Age validation, growth, mortality, and demographic modeling of spotted gully shark (Triakis megalopterus) from the southeast coast of South Africa

This study documents validation of vertebral band-pair formation in spotted gully shark (Triakis megalopterus) with the use of fluorochrome injection and tagging of captive and wild sharks over a 21-year period. Growth and mortality rates of T. megalopterus were also estimated and a demographic analysis of the species was conducted. Of the 23 OTC (oxytetracycline) -marked vertebrae examined (12 from captive and 11 from wild sharks), seven vertebrae (three from captive and four from wild sharks) exhibited chelation of the OTC and fluoresced under ultraviolet light. It was concluded that a single opaque and translucent band pair was deposited annually up to at least 25 years of age, the maximum age recorded. Reader precision was assessed by using an index of average percent error calculated at 5%. No significant differences were found between male and female growth patterns (P>0.05), and von Bertalanffy growth model parameters for combined sexes were estimated to be L∞=1711.07 mm TL, k=0.11/yr and t0=–2.43 yr (n=86). Natural mortality was estimated at 0.17/yr. Age at maturity was estimated at 11 years for males and 15 years for females. Results of the demographic analysis showed that the population, in the absence of fishing mortality, was stable and not significantly different from zero and particularly sensitive to overfishing. At the current age at first capture and natural mortality rate, the fishing mortality rate required to result in negative population growth was low at F>0.004/ yr. Elasticity analysis revealed that juvenile survival was the principal factor in explaining variability in population growth rate.

Using experiments and expert judgment to model catchability of Pacific rockfishes in trawl surveys, with application to bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis) off British Columbia

The time series of abundance indices for many groundfish populations, as determined from trawl surveys, are often imprecise and short, causing stock assessment estimates of abundance to be imprecise. To improve precision, prior probability distributions (priors) have been developed for parameters in stock assessment models by using meta-analysis, expert judgment on catchability, and empirically based modeling. This article presents a synthetic approach for formulating priors for rockfish trawl survey catchability (qgross). A multivariate prior for qgross for different surveys is formulated by using 1) a correction factor for bias in estimating fish density between trawlable and untrawlable areas, 2) expert judgment on trawl net catchability, 3) observations from trawl survey experiments, and 4) data on the fraction of population biomass in each of the areas surveyed. The method is illustrated by using bocaccio (Sebastes paucipinis) in British Columbia. Results indicate that expert judgment can be updated markedly by observing the catch-rate ratio from different trawl gears in the same areas. The marginal priors for qgross are consistent with empirical estimates obtained by fitting a stock assessment model to the survey data under a noninformative prior for qgross. Despite high prior uncertainty (prior coefficients of variation ≥0.8) and high prior correlation between qgross, the prior for qgross still enhances the precision of key stock assessment quantities.

Use of stereo camera systems for assessment of rockfish abundance in untrawlable areas and for recording pollock behavior during midwater trawls

We describe the application of two types of stereo camera systems in fisheries research, including the design, calibration, analysis techniques, and precision of the data obtained with these systems. The first is a stereo video system deployed by using a quick-responding winch with a live feed to provide species- and size- composition data adequate to produce acoustically based biomass estimates of rockfish. This system was tested on the eastern Bering Sea slope where rockfish were measured. Rockfish sizes were similar to those sampled with a bottom trawl and the relative error in multiple measurements of the same rockfish in multiple still-frame images was small. Measurement errors of up to 5.5% were found on a calibration target of known size. The second system consisted of a pair of still-image digital cameras mounted inside a midwater trawl. Processing of the stereo images allowed fish length, fish orientation in relation to the camera platform, and relative distance of the fish to the trawl netting to be determined. The video system was useful for surveying fish in Alaska, but it could also be used broadly in other situations where it is difficult to obtain species-composition or size-composition information. Likewise, the still-image system could be used for fisheries research to obtain data on size, position, and orientation of fish.

