiados deviene en una nueva forma de valorización del capital. ¿Pueden los agentes inmobiliarios por sí solos crear mundos de la vida (Habermas, 1987), en su doble concepción de espacios de sociabilidad y horizonte de apreciación, y asegurarse consumidores? El megaemprendimiento toma cuerpo en los estilos de vida de sus habitantes; una metamorfosis sufrida en sus disposiciones y competencias espaciales reorganiza el sentido de sus prácticas y representaciones territoriales. Los habitus (Bourdieu, 1997) se conforman junto a la nueva espacialidad como estructura estructurada por emprendimientos como Nordelta y como estructura estructurante de los nuevos objetos urbanos. Es decir, los habitus no resultan de la impresión mecánica de las estructuras sociales capitalistas sino que se constituyen en un complejo proceso irreducible a las dicotomías entre objetivismo-subjetivismo, acción-estructura, etc. Las disposiciones y competencias espaciales pueden pensarse como la articulación del par dialéctico que presenta Santos (1996) al referirse al espacio geográfico como un conjunto de sistemas de objetos y sistemas de acciones, considerados como el contexto único en el que se realiza la historia.

Disposiciones espaciales y valorización del capital. El caso de Nordelta

Asistimos a la ampliación de "...una lógica estrictamente capitalista en el desarrollo metropolitano, otorgando a la plusvalía urbana el rango de criterio urbanístico básico" (de Mattos, 2002:1). El gobierno del Estado se reemplaza por la gobernancia y el sector privado revaloriza su rol como constructor y decisor, el Estado se repliega y el capital encuentra nuevos nichos para valorizarse. La redefinición normativa y la gestión privada alteran la propiedad constitutiva de la ciudad como valor de uso complejo (Topalov, 1979). El capital aprende a valorizarse adquiriendo un control parcial sobre derechos, servicios y bienes públicos, y produciendo elementos urbanos que antes le resultaban irreproducibles. Así, la planificación de la ciudad y la comercialización de un nuevo estilo de vida para los sectores privilegiados deviene en una nueva forma de valorización del capital. ¿Pueden los agentes inmobiliarios por sí solos crear mundos de la vida (Habermas, 1987), en su doble concepción de espacios de sociabilidad y horizonte de apreciación, y asegurarse consumidores? El megaemprendimiento toma cuerpo en los estilos de vida de sus habitantes; una metamorfosis sufrida en sus disposiciones y competencias espaciales reorganiza el sentido de sus prácticas y representaciones territoriales. Los habitus (Bourdieu, 1997) se conforman junto a la nueva espacialidad como estructura estructurada por emprendimientos como Nordelta y como estructura estructurante de los nuevos objetos urbanos. Es decir, los habitus no resultan de la impresión mecánica de las estructuras sociales capitalistas sino que se constituyen en un complejo proceso irreducible a las dicotomías entre objetivismo-subjetivismo, acción-estructura, etc. Las disposiciones y competencias espaciales pueden pensarse como la articulación del par dialéctico que presenta Santos (1996) al referirse al espacio geográfico como un conjunto de sistemas de objetos y sistemas de acciones, considerados como el contexto único en el que se realiza la historia.

Disposiciones espaciales y valorización del capital. El caso de Nordelta

Asistimos a la ampliación de "...una lógica estrictamente capitalista en el desarrollo metropolitano, otorgando a la plusvalía urbana el rango de criterio urbanístico básico" (de Mattos, 2002:1). El gobierno del Estado se reemplaza por la gobernancia y el sector privado revaloriza su rol como constructor y decisor, el Estado se repliega y el capital encuentra nuevos nichos para valorizarse. La redefinición normativa y la gestión privada alteran la propiedad constitutiva de la ciudad como valor de uso complejo (Topalov, 1979). El capital aprende a valorizarse adquiriendo un control parcial sobre derechos, servicios y bienes públicos, y produciendo elementos urbanos que antes le resultaban irreproducibles. Así, la planificación de la ciudad y la comercialización de un nuevo estilo de vida para los sectores privilegiados deviene en una nueva forma de valorización del capital. ¿Pueden los agentes inmobiliarios por sí solos crear mundos de la vida (Habermas, 1987), en su doble concepción de espacios de sociabilidad y horizonte de apreciación, y asegurarse consumidores? El megaemprendimiento toma cuerpo en los estilos de vida de sus habitantes; una metamorfosis sufrida en sus disposiciones y competencias espaciales reorganiza el sentido de sus prácticas y representaciones territoriales. Los habitus (Bourdieu, 1997) se conforman junto a la nueva espacialidad como estructura estructurada por emprendimientos como Nordelta y como estructura estructurante de los nuevos objetos urbanos. Es decir, los habitus no resultan de la impresión mecánica de las estructuras sociales capitalistas sino que se constituyen en un complejo proceso irreducible a las dicotomías entre objetivismo-subjetivismo, acción-estructura, etc. Las disposiciones y competencias espaciales pueden pensarse como la articulación del par dialéctico que presenta Santos (1996) al referirse al espacio geográfico como un conjunto de sistemas de objetos y sistemas de acciones, considerados como el contexto único en el que se realiza la historia.

