La fécondité des immigrantes africaines au Québec de 1986 à 2010

Le Canada à l’instar de plusieurs autres pays occidentaux fait face à une baisse importante du taux de natalité et à un vieillissement de sa population. La solution de l’immigration semble être retenue par ce pays pour combler le déficit en main d’œuvre afin d’éviter un ralentissement de la croissance économique. Nous nous intéressons dans cette étude aux immigrantes africaines accueillies par la province du Québec et cherchons à évaluer leur contribution à la fécondité. Pour ce faire, les données du fichier des naissances de l’Institut de la statistique du Québec et du recensement du Canada de 2006 ont été utilisées. Pour effectuer l’analyse, nous avons premièrement mesuré (avec les fichiers du registre des naissances) l’évolution dans le temps de la contribution des immigrantes africaines à la natalité au Québec. Et deuxièmement, nous avons évalué la relation entre la région d’origine des femmes et la variable "ayant un enfant de moins d’un an" (récente maternité). Nous avons procédé à une analyse descriptive, et également à une analyse multivariée en utilisant un modèle logistique, et en considérant des facteurs sociodémographiques. Nos résultats montrent que les immigrantes africaines affichent un niveau de fécondité plus élevé par rapport à celui des natives et des autres immigrantes. Nous avons constaté que la contribution à la natalité et à la fécondité au Québec des immigrantes venant de l’Afrique Nord était plus importante que celles des autres immigrantes africaines. En outre, les résultats du modèle logistique montrent que les femmes immigrantes africaines de la première génération sont plus susceptibles d’avoir un enfant que les natives du Québec. Nous avons aussi remarqué un effet de la durée de séjour sur la fécondité des immigrantes africaines. Les résultats montrent que les immigrantes de la deuxième génération ont un niveau de fécondité proche des natives du Québec. Nous avons enfin trouvé que la fécondité des immigrantes africaines arrivées très jeunes au Québec est inférieure ou diffère peu de celle des natives du Québec.

Le parcours en emploi des immigrantes sélectionnées au Québec : quelles différences avec leurs homologues masculins ?

L'Enquête rétrospective sur les travailleurs sélectionnés au Québec a permis d’analyser la relation formation-emploi des immigrantes — arrivées comme requérantes principales — et de jeter un regard sur le parcours en emploi de ces femmes, en comparaison avec leurs homologues masculins. Une attention particulière est mise sur l'effet de genre et de la région de provenance, ainsi que l'interaction entre ces deux variables. Des modèles semi-paramétriques de Cox mettent en exergue comment les caractéristiques individuelles, mais aussi les activités de formation dans la société d’accueil, affectent au fil du temps les risques relatifs d’obtenir un premier emploi correspondant à ses qualifications scolaires prémigratoires. Puis, des régressions linéaires font état des déterminants du salaire après deux ans sur le territoire. Les résultats montrent que l'accès à l'emploi qualifié n'est pas affecté différemment selon que l'immigrant soit un homme ou une femme. Des différences intragroupes apparaissent toutefois en fonction de la région de provenance, avec un net avantage pour les immigrants de l'Europe de l'Ouest et des États-Unis. L'accès au premier emploi (sans distinction pour les qualifications) et le salaire révèlent, quant à eux, des différences sur la base du genre, avec un désavantage pour les femmes. Chez ces dernières, l'insertion en emploi se fait de façon similaire entre les groupes régionaux, alors que les groupes d'hommes sont plus hétérogènes. D'ailleurs, certaines caractéristiques individuelles, comme la connaissance du français et la catégorie d'admission, affectent différemment les immigrants et les immigrantes dans l'accès au premier emploi.

