Neovaginoplastia com membrana amniótica na síndrome de Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser

OBJETIVO: avaliar resultados da neovaginoplastia com utilização de enxerto amniótico humano em pacientes portadoras da síndrome de Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH). MÉTODOS: o estudo foi uma análise retrospectiva de uma série de 28 casos de pacientes com síndrome de MRKH, tratadas entre 1990 e 2003. As pacientes foram atendidas no Ambulatório de Ginecologia Infanto-Puberal (AGIP) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), sendo submetidas a neovaginoplastia pela técnica de McIndoe e Bannister modificada pela utilização de enxerto de membrana amniótica humana. Foram avaliadas epitelização, amplitude e profundidade das neovaginas com sete e 40 dias do procedimento e, no pós-operatório tardio, a satisfação das pacientes, a presença de desconforto e dispareunia às relações sexuais. RESULTADOS: no pós-operatório, sete pacientes (25%) apresentaram estenose vaginal. Destas, seis foram submetidas a nova intervenção cirúrgica, uma teve encurtamento da neovagina, corrigido com o uso de exercícios com molde vaginal, três (10,7%) tiveram fístula retovaginal, uma (3,6%) fístula uterovesical e uma (3,6%) teve excesso de pele no intróito vaginal - todas corrigidas com êxito com nova cirurgia. Quatro pacientes (14,3%) apresentaram infecção do trato urinário. Dois meses após a cirurgia, 11 de 19 pacientes (57,8%) apresentaram atividade sexual satisfatória e 42% relataram dispareunia e, no período máximo de quatro anos, 20/21 pacientes (95,2%) tiveram atividade sexual satisfatória e 4,8% dispareunia. CONCLUSÕES: o enxerto de membrana amniótica é uma boa opção no tratamento da agenesia vaginal. O acompanhamento perioperatório envolve questões educacionais, de orientação quanto ao uso do molde e em relação à sexualidade da paciente, com vistas à redução das queixas de coito disfuncional na presença de evolução cirúrgica favorável e neovagina de aspecto adequado.

Gêmeos conjugados: experiência de um hospital terciário do sudeste do Brasil

OBJETIVO: analisar a ocorrência de gemelaridade conjugada em um hospital universitário de referência terciária em perinatologia durante 25 anos (janeiro de 1982 e janeiro de 2007) e descrever a separação bem sucedida de um dos pares. MÉTODOS: para este fim, utilizamos retrospectivamente o banco de dados do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, obtendo o número de pares de gêmeos conjugados, sua frequência, classificação, gênero, forma de resolução da gravidez, tentativa de separação cirúrgica, diagnóstico pré-natal e sobrevida. RESULTADOS: detectamos 14 pares de gêmeos conjugados (1/22.284 nascidos vivos e 1/90 pares de gêmeos nascidos vivos) nascidos neste período (seis masculinos, sete femininos e um com sexo indeterminado). O diagnóstico pré-natal foi realizado em todos os gêmeos, e os nascimentos ocorreram por cesariana. A separação só foi possível em um dos pares, que sobrevivem em ótimas condições de saúde após oito anos. Dos 13 restantes, dez morreram no mesmo dia do nascimento e três sobreviveram apenas alguns meses (menos de um ano). CONCLUSÃO: apesar de este estudo evidenciar um número anormalmente alto de gêmeos conjugados, trata-se de um fenômeno raro, de prognóstico perinatal reservado e dependente do compartilhamento de órgãos entre os gêmeos e malformações associadas, em especial relacionadas ao coração dos fetos. Devido ao mau prognóstico dos pares e do comprometimento reprodutivo materno pela necessidade de realização de cesariana com grandes incisões uterinas, propomos que, com base nestes números, seja solicitada a interrupção precoce destas gestações, como ocorre com outras doenças fetais incompatíveis com a sobrevida extrauterina. Desta forma, a confirmação diagnóstica e a resolução da gravidez de gêmeos conjugados deve ser realizada em centro de atendimento terciário tanto obstétrico quanto perinatal, e a autorização para a interrupção da gestação obtida por via judicial.