Estudo da produção de multijatos em colisões próton-próton com √s= 7 TeV no detector CMS/LHC

O Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) é um dos principais detectores instalados no LHC que possibilita o estudo de diferentes aspectos da Física, indo do Modelo Padrão à matéria escura. Esse detector de propósito geral, foi construído para ser capaz de medir múons com uma grande precisão e todos os seus subdetectores foram construídos com uma alta granularidade, tornando possível identificar e caracterizar as propriedades cinemáticas das partículas finais da colisão. O algoritmo de reconstrução de eventos inclui a identificação de jatos, ou seja, é possível identificar a assinatura da produção de pártons na colisão e a medida de seções de choque da produção de muitos jatos é um dos métodos para se explorar as contribuições da Cromodinâmica Quântica (Quantum Chromodynamics - QCD) perturbativa, permitindo avaliar as previsões implementadas nas simulações de eventos. Tendo em vista a caracterização de processos relacionados com a QCD em colisões de próton-próton a uma energia do centro de massa de 7 TeV, é apresentada a medida da seção de choque da produção inclusiva de multijatos no CMS. Para realizar essa medida foram utilizados dados reais coletados em 2010, onde não se apresentava muitas colisões por cruzamento de pacote, com uma luminosidade integrada de L = 2,869 pb-1 e utilizando jatos que estão em quase todo o espaço de fase acessível em pseudorapidez |n|≤ 4,8 e momentum transverso pT ≥ 30 GeV/ c2. Desse resultado foram removidos os efeitos de detecção comparado com predições simuladas.

Advances in methods for determining fecundity: application of the new methods to some marine fishes

Estimation of individual egg production (realized fecundity) is a key step either to understand the stock and recruit relationship or to carry out fisheries-independent assessment of spawning stock biomass using egg production methods. Many fish are highly fecund and their ovaries may weigh over a kilogram; therefore the work time can be consuming and require large quantities of toxic fixative. Recently it has been shown for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) that image analysis can automate fecundity determination using a power equation that links follicles per gram ovary to the mean vitellogenic follicular diameter (the autodiametric method). In this article we demonstrate the precision of the autodiametric method applied to a range of species with different spawning strategies during maturation and spawning. A new method using a solid displacement pipette to remove quantitative fecundity samples (25, 50, 100, and 200 milligram [mg]) is evaluated, as are the underlying assumptions to effectively fix and subsample the ovary. Finally, we demonstrate the interpretation of dispersed formaldehyde-fixed ovarian samples (whole mounts) to assess the presence of atretic and postovulatory follicles to replace labor intensive histology. These results can be used to estimate down regulation (production of atretic follicles) of fecundity during maturation.

Incorporating fishery observer data into an integrated catch-at-age and multiyear tagging model for estimating mortality rates and abundance

Tagging experiments are a useful tool in fisheries for estimating mortality rates and abundance of fish. Unfortunately, nonreporting of recovered tags is a common problem in commercial fisheries which, if unaccounted for, can render these estimates meaningless. Observers are often employed to monitor a portion of the catches as a means of estimating reporting rates. In our study, observer data were incorporated into an integrated model for multiyear tagging and catch data to provide joint estimates of mortality rates (natural and f ishing), abundance, and reporting rates. Simulations were used to explore model performance under a range of scenarios (e.g., different parameter values, parameter constraints, and numbers of release and recapture years). Overall, results indicated that all parameters can be estimated with reasonable accuracy, but that fishing mortality, reporting rates, and abundance can be estimated with much higher precision than natural mortality. An example of how the model can be applied to provide guidance on experimental design for a large-scale tagging study is presented. Such guidance can contribute to the successful and cost-effective management of tagging programs for commercial fisheries.

Measurements of total scattering spectra from bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis)

Marine sportfishing in southern California is a huge industry with annual revenues totaling many billions of dollars. However, the stocks of lingcod and six rockfish species have been declared overfished by the Pacific Fisheries Management Council. As part of a multifaceted fisheries management plan, marine conservation areas, covering many million square nautical miles, have been mandated. To monitor the recovery of the rockfish stocks in these areas, scientists are faced with the following challenges: 1) multiple species of rockfish exist in these areas; 2) the species reside near or on the bottom at depths of 80 to 300 m; and 3) they are low in numerical density. To meet these challenges, multifrequency echosounders, multibeam sonar, and cameras mounted on remotely operated vehicles are frequently used (Reynolds et al., 2001). The accuracy and precision of these echosounder results are largely dependent upon the accuracy of the species classification and target strength estimation (MacLennan and Simmonds, 1992).