Detecção e conscientização de portadores de hemoglobinopatias nas regiões de São José do Rio Preto e Presidente Prudente, SP (Brasil)

Foram analisadas 7.657 amostras de sangue provenientes de 48 cidades das regiões de São José do Rio Preto e de Presidente Prudente, com o objetivo de detectar e conscientizar os portadores de hemoglobinas anormais. As análises efetuadas mostraram que 3,47% tinham hemoglobinas anormais, sendo 2,26% portadores de variantes moleculares (Hbs, AS, AC, SS, SC, AJ, AB2) e 1,21% de talasse-mias (alfa e beta). Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que estudos semelhantes, além de propiciar o melhor conhecimento das causas genéticas, bioquímicas e hematológicas dessas alterações hereditárias, oferecem também a oportunidade de estimar a importância que essas patologias representam para a saúde pública do nosso país. A ação preventiva foi estabelecida por meio de reuniões de esclarecimentos médicos e biológicos aos portadores de hemoglobinas anormais.

Situação do aleitamento materno em população assistida pelo programa de saúde da família-PSF

Este estudo objetivou identificar a prevalência dos diferentes tipos de aleitamento e sua relação com variáveis maternas no município de Conchas-SP, totalmente coberto pelo PSF. Foram obtidas informações sobre a alimentação atual das crianças menores de um ano que compareceram à primeira etapa da Campanha de Multivacinação de 2003. As associações foram submetidas ao teste do qui-quadrado, adotando-se 5% como nível de significância estatística. As prevalências do Aleitamento Materno Exclusivo (AME) e do Aleitamento Materno Predominante (AMP), em menores de 4 meses de vida, foram 25,4 e 44,4%, respectivamente, e 66,7% do total de crianças menores de um ano ainda eram amamentadas. A prevalência do AME em menores de 6 meses foi heterogênea, variando de 7,4 a 41,2%, conforme a equipe do PSF de procedência das crianças. Ter passado por dificuldades no início do aleitamento associou-se a menores prevalências de AME e Aleitamento Materno (AM). Esses resultados evidenciam situação distante da recomendada pela Organização Mundial de Saúde e aquela para a qual há evidências de máximo efeito protetor à saúde infantil, reafirmam a necessidade de apoio às mães no período puerperal precoce e demonstram a importância de diagnósticos desagregados por regiões para o planejamento de ações de promoção ao AM.

Aplicação da genética molecular no manejo e conservação de tubarões

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Multimorbidity in adult asylum seekers: a first overview

PRINCIPALS Over the last two decades, the total annual number of applications for asylum in the countries of the European Union has increased from 15,000 to more than 300,000 people. The aim of this study was to give a first overview on multimorbidity of adult asylum seekers. METHODS Our retrospective Swiss single center data analysis examined multimorbidity of adult asylums seekers admitted to our ED between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2012. RESULTS A total of 3170 patients were eligible for the study; they were predominantly male (2392 male, 75.5% versus 778 female, 24.5). The median age of the patients was 28 years (range 28-82). The most common region of origin was Africa (1544, 48.7%), followed by the Middle East (736, 23.6%). 2144 (67.6%) of all patients were not multimorbid. A total of 1183 (37.7%) of our patients were multimorbid. The mean Charlson comorbidity index was 0.25 (SD 1.1, range 0-12). 634 (20%) of all patients sufferem from psychiatric diseases, followed by chronic medical conditions (12.6%, 399) and infectious diseases (4.7%, 150). Overall, 11% (349) of our patients presented as a direct consequence of prior violence. Patients from Sri Lanka/India most often suffered from addictions problems (50/240, 20.8%, p<0.0001). Infectious diseases were most frequent in patients from Africa (6.6%), followed by the Balkans and Eastern Europe/Russia (each 3.8%). CONCLUSION The health care problems of asylum seekers are manifold. More than 60% of the study population assessed in our study did not suffer from more than one disease. Nevertheless a significant percentage of asylum seekers is multimorbid and exhibits underlying psychiatric, infectious or chronic medical conditions despite their young age.

