Spatial and temporal scale issues in determining biomass burning regimes in Bolivia and Peru

ATSR-2 active fire data from 1996 to 2000, TRMM VIRS fire counts from 1998 to 2000 and burn scars derived from SPOT VEGETATION ( the Global Burnt Area 2000 product) were mapped for Peru and Bolivia to analyse the spatial distribution of burning and its intra- and inter-annual variability. The fire season in the region mainly occurs between May and October; though some variation was found between the six broad habitat types analysed: desert, grassland, savanna, dry forest, moist forest and yungas (the forested valleys on the eastern slope of the Andes). Increased levels of burning were generally recorded in ATSR-2 and TRMM VIRS fire data in response to the 1997/1998 El Nino, but in some areas the El Nino effect was masked by the more marked influences of socio-economic change on land use and land cover. There were differences between the three global datasets: ATSR-2 under-recorded fires in ecosystems with low net primary productivities. This was because fires are set during the day in this region and, when fuel loads are low, burn out before the ATSR-2 overpass in the region which is between 02.45 h and 03.30 h. TRMM VIRS was able to detect these fires because its overpasses cover the entire diurnal range on a monthly basis. The GBA2000 product has significant errors of commission (particularly areas of shadow in the well-dissected eastern Andes) and omission (in the agricultural zone around Santa Cruz, Bolivia and in north-west Peru). Particular attention was paid to biomass burning in high-altitude grasslands, where fire is an important pastoral management technique. Fires and burn scars from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) data for a range of years between 1987 and 2000 were mapped for areas around Parque Nacional Rio Abiseo (Peru) and Parque Nacional Carrasco (Bolivia). Burn scars mapped in the grasslands of these two areas indicate far more burning had taken place than either the fires or the burn scars derived from global datasets. Mean scar sizes are smaller and have a smaller range in size between years the in the study area in Peru (6.6-7.1 ha) than Bolivia (16.9-162.5 ha). Trends in biomass burning in the two highland areas can be explained in terms of the changing socio-economic environments and impacts of conservation. The mismatch between the spatial scale of biomass burning in the high-altitude grasslands and the sensors used to derive global fire products means that an entire component of the fire regime in the region studied is omitted, despite its importance in the farming systems on the Andes.

The strategy makers: thoughts on war and society from Machiavelli and Clausewitz

Introductory chapter. Introduction and excerpts from works of Seigneur de Fourquevaux (1548); Francois Loque – Saillans (1589); Matthew Sutcliffe (1593); Don Bernardino de Mendoza (1595); Paul Hay du Chastelet (1668); Marquis Santa Cruz de Marcenado & Zanthier (1724-30/1775); Guibert (1772); Rühle von Lilienstern (1816/1817).

Dickens, Hogarth and artistic perception: the case of Nicholas Nickleby

This essay considers the interest shared by William Hogarth and Charles Dickens on the idea of instrumentality in the art of realism. Taking his cue from eighteenth-century epistemological philosophy, Hogarth developed an idea of beauty and realism as insisting upon the need for human subjectivity or perspective. Naïve realism was a style that troubled both Hogarth and Dickens and both men developed forms in which caricature, melodrama and exaggeration is crucial to the development of verisimilitude. Considering the progress pieces and the writings of Hogarth as a preface to the style of Dickens, I argue that Nicholas Nickleby developed an extraordinary self-reflexivity. Both Nicholas and his uncle Ralph form part of a narrative study of the implications of filtering perception through the distorting lens of the individual.

Climatic simulations of the eastern Andes low-level jet and its dependency on convective parameterizations

The South American low level jet (SALLJ) of the Eastern Andes is investigated with Regional Climate Model version 3 (RegCM3) simulations during the 2002-2003 austral summer using two convective parameterizations (Grell and Emanuel). The simulated SALLJ is compared with the special observations of SALLJEX (SALLJ Experiment). Both the Grell and Emanuel schemes adequately simulate the low level flow over South America. However, there are some intensity differences. Due to the larger (smaller) convective activity, the Emanuel (Grell) scheme simulates more intense (weaker) low level wind than analysis in the tropics and subtropics. The objectives criteria of Sugahara (SJ) and Bonner (BJ) were used for LLJ identification. When applied to the observations, both criteria suggest a larger frequency of the SALLJ in Santa Cruz, followed by Mariscal, Trinidad and Asuncin. In Mariscal and Asuncin, the diurnal cycle indicates that SJ occurs mainly at 12 UTCs (morning), while the BJ criterion presents the SALLJ as more homogenously distributed. The concentration into two of the four-times-a-day observations does not allow conclusions about the diurnal cycle in Santa Cruz and Trinidad. The simulated wind profiles result in a lower than observed frequency of SALLJ using both the SJ and BJ criteria, with fewer events obtained with the BJ. Due to the stronger simulated winds, the Emanuel scheme produces an equal or greater relative frequency of SALLJ than the Grell scheme. However, the Grell scheme using the SJ criterion simulates the SALLJ diurnal cycle closer to the observed one. Although some discrepancies between observed and simulated mean vertical profiles of the horizontal wind are noted, there is large agreement between the composites of the vertical structure of the SALLJ, especially when the SJ criterion is used with the Grell scheme. On an intraseasonal scale, a larger southward displacement of SALLJ in February and December when compared with January has been noted. The Grell and Emanuel schemes simulated this observed oscillation in the low-level flow. However, the spatial pattern and intensity of rainfall and circulation anomalies simulated by the Grell scheme are closer to the analyses than those obtained with the Emanuel scheme.