Behavioral ontogeny in larvae and early juveniles of the giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis) (Pisces: Carangidae)

Behavior of young (8−18 mm SL) giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis), a large coral-reef−associated predator, was observed in the laboratory and the ocean. Size was a better predictor of swimming speed and endurance than was age. Critical speed increased with size from 12 to 40 cm/s at 2.7 cm/s for each mm increase in size. Mean scaled critical speed was 19 body lengths/s and was not size related. Swimming speed in the ocean was 4 to 20 cm/s (about half of critical speed) and varied among areas, but within each area, it increased at 2 cm/s for each mm increase in size. Swimming endurance in the laboratory increased from 5 to 40 km at 5 km for each mm increase in size. Vertical distribution changed ontogenetically: larvae swam shallower, but more variably, and then deeper with growth. Two-thirds of individuals swam directionally with no ontogenetic increase in orientation precision. Larvae swam offshore off open coasts, but not in a bay. In situ observations of C. ignobilis feeding, interacting with pelagic animals, and reacting to reefs are reported. Manusc

Evaluación del testimonio: errores de memoria y mentiras

[ES]Este Trabajo de Fin de Grado (TFG) consiste en una revisión bibliográfica sobre los errores de memoria y la mentira en el testimonio. Para ello, por un lado, se explicarán los tipos de errores de memoria que se pueden dar en el testimonio, así como los factores que influyen en la exactitud de la memoria de los testigos, víctimas y/o agresores, y por otro lado, las mentiras que se pueden contar junto con su posible detección mediante indicadores verbales y no verbales. Respecto a la parte empírica, se recogerán y analizarán los resultados obtenidos gracias a diferentes estudios recogidos en un meta-análisis sobre la capacidad que tienen los policías para detectar la mentira en un testimonio.

The effect of autotrawl systems on the performance of a survey trawl

Three aspects of a survey bottom trawl performance—1) trawl geometry (i.e., net spread, door spread, and headrope height); 2) footrope distance off-bottom; and 3) bridle distance off-bottom—were compared among hauls by using either of two autotrawl systems (equal tension and net symmetry) and hauls conducted with towing cables of equal length and locked winches. The effects of environmental conditions, vessel heave, crabbing (i.e., the difference between vessel heading and actual vessel course over ground), and bottom current on trawl performance with three trawling modes were investigated. Means and standard deviations of trawl geometry measures were not significantly different between autotrawl and locked-winch systems. Bottom trawls performed better with either autotrawl system as compared to trawling with locked winches by reducing the variance and increasing the symmetry of the footrope contact with the bottom. The equal tension autotrawl system was most effective in counteracting effects of environmental conditions on footrope bottom contact. Footrope bottom contact was most inf luenced by environmental conditions during tows with locked winches. Both of the autotrawl systems also reduced the variance and increased the symmetry of bridle bottom contact. Autotrawl systems proved to be effective in decreasing the effects of environmental factors on some aspects of trawl performance and, as a result, have the potential to reduce among-haul variance in catchability of survey trawls. Therefore, by incorporating an autotrawl system into standard survey procedures, precision of survey estimates of relative abundance

Estimativa de espessura do concreto utilizando o método do eco - impacto

Nesta pesquisa utilizou-se um equipamento experimental que utiliza o método do eco-impacto produzido no Laboratório de Ensaios Físicos do Instituto Politécnico do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ/IPRJ), para estimar a espessuras de placas de concreto através da propagação de ondas de tensão geradas por um impacto. Para determinação dessa espessura, foram investigados vários mecanismos de estruturação do protótipo do equipamento com objetivo de se obter a melhor leitura possível, por meio das literaturas existentes. Entre parâmetros avaliados no estudo, estava o modelo de sensor a ser utilizado, o tipo de impactor, a precisão relacionada à aquisição de dados e o tratamento do mesmo, a distância entre o ponto de impacto e o transdutor (sensor), e o local de teste. Os resultados experimentais concordam com as previsões teóricas e revelam que este método é eficiente para análise de estrutura de concreto. A análise da espessura e resposta em frequência de um novo protótipo desenvolvido e os testes realizados possibilitou um erro médio de espessura real para amostras sem agregados de 0,39% e para as amostras com agregados com de 0,64%. Esses resultados apontam que o equipamento produzido tem potencial e que o mesmo pode ser utilizado para avaliação de estrutura de concreto.