Competitividade da cadeia produtiva do Arapaima gigas, o pirarucu da Amazônia brasileira

Com um quinto da água doce do planeta, o sistema fluvial da Amazônia apresenta um enorme potencial para piscicultura. De acordo com a FAO, em função das suas condições geográficas, o Brasil é um dos poucos países que tem condições de atender à crescente demanda mundial, podendo tornar-se um dos maiores produtores de peixes do mundo. A observação desse potencial amazônico motivou o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa que se debruça sobre a questão da competitividade da cadeia produtiva de Arapaima gigas, o pirarucu da Amazônia brasileira. As pesquisas de campo levaram ao mapeamento de duas cadeias: a cadeia extrativista e a piscicultura. A abordagem sistêmica permitiu a verificação das características dos atores e as bases sob as quais as transações se estabelecem. À luz da teoria das restrições foram identificados os gargalos que impedem a competitividade do sistema, inclusive alertando para os recursos com restrição de capacidade. Comprovou-se que a falta de uma cadeia produtiva devidamente organizada pode provocar graves prejuízos a determinados elos, enquanto outros membros aproveitam-se de ações oportunistas para ampliar suas margens de lucro. Da mesma forma, a ausência de uma cadeia produtiva completa impede a fixação do valor gerado na região de origem das matérias-primas. No entanto, também foi possível comprovar que há possibilidade de desenvolver o extrativismo atribuindo valor econômico aos recursos naturais e gerando renda para a comunidade local. Além de apresentar o panorama do setor na região delimitada, este estudo culminou em reflexões capazes de orientar políticas públicas para o desenvolvimento de cadeias produtivas completas na região da Amazônia brasileira.

Graduate overeducation and its effects among recently arrived immigrants to Australia: A longitudinal survey

There is increasing importance attached to skill-based immigration in many countries including Australia. This paper investigates the incidences, determinants, and returns to graduate overeducation among tertiary qualified immigrants during the early phase of their settlement in Australia. We place particular emphasis on visa categories and region of origin. As expected, those on visas with higher skill requirements perform better in the labour market. The bulk of these are immigrants from English Speaking Backgrounds (ESB). Non-English Speaking Background (NESB) immigrants, on the other hand, have higher and persistent rates of overeducation. The wage returns to required and surplus education match the stylized facts of overeducation for ESB and Other NESB immigrants while Asian NESB immigrants receive no return to surplus education. Thus, the results suggest that NESB graduate immigrants are a heterogeneous group, with Asian graduate immigrants facing greater assimilation hurdles in the Australian labour market.

Valorización simbólica del Queso Crema de Chiapas, un queso mexicano tradicional con calidad de origen

El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en explorar el valor simbólico que posee un queso tradicional mexicano, el Queso Crema de Chiapas. Para ello, se recorrió un largo camino de caracterización técnica de los rasgos fisicoquímicos, microbiológicos y sensoriales del producto, así como también de sus canales de comercialización y su red de valor. Una vez que se conocieron y se identificaron los aspectos tecnológicos mensurables, que imparten las características especiales al Queso Crema de Chiapas. La presente investigación mostró la existencia de aspectos subjetivos que aportan un valor y significado a este queso genuino; aspectos determinados por la sociedad, y en especial por los productores. El simbolismo es un rasgo asignado por las personas; se trata de un concepto subjetivo que está determinado por la necesidade, y fundamentado por la historia, la cultura, la idiosincrasia y su forma de vida. Estos valores favorecen la presencia del queso en el mercado, lo que contribuye a su preservación como patrimonio alimentario. Esta investigación se realizó con un enfoque antropológico, cualitativo-cuantitativo y observacional en campo, que se complementó con investigaciones anteriores, demostrando el valor de este alimento identitario de Chiapas. Sus resultados pueden ser empleados como instrumento para promover acciones de valorización adecuadas y contribuir al desarrollo socioeconómico y cultural de su región de origen.