História reprodutiva e sexual de mulheres tratadas de câncer de mama

OBJETIVO: Compreender a vida sexual e reprodutiva de mulheres tratadas de câncer de mama. MÉTODOS: Foram entrevistadas 139 mulheres com diagnóstico há pelo menos seis meses, selecionadas aleatoriamente em um serviço de reabilitação. As entrevistas foram feitas entre 2006 e 2010. Todas eram usuárias do SUS, pacientes de um hospital regional e moradoras da região DRS XIII-Ribeirão Preto, Estado de São Paulo. As entrevistadas foram visitadas em seu domicílio onde foi aplicado um questionário face a face que abordava questões relativas às características sociodemográficas, da doença e da vida reprodutiva e sexual, para esta última aplicou-se o instrumento Índice de Função Sexual Feminina (IFSF). A análise estatística incluiu o teste do χ², o teste exato de Fisher e o teste t de Student, análise multivariada por regressão logística e análise fatorial e alfa de Cronbach. RESULTADOS: A maioria teve entre 2 e 3 filhos e 80% utilizaram algum método anticoncepcional. Cerca de metade das mulheres tiveram relação sexual no último mês, 45,3% interromperam as relações sexuais durante o tratamento e 25,9% não interromperam. Houve relato de diminuição da frequência sexual, embora metade das entrevistadas tenha retomado a vida sexual nos primeiros seis meses após o tratamento. Pouco mais de metade apresentou insatisfação sexual. Encontrou-se vida sexual ativa associada à idade menor que 40 anos e a ter parceiro. Não foi encontrada associação entre vida sexual ativa e ao diagnóstico e tipos de tratamento. CONCLUSÃO: A atividade sexual de mulheres tratadas para câncer de mama não está associada aos tratamentos, mas à idade e à oportunidade de ter sexo.

Capacidade reprodutiva de Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass.

Uma população de Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. ocorrente nos arredores de São José do Rio Preto (SP) foi estudada quanto à estatura, biomassa epígea seca, número de ramos, de capítulos por ramo e por indivíduo e quanto à produção de aquênios por capítulo e por indivíduo. Esta última foi relativamente baixa (média de 2510 aquênios) correspondendo, na base de 80% de germinabilidade, à média de 2008 disseminulos viáveis por indivíduo. Esta capacidade reprodutiva é muito superior ao número de indivíduos que habitualmente ocorrem em condições naturais. A fraca densidade populacional característica da espécie deve ser atribuída, portanto, a outros fatores, tais como, possivelmente, as condições do solo, a competição interespecífica e, talvez, a ação de inimigos naturais. A produção individual de capítulos e de aquênios revelou correlação com a estatura e a biomassa mas o número de aquênios por capítulo (53 em média) não revelou correlação com a estatura, a biomassa e a produção individual de capítulos e de aquénios, demonstrando ser um carater pouco afetado pelo vigor vegetativo.

Persistência de imazaquin em latossolo roxo cultivado com soja

No ano agrícola de 1988/89 foi realizadoc um experimento de campo na Estação Experimental de Ribeirão Preto, do Instituto Agronômico, com o objetivo de estudar a persistência de imazaquin aplicado em pré emergência na cultura da soja cv IAC-8, em latossolo roxo, textura argilosa e verificar sua influência no rendimento de grãos. O experimento foi disposto em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e repetidos quatro vezes. Nas parcelas foram estudadas as doses de imazaquin 0, 75, 150 e 300g/ha. As linhas das parcelas foram sorteadas e cada época de amostragem de solo foi retirada de uma das entre linhas constituindo-se nas sub-parcelas. A atividade residual do imazaquin foi avaliada por meio de bioensaios, sendo usado o pepino (Cucumis sativus L. cv Sprent), como planta-teste. O número de dias que cada dose levaria para não apresentar mais efeito residual no solo foi determinada através de análise de regressão polinomial, estabelecida por dose. Verificou-se que onde haviam sido aplicados 75 e 150g/ha de imazaquin, aos 10 dias não havia mais efeito no crescimento da planta-teste. Para a dose de 300g/ha somente aos 22 dias deixou de existir efeito residual. Entretant o, aos 60, 48 e 43 dias após a aplicação do produto, respectivamente para 75, 150 e 300g/h a, novamente foi observada redução no crescimento da planta-teste com sintomas típicos nas folhas de pepino. Somente a partir de 89 dias para a dose de 75g/ha e 104 dias para as doses 150 e 300g/h a do imazaquin estimou-se que não seria mais observado atividade residual do produto em latossolo roxo. Não houve efeito de doses de imazaquin no rendimento de grãos de soja.

