Nutrients cycling aspects in stands of Pinus-elliottii engelm var elliottii under differents resining intensities .1. litter fall

Litter production was measured for two years (november 1986 to october 1988) in a 29 year -old Pinus elliottii var. elliottii stand in differents resin treatments. Needle production comprised 9 to 93% of total litter fall, while the other categories (branches, barks, seeds and cones) were not significant. Maximum litterfall occurred in march to may 1987 (autumn) and the minimum was in august 1988 (winter) for all treatments and the control. No relationship appeared between annual litterfall and environmental factors, although there was a tendence to exhibit two periods of production: one in summer and other in winter. The results showed that in two years of resin extraction was not sufficient in interfering the litter fall and consequently the productivity.

Analytic hierarchy prioritisation of new product development activities for electronics manufacturing

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting resistance to gastrointestinal parasites in a double backcross population of Red Maasai and Dorper sheep

A genome-wide scan for quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting gastrointestinal nematode resistance in sheep was completed using a double backcross population derived from Red Maasai and Dorper ewes bred to F1 rams. This design provided an opportunity to map potentially unique genetic variation associated with a parasite-tolerant breed like Red Maasai, a breed developed to survive East African grazing conditions. Parasite indicator phenotypes (blood packed cell volume PCV and faecal egg count FEC) were collected on a weekly basis from 1064 lambs during a single 3-month post-weaning grazing challenge on infected pastures. The averages of last measurements for FEC (AVFEC) and PCV (AVPCV), along with decline in PCV from challenge start to end (PCVD), were used to select lambs (N = 371) for genotyping that represented the tails (10% threshold) of the phenotypic distributions. Marker genotypes for 172 microsatellite loci covering 25 of 26 autosomes (1560.7 cm) were scored and corrected by Genoprob prior to qxpak analysis that included BoxCox transformed AVFEC and arcsine transformed PCV statistics. Significant QTL for AVFEC and AVPCV were detected on four chromosomes, and this included a novel AVFEC QTL on chromosome 6 that would have remained undetected without BoxCox transformation methods. The most significant P-values for AVFEC, AVPCV and PCVD overlapped the same marker interval on chromosome 22, suggesting the potential for a single causative mutation, which remains unknown. In all cases, the favourable QTL allele was always contributed from Red Maasai, providing support for the idea that future marker-assisted selection for genetic improvement of production in East Africa will rely on markers in linkage disequilibrium with these QTL.

Application of methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris in the field of food industry - A review

Since ancient times, the utilization of yeasts by the man has a great impact on the socio-economic development. After the advent of the technology of recombinant DNA, great advances have occurred due to the acquisition of strains of mutant yeasts in the field of applied research, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae has soon been outstanding as an interesting candidate for the expression of heterologous proteins of biotechnological interest. As the time goes by other alternative systems of expression have been shown because they have advantages over Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Among those new systems, Pichia pastoris is outstanding as methylotrophic yeast capable of growing in a culture medium containing methanol as the only source of carbon and energy. The induction of production of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD, NAD(+): oxido-redutase EC 1.1. 1.8) by Pichia pastoris was accomplished in the medium containing methanol. One of the most important key parameters in Pichia pastoris expression system is the methanol concentration. Bibliographic reviews on the Pichia pastoris production system have shown that the best culture conditions vary according to the strain used and/or kind of heterologous protein desired to be expressed. Therefore, we have sought to develop a system, involving expression of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the yeast Pichia pastoris, for generating sufficient quantities of the enzyme in order to asses its potential value for use in various food bioanalytical determination. Dehydrogenases have been widely used in the enzymatic assays of diverse composites of industrial interest, being enclosed among them glycerol and a number of important bioanalytical applications.

RESTRUCTURING of SYSTEMS and LOGISTICS of MOVEMENT and ITS IMPACT on URBAN and REGIONAL PLANNING PAULISTA

Report some of the changes in production and consumption occurring in the state of São Paulo. through the restructuring in motion systems, logistics and standards and taxation, as well as the impacts on urban spaces through new economic dynamics, imposed by the demands of corporate, is the purpose of this article. The decentralization of production and consumption towards the interior was made possible by the combination of hierarchical and ordered some basic elements such as technological innovations (ways and means of transport) and organizational (logistics, standards and taxation) which optimized the flow territorial state São Paulo. It is noteworthy, therefore: 1) the improvement of logistics as a strategy, planning and management of transport, storage and communications (including the granting of public services to private), 2) the technological improvement and expansion of motion systems (infrastructure, means of transport) and 3) the systems of rules and regulations through taxation and deregulation affect the circulatory system of a given space. Thus, both systems aims to disentangle the economic flows (goods, services, information, capital and people) and provide a more fluid territorial. The impacts on the State of São Paulo, mainly through its economic dynamics, revert positively and negatively, by changing the way one thinks and performs planning.