Da casta ao terroir

Pela importância atual – e crescente – que o vinho tem na economia portuguesa, pela margem existente para a apresentação de temas de reflexão que acrescentem valor ao posicionamento do setor, pela experiência pessoal e paixão pela área, decidi elaborar a minha dissertação numa temática enquadrável no setor do vinho, em particular no vinho Alvarinho proveniente do terroir que representa a Denominação de Origem Vinho Verde Sub-região de Monção e Melgaço. A estrutura deste estudo assenta em duas dimensões: a primeira, numa perspetiva local, assente na recente decisão de alargar a Denominação Origem Vinho Verde Alvarinho a todas as sub-regiões que integram a Região dos Vinhos Verdes, com efeitos em 2021. Pelo que se procurará mostrar a importância da relação desta casta com o seu terroir de origem e, perante esta interligação, qual o fator mais importante a utilizar na comunicação do vinho. A segunda prende-se com a dimensão internacional que se pretende para o Alvarinho no mercado dos grandes vinhos brancos mundiais, onde encontramos castas brancas de renome como a Chardonnay e a Riesling, face a esta exposição e à crescente aposta na casta a nível mundial, como agir perante a potencial ameaça que representa a entrada dos países do “Novo Mundo”. Posto isto, é neste contexto que se coloca a questão que está na génese desta dissertação: de que forma o terroir contribui como fator de diferenciação e de vantagem competitiva do Alvarinho produzido na Denominação de Origem Vinho Verde Sub-região Monção e Melgaço no mercado dos grandes vinhos brancos mundiais? Cuja resposta poderá em grande parte estar, no meu entendimento, na análise de um caso de sucesso, que nesta dissertação é representada pelo trabalho realizado em torno do Rieseling produzido no Vale de Mosel e que contribuiu para que este tivesse conquistado a sua reputação.

A multi-tracer study of groundwater origin and transit-time in the aquifers of the Venice region (Italy)

Located in the northeastern region of Italy, the Venetian Plain (VP) is a sedimentary basin containing an extensively exploited groundwater system. The northern part is characterised by a large undifferentiated phreatic aquifer constituted by coarse grain alluvial deposits and recharged by local rainfalls and discharges from the rivers Brenta and Piave. The southern plain is characterised by a series of aquitards and sandy aquifers forming a well-defined artesian multi-aquifer system. In order to determine origins, transit times and mixing proportions of different components in groundwater (GW), a multi tracer study (H, He/He, C, CFC, SF, Kr, Ar, Sr/Sr, O, H, cations, and anions) has been carried out in VP between the rivers Brenta and Piave. The geochemical pattern of GW allows a distinction of the different water origins in the system, in particular based on View the MathML source HCO3-,SO42-,Ca/Mg,NO3-, O, H. A radiogenic Sr signature clearly marks GW originated from the Brenta and Tertiary catchments. End-member analysis and geochemical modelling highlight the existence of a mixing process involving waters recharged from the Brenta and Piave rivers, from the phreatic aquifer and from another GW reservoirs characterised by very low mineralization. Noble gas excesses in respect to atmospheric equilibrium occur in all samples, particularly in the deeper aquifers of the Piave river, but also in phreatic water of the undifferentiated aquifers. He–H ages in the phreatic aquifer and in the shallower level of the multi-aquifer system indicate recharge times in the years 1970–2008. The progression of H–He ages with the distance from the recharge areas together with initial tritium concentration (H + Hetrit) imply an infiltration rate of about 1 km/y and the absence of older components in these GW. SF and Kr data corroborate these conclusions. H − He ages in the deeper artesian aquifers suggest a dilution process with older, tritium free waters. C Fontes–Garnier model ages of the old GW components range from 1 to 12 ka, yielding an apparent GW velocity of about 1–10 m/y. Increase of radiogenic He follows the progression of C ages. Ar, radiogenic He and C tracers yield model-dependent age-ranges in overall good agreement once diffusion of C from aquitards, GW dispersion, lithogenic Ar production, and He production-rate heterogeneities are taken into account. The rate of radiogenic He increase with time, deduced by comparison with C model ages, is however very low compared to other studies. Comparison with C and C data obtained 40 years ago on the same aquifer system shows that exploitation of GW caused a significant loss of the old groundwater reservoir during this time.