Modelling calving front dynamics using a level-set method: application to Jakobshavn Isbræ, West Greenland, links model results in MATLAB format

Calving is a major mechanism of ice discharge of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, and a change in calving front position affects the entire stress regime of marine terminating glaciers. The representation of calving front dynamics in a 2-D or 3-D ice sheet model remains non-trivial. Here, we present the theoretical and technical framework for a level-set method, an implicit boundary tracking scheme, which we implement into the Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM). This scheme allows us to study the dynamic response of a drainage basin to user-defined calving rates. We apply the method to Jakobshavn Isbræ, a major marine terminating outlet glacier of the West Greenland Ice Sheet. The model robustly reproduces the high sensitivity of the glacier to calving, and we find that enhanced calving triggers significant acceleration of the ice stream. Upstream acceleration is sustained through a combination of mechanisms. However, both lateral stress and ice influx stabilize the ice stream. This study provides new insights into the ongoing changes occurring at Jakobshavn Isbræ and emphasizes that the incorporation of moving boundaries and dynamic lateral effects, not captured in flow-line models, is key for realistic model projections of sea level rise on centennial timescales.

Palaeolake Rehwiese, NE-Germany, Younger Dryas varved data set RW09

The first 1400-year floating varve chronology for north-eastern Germany covering the late Allerød to the early Holocene has been established by microscopic varve counts from the Rehwiese palaeolake sediment record. The Laacher See Tephra (LST), at the base of the studied interval, forms the tephrochronological anchor point. The fine laminations were examined using a combination of micro-facies and ?-XRF analyses and are typical of calcite varves, which in this case provide mainly a warm season signal. Two varve types with different sub-layer structures have been distinguished: (I) complex varves consisting of up to four seasonal sub-layers formed during the Allerød and early Holocene periods, and, (II) simple two sub-layer type varves only occurring during the Younger Dryas. The precision of the chronology has been improved by varve-to-varve comparison of two independently analyzed sediment profiles based on well-defined micro-marker layers. This has enabled both (1) the precise location of single missing varves in one of the sediment profiles, and, (2) the verification of varve interpolation in disturbed varve intervals in the parallel core. Inter-annual and decadal-scale variability in sediment deposition processes were traced by multi-proxy data series including seasonal layer thickness, high-resolution element scans and total organic and inorganic carbon data at a five-varve resolution. These data support the idea of a two-phase Younger Dryas, with the first interval (12,675 - 12,275 varve years BP) characterised by a still significant but gradually decreasing warm-season calcite precipitation and a second phase (12,275 - 11,640 varve years BP) with only weak calcite precipitation. Detailed correlation of these two phases with the Meerfelder Maar record based on the LST isochrone and independent varve counts provides clues about regional differences and seasonal aspects of YD climate change along a transect from a location proximal to the North Atlantic in the west to a more continental site in the east.

Per-field land use and land cover data set of the Haean catchment, South Korea

Detailed data on land use and land cover constitute important information for Earth system models, environmental monitoring and ecosystem services research. Global land cover products are evolving rapidly; however, there is still a lack of information particularly for heterogeneous agricultural landscapes. We censused land use and land cover field by field in the agricultural mosaic catchment Haean in South Korea. We recorded the land cover types with additional information on agricultural practice. In this paper we introduce the data, their collection and the post-processing protocol. Furthermore, because it is important to quantitatively evaluate available land use and land cover products, we compared our data with the MODIS Land Cover Type product (MCD12Q1). During the studied period, a large portion of dry fields was converted to perennial crops. Compared to our data, the forested area was underrepresented and the agricultural area overrepresented in MCD12Q1. In addition, linear landscape elements such as waterbodies were missing in the MODIS product due to its coarse spatial resolution. The data presented here can be useful for earth science and ecosystem services research.