A hierarchy of adaptive (X)over-bar control charts

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Joint conomic design of x̄ and R charts under Weibull shock models

This paper deals with the joint economic design of x̄ and R charts when the occurrence times of assignable causes follow Weibull distributions with increasing failure rates. The variable quality characteristic is assumed to be normally distributed and the process is subject to two independent assignable causes (such as tool wear-out, overheating, or vibration). One cause changes the process mean and the other changes the process variance. However, the occurrence of one kind of assignable cause does not preclude the occurrence of the other. A cost model is developed and a non-uniform sampling interval scheme is adopted. A two-step search procedure is employed to determine the optimum design parameters. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of the model is conducted, and the cost savings associated with the use of non-uniform sampling intervals instead of constant sampling intervals are evaluated.

Economic design of a Vp X̄ chart

We develop an economic model for X̄ control charts having all design parameters varying in an adaptive way, that is, in real time considering current sample information. In the proposed model, each of the design parameters can assume two values as a function of the most recent process information. The cost function is derived and it provides a device for optimal selection of the design parameters. Through a numerical example one can foresee the savings that the developed model possibly provides. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Behavior of the wild coriander (eryngium foetidum L.) in subtropical conditions

The adaptability of wild coriander (Eryngium foetidum L.) a seasoning and medicinal herb indigenous of the Amazon region was evaluated in a subtropical city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Germination of seeds was extremely irregular with the first seeds germinating 10 days after the sowing, but the process lasted 90 days. The exploitation of this specie is possible in subtropical conditions without interruption of production but further study on the feasibility elimination of seed and flower are necessary to permit a greater yield of foliage.

Bioethanol - Brazil, 30 years of Proálcool

Brazil, which has always been in the forefront of sugarcane production, also occupies a prominent position as the first country to produce and use biofuel in its automobile fleet. This fact is a consequence of the introduction of a program which has already turned 30 years, the Próalcool (National Alcohol Program). The oil crisis in the seventies encouraged the government to develop an alternative way to replace gasoline. Bioethanol was then born as fuel obtained from fermentation of sugarcane juice, molasses or both. In the eighties, 85% of the cars ran exclusively on alcohol. Ethanol production in that decade exceeded sugarcane production by the mills. The installed units reached in that period the capacity to produce 18 billion liters of bioethanol per season, a volume equivalent to 100 million barrels of gasoline. The fermentation process, which so far had been restricted to manufacturing sugarcane liquor (aguardente) or ethanol as a byproduct of sugarcane, takes over the spotlight in the entrepreneurial scene. As a result, processes comprising engineering concepts came up and most of the biological phenomena involved in fermentation were understood. The knowledge gathered and the units installed have granted Brazil the hold of production technology and use of a clean fuel.

Crédito e pequena cafeicultura no oeste paulista: Franca/SP 1890-1914

This article turns on the importance of the small coffee production in the coffee complex economy between 1890 and 1914. We argue here the relations of work, the forms of financing and the way as the small coffee production inserts itself in this universe. We use as priority sources the employment contracts that involved the formation and/or the treatment of coffee trees and the Writes of mortgage debts, both recorded in Notarial Books, documents not used by historiography in a systematical way. We turns our look for a region marked predominantly for small and the middle producing farms of coffee, observing the dynamics of the accumulation in a period of expansion and crisis of the coffee economy.

Preliminary Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the Caribbean 2010

Includes bibliography

Strengthening development: the interplay of macro- and microeconomics

Includes bibliography

A decade of light and shadow: Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1990s

Includes bibliography

Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase production by the Bacillus sp., subgroup alcalophilus using a central composite design

Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) activity was produced by the Bacillus sp., subgroup alcalophilus in a culture medium containing cassava starch. A central composite design and response surface methodology were used to study the influence of carbon source (cassava starch), nitrogen sources (yeast extract and tryptone) and sodium carbonate in the production medium. Assays were performed in 300 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 mL of production medium maintained in a shaker at 150 rpm at 35±1°C for 72 h of fermentation. The independent variables [0.75% cassava starch, nitrogen sources (0.375% yeast extract and 0.375% tryptone) and 1% Na2CO3] produced an enzyme activity of 96.07 U mL-1.© Academic Journals Inc.