On the origin of the inflectional instability of a laminar separation bubble

This is an experimental and theoretical Study of a laminar separation bubble and the associated linear stability mechanisms. Experiments were performed over a flat plate kept in a wind tunnel, with an imposed pressure gradient typical of an aerofoil that would involve a laminar separation bubble. The separation bubble was characterized by measurement of surface-pressure distribution and streamwise velocity using hot-wire anemometry. Single component hot-wire anemometry was also used for a detailed study of the transition dynamics. It was foundthat the so-called dead-air region in the front portion of the bubble corresponded to a region of small disturbance amplitudes, with the amplitude reaching a maximum value close to the reattachment point. An exponential growth rate of the disturbance was seen in the region upstream of the mean maximum height of the bubble, and this was indicative of a linear instability mechanism at work. An infinitesimal disturbance was impulsively introduced into the boundary layer upstream of separation location, and the wave packet was tracked (in an ensemble-averaged sense) while it was getting advected downstream. The disturbance was found to be convective in nature. Linear stability analyses (both the Orr-Sommerfeld and Rayleigh calculations) were performed for mean velocity profiles, starting from an attached adverse-pressure-gradient boundary layer all the way up to the front portion of the separation-bubble region (i.e. up to the end of the dead-air region in which linear evolution of the disturbance could be expected). The conclusion from the present work is that the primary instability mechanism in a separation bubble is inflectional in nature, and its origin can be traced back to upstream of the separation location. In other words, the inviscid inflectional instability of the separated shear layer should be logically seen as an extension of the instability of the upstream attached adverse-pressure-gradient boundary layer. This modifies the traditional view that pegs the origin of the instability in a separation bubble to the detached shear layer Outside the bubble, with its associated Kelvin-Helmholtz mechanism. We contendthat only when the separated shear layer has moved considerably away from the wall (and this happens near the maximum-height location of the mean bubble), a description by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability paradigm, with its associated scaling principles, Could become relevant. We also propose a new scaling for the most amplified frequency for a wall-bounded shear layer in terms of the inflection-point height and the vorticity thickness and show it to be universal.

Genetic characterization of Indian type O FMD virus 3A region in context with host cell preference

The 3A region of foot-and-mouth disease virus has been implicated in host range and virulence. For example, amino acid deletions in the porcinophilic strain (O/TAW/97) at 93-102 aa of the 153 codons long 3A protein have been recognized as the determinant of species specificity. In the present study, 18 type 0 FMDV isolates from India were adapted in different cell culture systems and the 3A sequence was analyzed. These isolates had complete 3A coding sequence (153 aa) and did not exhibit growth restriction in cells based on species of origin. The 3A region was found to be highly conserved at N-terminal half (1-75 aa) but exhibited variability or substitutions towards C-terminal region (80-153). Moreover the amino acid substitutions were more frequent in recent Indian buffalo isolates but none of the Indian isolates showed deletion in 3A protein, which may be the reason for the absence of host specificity in vitro. Further inclusive analysis of 3A region will reveal interesting facts about the variability of FMD virus 3A region in an endemic environment. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

High-density comparative BAC mapping in the black muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons): Molecular cytogenetic dissection of the origin of MCR 1p+4 in the X1X2Y1Y2Y3 sex chromosome system

The black muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons, 2n = 8 female/9 male) is a critically endangered mammalian species that is confined to a narrow region of southeastern China. Male black muntjacs have an astonishing X1X2Y1Y2Y3 sex chromosome system, unparalleled i

Recent origin of a hominoid-specific splice form of neuropsin, a gene involved in learning and memory

Neuropsin is a secreted-type serine protease involved in learning and memory. The type II splice form of neuropsin is abundantly expressed in the human brain but not in the mouse brain. We sequenced the type II-spliced region of neuropsin gene in humans and representative nonhuman primate species. Our comparative sequence analysis showed that only the hominoid species (humans and apes) have the intact open reading frame of the type II splice form, indicating that the type II neuropsin originated recently in the primate lineage about 18 MYA. Expression analysis using RT-PCR detected abundant expression of the type II form in the frontal lobe of the adult human brain, but no expression was detected in the brains of lesser apes and Old World monkeys, indicating that the type II form of neuropsin only became functional in recent time, and it might contribute to the progressive change of cognitive abilities during primate evolution.