996 resultados para Resíduos sólidos urbanos - Caracterização física - Metodologias


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The new modes of production imposed by capitalism and its relentless pursuit of development triggered several impacts on the natural environment and thereby the quality of life of society. These impacts become more visible when we look the urban place. For the identification and proposal of solutions is necessary to carry out an environmental diagnosis to have knowledge of the real situation of a given area. The Presidente Bernardes city is located in West of the São Paulo State, and even being a small city has many problems resulting of the unplanned urban growth. Thus, the present work intends to conduct an environmental diagnosis of the city Presidente Bernardes-SP, through the analysis of water supply systems, sewage treatment, collection and disposal of solid waste and green areas in the urban area and if required, indicate plausible alternatives to solve any problems

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Pós-graduação em Ciência dos Materiais - FEIS

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This work has main aim of is to propose the synthesis and characterization of nanostructured materials for oxidation of carbohydrates such as glucose, with non-enzymatic catalysis. The proposed pathway of synthesis of metal catalysts is the polyol method and techniques of physical characterization proposals for analysis of prepared catalyst pass through diffraction technique of ray-x (DRX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy ray-x (EDX). Technical proposals for the electrochemical characterization of the synthesized catalysts are Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The prospects of this work are compared by the catalytic activity of the sensor designed with non-enzymatic sensors and biosensors also known in the literature

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Pós-graduação em Química - IQ

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Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária - FCAV

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The great demand for animal protein was responsible for the increase on the broilers production and hence, the generation of waste from the poultry slaughter was increased as well, which in turn, propelled the development of techniques that allow the reuse and recycling of these wastes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of composting on the treatment and recycling of solid waste from poultry slaughterhouse. The solid waste was from a commercial poultry slaughterhouse and was composed of viscera, muscle, fat, bone, blood and feathers that was mixed with a source of carbon, rice husk. Initially, a windrow with a volume of 1.5m(3) was built, and then some parameters were monitored: temperature, total solids (TS), volatile (VS), N, P, K, organic carbon (C), composting organic matter (COC), organic matter resistant to composting (MORC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), mass and volume of the windrow, most probable number (MPN) of total and fecal coliforms, as well as their reductions during the process. The maximum temperature reached in the center of the windrow was 53.3 degrees C (weekly average) since reductions of weight of TS and VS and volume during the pre-composting were 36.1, 44.3 and 23.3%, respectively and during the composting process was 21.8, 23.8 and 4.4%. The low volume reduction can be associated with high concentrations of MORC (40.1%) which can be mainly related to the quality of the carbon source. The process produced satisfactory total reductions of TS, VS and volume that were respectively, 50.1, 57.5 and 26.7%. However reductions were observed in 43% of amount of nitrogen in the final compound. Despite reductions in nitrogen content, composting proved to be an effective method in the treatment of solid waste from poultry slaughterhouse.

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Os processos de decomposição dos resíduos sólidos resultam em uma importante fonte de poluente tóxico, o percolado, usualmente denominado de chorume, podendo causar graves impactos ambientais em ecossistemas vizinhos, se não for drenado e tratado adequadamente. No tratamento eletrolítico de efluentes aquosos, os poluentes sofrem degradação oxidativa. Visando o tratamento do percolado de aterro sanitário, foram analisados os parâmetros de pH, temperatura, DQO, condutividade, amônia e absorbância, utilizando-se de uma densidade de corrente de 125 mA.cm-2. As regas na espécie Helianthus annuus L., girassol da família Asteraceae, foram realizadas durante 95 dias com 11 tratamentos do percolado bruto e tratado em concentrações de 25, 50, 75 e 100% de percolado com a adição de Na2SO4, esta última concentração também sem adição de Na2SO4, a fim de avaliar a sobrevivência e o crescimento dessa espécie. Ao final do experimento, os valores de crescimento mais expressivos foram para o percolado 100% sem Na2SO4 mostrando que: a altura total obteve uma diferença em 27% menor no tratado; o diâmetro da base do caule mostrou uma diferença 45% menor do tratado em relação ao bruto; o número de folhas foi de 65% menor e área foliar de 51% menor do tratado em relação ao bruto, indicando que mesmo em crescimento o Grupo Tratado permaneceu menor durante a maioria das medidas das variáveis biométricas do girassol BRS 323. Todos os vasos regados com chorume tratado tiveram uma redução no peso seco das partes aéreas, chegando a uma redução média de 72% na concentração 100% de chorume sem a adição de Na2SO4