Croton laceratoglandulosus (Euphorbiaceae s.s.), a new glandular-stipulate species from Brazil and Bolivia, and its systematic position based on molecular analysis

Croton laceratoglandulosus, a new species from the dry forests of the Brazilian states of Piaui, Ceara, Bahia and Minas Gerais, and the Bolivian department of Santa Cruz, is described and illustrated here. Molecular sequence data demonstrate that it is most closely related to the taxa of Croton section Cascarilla, and not to sections Medea or Barhamia, which also have glandular calyces and laciniate stipules. (C) 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158, 493-498.

A singular integro-differential equation model for dryout in LMFBR boiler tubes

A 2D steady model for the annular two-phase flow of water and steam in the steam-generating boiler pipes of a liquid metal fast breeder reactor is proposed The model is based on thin-layer lubrication theory and thin aerofoil theory. The exchange of mass between the vapour core and the liquid film due to evaporation of the liquid film is accounted for using some simple thermodynamics models, and the resultant change of phase is modelled by proposing a suitable Stefan problem Appropriate boundary conditions for the now are discussed The resulting non-lineal singular integro-differential equation for the shape of the liquid film free surface is solved both asymptotically and numerically (using some regularization techniques) Predictions for the length to the dryout point from the entry of the annular regime are made The influence of both the traction tau provided by the fast-flowing vapour core on the liquid layer and the mass transfer parameter eta on the dryout length is investigated

Uma ferramenta para a construção de aplicações multilinguagens de programação

O artigo apresenta uma ferramenta que auxilia na implementação de aplicações que empregam mais de uma linguagem de programação. Tais aplicações são ditas multilinguagens e quando as linguagens que as compõem representam diferentes paradigmas de programação, também são denominadas multiparadigmas. A técnica de programação multilinguagem permite que se utilize a linguagem de programação mais adequada à cada parte da aplicação. Em caso de equipes híbridas de programação podemos aproveitar o conhecimento de cada uma das equipes no uso das linguagens que irão compor a aplicação. A ferramenta descrita no artigo, implementada através de um conjunto de processos Win32, monitora e executa serviços de transferência de dados e controle entre os processos que compõem a aplicação. Através de uma interface gráfica o programador pode operá-la por meio de dois modos: desenvolvimento e execução. Dentre as áreas que poderiam se beneficiar com a a ferramenta, podemos citar a aplicação pedagógica relacionada ao ensino de paradigmas de programação, aplicações já existentes que necessitam estender-se com o emprego de outras linguagens de programação e aplicações cujos problemas envolvidos se constituem em diferentes paradigmas de programação.

Contos etnofotográficos na comunidade Cooperilha do Guarujá (SP)

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Mestrado em Comunicação da Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul para obtenção do título de Mestre em Comunicação.

A utilização de agências de vendas (Broker) : o caso Füller

Entendemos que o nível de competitividade entre as firmas tem crescido sensivelmente em todos os setores da economia brasileira após a implantação do Plano Real. Do ponto de vista macroeconômico, a estabilização monetária, a desregulamentação e a entrada de grandes grupos internacionais de varejo, têm provocado mudanças fundamentais no modus operandi do setor de alimentos, que está perdendo o poder de barganha na negociação com o Trade cada vez mais concentrado, exigindo a busca de alternativas que agreguem valor ao negócio. A utilização de Agências de Vendas, também conhecido como Broker, é no Brasil, indubitavelmente, uma das mais promissoras alternativas para gerar valor às atividades tradicionais de venda e distribuição por parte das firmas produtoras de alimentos. Segundo dados referentes ao ano de 2002 da ASMC (Association of Sales & Marketing Companies), nos EUA as Agências de Vendas representam aproximadamente 55% de todos os produtos comercializados através do canal varejo, sendo que o modelo Broker já está consolidado, existindo a mais de 50 anos. No Brasil o Broker tem uma atuação incipiente, mas crescente, não tendo mais do que cinco anos de atuação. Como precursoras na utilização desse formato de atuação no país, temos no segmento industrial a Procter & Gamble, Melitta e Chocolates Garoto Do ponto de vista de geração de valor ao fabricante, temos a eliminação do intermediário entre a indústria e o varejo, reduzindo custos de transação para o consumidor, principalmente os decorrentes dos impostos, notadamente os “em cascata” (PIS e COFINS), que aumentam o custo de aquisição para o cliente final. O objetivo central nessa dissertação é identificar as características do modelo de Agência de Vendas (Broker) em implantação na firma FÜLLER S.A., fabricante de massas e biscoitos, situada em Santa Cruz do Sul, no Rio Grande do Sul, analisando a adaptação do modelo à realidade do país, em confronto com a sistemática adotada nos EUA.