Aplicação de óleo fúsel isolado e em mistura com glifosato na pós-emergência tardia de plantas daninhas

Este trabalho foi realizado no Centro de Cana IAC, Ribeirão Preto, com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia do óleo fúsel isolado e em mistura com glifosato, aplicado na pós-emergência tardia de plantas daninhas de uma comunidade natural. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados (DBC), com 13 tratamentos em quatro repetições, sendo 52 parcelas de 3 x 3 m cada. A aplicação dos tratamentos foi realizada em 22/3/2006, com equipamento costal pressurizado munido de barra com quatro pontas de pulverização Teejet 110.02 TT, regulado para volume de calda de 212 L ha-1. Avaliaram-se a porcentagem de controle aos 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias após a aplicação do tratamento (DAA) e a massa seca, aos 42 DAA. Para a maioria dos tratamentos somente não houve 100% de controle devido à presença de plantas daninhas dos gêneros Commelina e Cyperus spp., que, mesmo com partes amareladas, foram mais tolerantes à aplicação dos produtos. O controle obtido com óleo fúsel aplicado isoladamente não ultrapassou 20%, aos 42 DAA.

Association of Alport's syndrome with HLA-DR2 antigen in a group of unrelated patients

A few family studies have evaluated HLA antigens in Alport's syndrome; however, there are no large population studies. In the present report, we studied 40 unrelated white patients with Alport's syndrome seen at the Unit of Renal Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. HLA-A, -B, -DR and -DQ antigens were typed using a complement-dependent microlymphocytotoxicity assay. A control white population (N = 403) from the same geographical area was also typed for HLA antigens. Although the frequencies of HLA-A and -B antigens of patients were not statistically different from controls, the frequency of HLA-DR2 antigen observed in patients (65%) was significantly increased in relation to controls (26%; P<0.001). The relative risk and etiologic fraction for HLA-DR2 antigen were 5.2 and 0.525, respectively. Although few immunological abnormalities have been shown in Alport's syndrome, in this report we emphasize the association of HLA molecules and Alport's syndrome. Besides the well-known inherited molecular defects encoded by type IV collagen genes in Alport's syndrome, the major histocompatibility alleles may be in linkage disequilibrium with these defective collagen genes

Diagnostic profile of inpatients as a determinant of length of stay in a general hospital psychiatric unit

The aim of this study was to determine if the diagnostic profile of inpatients of a psychiatric unit in a general hospital influences the length of stay. The results of a retrospective survey comprising the first 16 years of operation of the Psychiatric Unit of the Ribeirão Preto General Hospital (PURP) showed that the progressive increase observed in the length of stay correlated with the increase in percentage of schizophrenia diagnosis, after the 8th year of hospital operation, and of affective disorders, after the 12th year. The length of hospitalization kept increasing until the 16th year, even though there was no change in the diagnostic profile of the patients admitted to the unit. In a prospective study encompassing the next six months, 61 inpatients were evaluated with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). The results showed that 82% of the inpatients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for the schizophrenic or affective disorder spectrum at admission, with a discharge rate slower than for other diagnoses, although the length of hospitalization did not significantly differ among diagnostic categories. The results further demonstrated that in every diagnostic category more than 50% of the patients stayed in hospital for more than one week after reaching a BPRS score equal to 6, indicative of discharge. Overall, these data suggest that the increase in length of hospitalization may be due to a higher percentage of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and affective disorder admitted to the PURP. In addition, patients with low symptomatic levels remained in hospital longer than they should have.

Enterococcus gallinarum carrying the vanA gene cluster: first report in Brazil

In 2000, Enterococcus faecalis resistant to vancomycin was first reported at a tertiary hospital in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. The resistance spread to other hospitals and surveillance programs were established by hospital infection committees to prevent the spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. In February 2002, an isolate initially identified at the genus level as Enterococcus was obtained by surveillance culture (rectal swab) from a patient admitted to a hospital for treatment of septic arthritis in the shoulder. The isolate proved to be resistant to vancomycin by the disc diffusion method and confirmed by an E-test resulting in a minimal inhibitory concentration of > or = 256 µg/ml. This isolate was sent to a reference laboratory (Laboratório Especial de Bacteriologia e Epidemiologia Molecular, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP) for further study and proved to be an E. gallinarum by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers for the species. Due to the phenotype of unusually high vancomycin resistance, the isolate presumably had the resistance genes (vanA and vanB) and this was confirmed by PCR, which indicated the presence of the vanA gene. A 10.8-kb Tn1546-related transposon was also identified by long-PCR. Interspecies transfer of the vancomycin-resistance gene from the donor E. gallinarum was performed in a successful conjugation experiment in vitro, using E. faecium GE-1 and E. faecalis JH22 as receptors. This is the first report of the detection of a vanA determinant naturally acquired by E. gallinarum in Brazil, indicating the importance of characterizing VRE by both phenotype and genotype methods.