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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The management of solid waste originated from the treatment of domestic and industrial sewage in wastewater treatment plants is a current challenge in the Brazilian reality. However, the planning and the final destination of sludge end up being overlooked, causing serious damage to human health and the environment. The use of sewage sludge in the agriculture is growing in Brazil and is regulated by the Resolução CONAMA Nº 375/2006 which establishes the criteria and parameters so that the sludge can be disposed on the ground safely to the environment and the population. This study aims to define the effects of using sewage sludge in soil according to the results of the bibliographic survey of theoretical and practical studies using this waste in the recovery and conditioning of soil for agriculture and recuperation of degraded areas, and to define whether such type of sludge recycling is environmentally and socially feasible and safe. It can be said that the reuse of sewage sludge in soil meets the search requirements for an alternative that brings agronomic, environmental and economic benefits, as well as being an environmental and social healthy alternative if properly attended the laws that deal with the subject, anyway those should be reviewed and updated taking into account Brazilian soil and climate conditions, thus justifying need for more studies in the area

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The development of electrocatalysts for the oxidation of methanol and ethanol is very important, because these alcohols may be used in the anode fuel cells which convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy with high efficiency, cleanly and with low noise. Thus, this study reports to the synthesis of nanocatalysts of PtAu supported on carbon by microemulsion method. The physical characterization of these catalysts is performed through the techniques of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The catalytic activity of the prepared materials was studied using conventional electrochemical techniques and also the technique of spectro-electrochemical in situ FTIR, which allows identification of intermediates and products of the reactions. From the x-ray diffraction, it was observed that the thermal treatment applied to catalysts favored incorporation of Au into the crystal lattice of Pt,that is, increased the formation of PtAu alloy. Micrographs indicated particle size about 3 nm to materials not heat treated and 9 nm to materials subjected to thermal treatment (heating at 150 ° C for 1h and 30 min in argon atmosphere). Current density oxidation of methanol on PtAu / C were superior to pure platinum. Spectroscopic results indicated the presence of formate in solution in 50:50 and the composition showed bands for CO2, indicating complete oxidation, in lower potential. During ethanol oxidation on the catalyst PtAu, the main product formed was acetate, product of incomplete oxidation. The good performance for methanol oxidation can be attributed to large amounts of oxygen species adsorbed on the catalyst surface, or an electronic effect.

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A grande diversidade das atividades industriais ocasiona durante o processo produtivo a geração de resíduos sólidos, líquidos e gasosos, que podem poluir e/ou contaminar o solo, a água e o ar. Embora existam regulamentos para o descarte desses resíduos, a inobservância às regras, a ineficiência dos tratamentos despoluentes e a inoperância de órgãos fiscalizadores permitem que, ainda hoje, sejam lançados ao ambiente grandes cargas de poluentes. Isso se aplica às indústrias de alimentos de origem animal. Felizmente, a visão dos empresários do setor vem mudando, na medida em que a imagem de uma empresa que conta com produtos e processos ambientalmente responsáveis representa parte das estratégias competitivas atuais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi demonstrar como um efluente industrial pode ser transformado em matéria prima para a obtenção de um produto com valor comercial, utilizando tecnologias reconhecidas pela indústria e a atividade microbiana. O efluente foi obtido em indústria de abate e processamento de tilápias, apresentado (valores médios) pH = 9,4, DQO = 1.127 mg/L, óleos e graxas = 1.166 mg/L, nitrogênio total = 813 mg/L, coliformes a 30–35o C = 1,0x105 NMP/mL, coliformes a 45o C = 0,41 NMP/mL, bolores e leveduras = 4,6x103 UFC/mL e, ocasionalmente, contendo Salmonella sp e Aeromonas sp. Os tratamentos físicos aplicados ao efluente incluíram gradeamento, filtração (50µm) e pasteurização (65o C/30 min). O cultivo de Rubrivivax gelatinosus foi realizado sob anaerobiose em reatores de vidro durante 7 dias, em temperatura ambiente (30±5o C) e 2.000±500 lux. A recuperação da biomassa foi feita por filtração tangencial (0,2 µm; 1,5 bar), centrifugação (3.400 g/30 min; 5o C) e liofilização (-40o C) e a pulverização foi realizada manualmente. A produção de massa celular atingiu 0,18 g/L, com produtividade de 0,0634 g/L.dia. O processo promoveu redução de 52% na DQO, 48% em óleos e graxas e 22% no nitrogênio total, gerando um resíduo com pH 7,9, livre de bactérias patogênicas e, portanto, apto ao descarte. O produto obtido apresentou cor vermelho escuro (L = 22,42; C = 14,22; h = 25,48), 4,55% de umidade, 57,39% de proteína, 11,08% de extrato etéreo, 4,05% de matéria mineral, 3,03 mg/g de oxicarotenóides, 20,27 NMP/g de coliformes a 30–35o C, <1,0 NMP/g de coliformes a 45o C, 1,2x103 UFC/g de bolores e leveduras e ausência de microrganismos patogênicos. Essas características apontam para um potencial pigmentante e nutricional positivo no produto, que pode encontrar aplicação na produção animal, com segurança microbiológica. Dessa forma, fecha-se um ciclo autosustentável que pode ser adotado na própria fonte geradora do resíduo industrial, permitindo a reversão de gastos com tratamento despoluente em receitas advindas da comercialização de um novo produto.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)