Transport and Distribution of Hydroxyl Radicals and Oxygen Atoms from H2O Photodissociation in the Inner Coma of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

With a combination of the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) calculation and test particle computation, the ballistic transport process of the hydroxyl radicals and oxygen atoms produced by photodissociation of water molecules in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko is modelled. We discuss the key elements and essential features of such simulations which results can be compared with the remote-sensing and in situ measurements of cometary gas coma from the Rosetta mission at different orbital phases of this comet.

3D Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Modelling of the Inner Gas Coma of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: A Parameter Study

Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) is a powerful numerical method to study rarefied gas flows such as cometary comae and has been used by several authors over the past decade to study cometary outflow. However, the investigation of the parameter space in simulations can be time consuming since 3D DSMC is computationally highly intensive. For the target of ESA's Rosetta mission, comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, we have identified to what extent modification of several parameters influence the 3D flow and gas temperature fields and have attempted to establish the reliability of inferences about the initial conditions from in situ and remote sensing measurements. A large number of DSMC runs have been completed with varying input parameters. In this work, we present the simulation results and conclude on the sensitivity of solutions to certain inputs. It is found that among cases of water outgassing, the surface production rate distribution is the most influential variable to the flow field.

Discarge compilation from The Global River Discharge (RivDIS) Project

The Global River Discharge (RivDIS) data set contains monthly discharge measurements for 1018 stations located throughout the world. The period of record varies widely from station to station, with a mean of 21.5 years. These data were digitized from published UNESCO archives by Charles Voromarty, Balaze Fekete, and B.A. Tucker of the Complex Systems Research Center (CSRC) at the University of New Hampshire. River discharge is typically measured through the use of a rating curve that relates local water level height to discharge. This rating curve is used to estimate discharge from the observed water level. The rating curves are periodically rechecked and recalibrated through on-site measurement of discharge and river stage.

La superficie foliar del viñedo: Más reflexiones

La superficie foliar total del viñedo LAI (m2/m2) es un indicador de la potencialidad general, su medición en el viñedo es muy laboriosa, pues si se quiere con precisión hay que recurrir a medidores de superficie portátiles o recurrir a métodos destructivos que requieren tomar muestras muy grandes de hojas y medir en laboratorio, en otros casos hay cierto equipamiento más o menos sofisticado que da buenas aproximaciones.

Efecto en el comportamiento fisiológico y agronómico de la aplicación de diferentes dosis de riego, en la variedad Cabernet sauvignon.

El manejo del riego en zonas Mediterráneas y el conocimiento de las repercusiones que éste tiene en el comportamiento agronómico y fisiológico, es un elemento clave para conseguir un uso eficiente del agua. Con el objetivo de evaluar la capacidad de recuperación fisiológica y de crecimiento se plantearon dos tratamientos experimentales con diferentes dosis de riego. El tratamiento con la restricción del aporte hídrico durante 20 días, iniciándose en la fase de pre-envero y un tratamiento testigo con aporte continuado de riego (kc=0,45). El ensayo experimental se ubicó en un viñedo comercial en zona cálida (Morata de Tajuña, Madrid) propiedad de Bodegas Licinia S.L, en la variedad de Cabernet sauvignon durante el verano del 2009. Se han estudiado diferentes parámetros a nivel de hoja como son la fotosíntesis, la conductancia estomática, la transpiración y el potencial hídrico foliar, medido a la hora de máxima actividad y mediodía solar. En todas las medidas de intercambio gaseoso, se observaron marcadas diferencias entre ambos tratamientos, obteniendo mayores valores el del riego continuado. La conductancia estomática medida al mediodía solar, ha reflejado ser muy sensible a la falta de agua. También se ha valorado la respuesta de los transductores lineales de desplazamiento (LTD´s) o dendrómetros ante esta situación de falta de riego, mediante la evolución de la máxima contracción diaria (MCD) acumulada durante dicho periodo. Respecto al crecimiento, el testigo fue el tratamiento que tuvo un mayor desarrollo foliar total (LAI, m 2 /m 2 ) de 0,59 versus 0,38. La falta de riego también produjo un menor rendimiento debido principalmente a un menor peso de la baya 6,8 gramos frente al riego continuo que tuvo 8,4 gramos. Sin embargo la composición del mosto no se vio afectada, manteniéndose similar en ambos tratamientos.

Growth dynamics and yield of melon as influenced by nitrogen fertilizer

Nitrogen (N) is an important nutrient for melon (Cucumis melo L.) production. However there is scanty information about the amount necessary to maintain an appropriate balance between growth and yield. Melon vegetative organs must develop sufficiently to intercept light and accumulate water and nutrients but it is also important to obtain a large reproductive-vegetative dry weight ratio to maximize the fruit yield. We evaluated the influence of different N amounts on the growth, production of dry matter and fruit yield of a melon ‘Piel de sapo’ type. A three-year field experiment was carried out from May to September. Melons were subjected to an irrigation depth of 100% crop evapotranspiration and to 11 N fertilization rates, ranging 11 to 393 kg ha –1 in the three years. The dry matter production of leaves and stems increased as the N amount increased. The dry matter of the whole plant was affected similarly, while the fruit dry matter decreased as the N amount was increased above 112, 93 and 95 kg ha –1 , in 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively. The maximum Leaf Area Index (LAI), 3.1, was obtained at 393 kg ha –1 of N. The lowest N supply reduced the fruit yield by 21%, while the highest increased the vegetative growth, LAI and Leaf Area Duration (LAD), but reduced yield by 24% relative to the N93 treatment. Excessive applications of N increase vegetative growth at the expense of reproductive growth. For this melon type, rates about 90-100 kg ha –1 of N are sufficient for adequate plant growth, development and maximum production. To obtain fruit yield close to the maximum, the leaf N concentration at the end of the crop cycle should be higher than 19.5 g kg –1

CP debugging tools: Clarification of functionalities and selection of the tools

Abstract is not available.