Inadequate utilization of prenatal care in two Brazilian birth cohorts

Data for two birth cohorts from two Brazilian municipalities, Ribeirão Preto in 1994 and São Luís in 1997/1998, were used to identify and compare factors associated with inadequate utilization of prenatal care and to identify factors capable of explaining the differences observed between the two cities. Prenatal care was defined as adequate or inadequate according to the recommendations of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The chi-square test and Poisson regression were used to compare differences in the inadequacy of prenatal care utilization. The percentage of inadequacy was higher in São Luís (34.6%) than in Ribeirão Preto (16.9%). Practically the same variables were associated with inadequacy in both cities. Puerperae with lower educational level, without a companion or cohabiting, who delivered in public health units, younger than 20 years, multiparae and smokers, with low family income presented higher percentages of inadequate prenatal care utilization. However, the effects of some variables differed between the two cities. The risk for inadequate use of prenatal care was higher for women attended in the public health sector in São Luís and for cohabiting women in Ribeirão Preto. The effect of the remaining factors studied did not differ between cities. The category of admission accounted for 57.0% of the difference in the inadequate use of prenatal care between cities and marital status accounted for 45.3% of the difference. Even after adjustment for all variables, part of the difference in the inadequacy of prenatal care utilization remained unexplained.

Why are the rates of cesarean section in Brazil higher in more developed cities than in less developed ones?

The objective of the present study was to investigate factors associated with cesarean sections in two cities located in different regions of Brazil and to determine factors that explain the higher cesarean section rate in the more developed city, Ribeirão Preto, compared to the less developed one, São Luís. Data from two cohort studies comprising 2846 women in Ribeirão Preto in 1994, and 2443 women in São Luís in 1997/1998 were used. Adjusted and non-adjusted risk estimates were calculated using a Poisson regression model. The cesarean section rate was 33.7% in São Luís and 50.8% in Ribeirão Preto. Adjusted analysis in a joint sequential model revealed a 51% higher risk of cesarean section in Ribeirão Preto compared to São Luís (prevalence rate ratio (PRR) = 1.51). Adjustment for category of hospital admission reduced the PRR to 1.09, i.e., this variable explained 82% of the difference in the cesarean section rate between the two cities. Adjustment for the variable "the same physician for prenatal care and delivery" reduced the PRR to 1.07, with the "physician" factor explaining 86% of the difference between rates. When simultaneously adjusted for the two variables, the PRR decreased to 1.05, with these two variables explaining 90% of the difference in the cesarean section rate between the two cities, and the difference was no longer significant. The difference in the cesarean section rate between the two Brazilian cities, one more and one less developed, was mainly explained by the physician factor and, to a lesser extent, by the category of hospital admission.

Do early life factors influence body mass index in adolescents?

The association between early life factors and body mass index (BMI) in adulthood has been demonstrated in developed countries. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of early life factors (birth weight, gestational age, maternal smoking, and social class) on BMI in young adulthood with adjustment for adult socioeconomic position. A cohort study was carried out in 1978/79 with 6827 mother-child pairs from Ribeirão Preto city, located in the most developed economic area of the country. Biological, economic and social variables and newborn anthropometric measurements were obtained shortly after delivery. In 1996, 1189 males from this cohort, 34.3% of the original male population, were submitted to anthropometric measurements and were asked about their current schooling on the occasion of army recruitment. A multiple linear regression model was applied to determine variables associated with BMI. Mean BMI was 22.7 (95%CI = 22.5-23.0). After adjustment, BMI was 1.22 kg/m² higher among infants born with high birth weight (³4000 g), 1.21 kg/m² higher among individuals of low social class at birth and 0.69 kg/m² higher among individuals whose mothers smoked during pregnancy (P < 0.05). The association between social class at birth and BMI remained statistically significant (P < 0.05) even after adjustment for adult schooling. These findings suggest that early life social influences on BMI were more important and were not reversed by late socioeconomic position. Therefore, prevention of overweight and obesity should focus not only on changes in adult life styles but also on factors such as high birth weight.

Factors associated with infant and adolescent mortality

Few studies have described factors associated with infant and adolescent mortality since birth. We report here mortality during a 20-year period in a birth cohort from Ribeirão Preto in order to identify birth variables that influenced mortality among infants and children between 10 and 19 years of age, the main causes of death, and the influence of social inequality at birth on death. Mothers were interviewed shortly after delivery. Social, biological and demographic information was collected, and mortality up to 19 years of age was investigated in registry systems. Of the 6748 liveborn singletons born in the municipality from 1978 to 1979, 343 died before or when 19 years of age were completed. Most of the cohort mortality (74.9%) occurred during the first year of life and 19.6% occurred from 10 to 19 years. Mortality was higher among boys. Preterm birth (hazard ratio, HR = 7.94) and low birth weight (HR = 10.15) were strongly associated with infant mortality. Other risk factors for infant mortality were: maternal age ³35 years (HR = 1.74), unskilled manual occupation of family head (HR = 2.47), and for adolescent mortality: unskilled manual occupation of family head (HR = 9.98) and male sex (HR = 6.58). "Perinatal conditions" were the main causes of deaths among infants and "external causes" among adolescents, especially boys. Socioeconomic factors at birth, represented by occupation, influenced adolescent mortality due to external causes, which was higher among boys (7:1). The influence of social inequality at birth on death, measured by occupation, was greater in adolescence than in infancy.

Racial inequalities and perinatal health in the southeast region of Brazil

Few studies are available about racial inequalities in perinatal health in Brazil and little is known about whether the existing inequality is due to socioeconomic factors or to racial discrimination per se. Data regarding the Ribeirão Preto birth cohort, Brazil, whose mothers were interviewed from June 1, 1978 to May 31, 1979 were used to answer these questions. The perinatal factors were obtained from the birth questionnaire and the ethnic data were obtained from 2063 participants asked about self-reported skin color at early adulthood (23-25 years of age) in 2002/2004. Mothers of mulatto and black children had higher rates of low schooling (£4 years, 27.2 and 38.0%) and lower family income (£1 minimum wage, 28.6 and 30.4%). Mothers aged less than 20 years old predominated among mulattos (17.0%) and blacks (14.0%). Higher rates of low birth weight and smoking during pregnancy were observed among mulatto individuals (9.6 and 28.8%). Preterm birth rate was higher among mulattos (9.5%) and blacks (9.7%) than whites (5.5%). White individuals had higher rates of cesarean delivery (34.9%). Skin color remained as an independent risk factor for low birth weight (P < 0.001), preterm birth (P = 0.01), small for gestational age (P = 0.01), and lack of prenatal care (P = 0.02) after adjustment for family income and maternal schooling, suggesting that the racial inequalities regarding these indicators are explained by the socioeconomic disadvantage experienced by mulattos and blacks but are also influenced by other factors, possibly by racial discrimination and/or genetics.

Do socioeconomic factors explain why maternal smoking during pregnancy is more frequent in a more developed city of Brazil?

The prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in Ribeirão Preto, a rich Brazilian city, was significantly higher (21.4%) than in São Luís (5.9%), a less developed city. To assess which variables explain the difference in prevalence of smoking during pregnancy, data from two birth cohorts were used, including 2846 puerperae from Ribeirão Preto, in 1994, and 2443 puerperae from São Luís, in 1997/98. In multivariable analysis, risk of maternal smoking during pregnancy was higher in São Luís for mothers living in a household with five or more persons (OR = 1.72, 95%CI = 1.12-2.64), aged 35 years or older (OR = 1.98, 95%CI = 0.99-3.96), who had five or more children (OR = 2.10, 95%CI = 1.16-3.81), and whose companion smoked (OR = 2.20, 95%CI = 1.52-3.18). Age of less than 20 years was a protective factor (OR = 0.55, 95%CI = 0.33-0.92). In Ribeirão Preto there was association with maternal low educational level (OR = 2.18, 95%CI = 1.30-3.65) and with a smoking companion (OR = 3.25, 95%CI = 2.52-4.18). Receiving prenatal care was a protective factor (OR = 0.24, 95%CI = 0.11-0.49). Mothers from Ribeirão Preto who worked outside the home were at a higher risk and those aged 35 years or older or who attended five or more prenatal care visits were at lower risk of smoking during pregnancy as compared to mothers from São Luís. Smoking by the companion reduced the difference between smoking rates in the two cities by 10%. The socioeconomic variables in the model did not explain the higher prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the more developed city.