Avaliação Comparativa dos Scanners 3D Artec MHT e Cyberware WBX para aplicações em Antropometria e Ergonomia

A partir das dimensões dos indivíduos pode-se definir dimensionamentos adequados para os produtos e postos de trabalho, proporcionando segurança e conforto aos usuários. Com o avanço da tecnologia de digitalização de imagens (escaneamento) 3D, é possível tirar algumas medidas de maneira mais rápida e com a redução da presença do entrevistado durante o processo. No entanto, faltam estudos que avaliem estas tecnologias no Brasil, sendo necessária a realização de uma comparação das tecnologias e das respectivas precisões para que seu uso em pesquisas. Com o objetivo de oferecer métodos comparativos para escolha dos marcadores e equipamentos a serem utilizados em uma pesquisa antropométrica tridimensional da população brasileira, no presente estudo estão comparadas duas tecnologias de escaneamento: o sistema a laser WBX da empresa norte americana Cyberware e o sistema MHT da empresa russa Artec Group. O método para avaliação da precisão dimensional dos dados advindos desses equipamentos de digitalização de imagens 3D teve cinco etapas: Estudo dos processos de escaneamento; Escaneamento dos marcadores de pontos anatômicos; Escaneamento utilizando um corpo de prova cilíndrico; Escaneamento de um manequim; Escaneamento de um voluntário que teve seus pontos anatômicos marcados para a retirada de medidas. Foi feita uma comparação entre as medidas retiradas manualmente, por meio de antropômetro e virtualmente, com o auxílio do software de modelagem tridimensional Rhinoceros. Em relação aos resultados obtidos na avaliação do manequim e do voluntário, concluiu-se que a magnitude do erro absoluto é semelhante para ambos os scanners, e permanece constante independentemente das dimensões sob análise. As principais diferenças são em relação às funcionalidades dos equipamentos.

Avaliação da fadiga em pacientes com artrite reumatoide e sua relação com qualidade de vida, capacidade funcional, sintomas de ansiedade e depressão e atividade de doença

Fadiga é um sintoma subjetivo de difícil definição. Extremamente comum em pacientes com Artrite Reumatoide. O objetivo deste estudo é estudar a fadiga numa amostra de pacientes brasileiros de dois hospitais de grande porte na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e analisar sua correlação com outras variáveis freqüentes da doença como a Qualidade de Vida, Capacidade Funcional, Ansiedade, Depressão e atividade inflamatória da doença.Um protocolo padrão foi prospectivamente aplicado a 371 pacientes como diagnóstico de AR de acordo com os critérios de classificação do American College of Rheumatology de 1987. Achados clínicos, demograficos e laboratoriais foram coletados.Os dados laboratoriais incluíram a velocidade de sedimentação das hemácias e dosagem da proteína C reativa. O número de juntas dolorosas foi obtido atraves do terceiro item do questionário de atividade inflamatória da doença DAS 28. Idade, gênero, índice de massa corporal, tempo de doença, qualidade de vida avaliada pelos domínios físico e mental do questionário Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36-item Health Survey (SF-36P e SF-36M), a capacidade funcional avaliada pelo Health Assessment Questionaire - Disability Index (HAQ DI). A ansiedade e a depressão foi mensurada pelo Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD a/d). A fadiga foi avaliada pela utilização da subscalaprópria para mensuração das queixas de fadiga do questionário Fatigue Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (Facit FS). Foi aplicado o intervalo de confiança de 95% como medida de precisão. O valor médio de fadiga mensurado pelo Facit FS foi 39.88 8.64. O escore da fadiga correlacionou-se com capacidade funcional mensurada pelo HAQ DI (-0.507; p < 0.0000), a ansiedade e depressão mensurada pelo HAD a/d (-0.542 e -0.545; p < 0.0000 respectivamente) e com a qualidade de vida mensuradapor ambos domínios do SF-36, porém predominantemente com o seu domínio físico (SF-36P: 0.584; p < 0.0000 e 0.405; p < 0,05 respectivamente).Não encontramos associação com a velocidade de sedimentação das hemácias (-0.118; p < 0.05), da proteína C reativa (-0.089), da atividade de doença mensurada pelo DAS 28 (-0.250; p < 0.0000) ou com o número de juntas dolorosas (-0.135; p < 0.009). Nesta amostra de pacientes com Artrite reumatoide, sugerimos um novo significado para a fadiga, como um parâmetro independente, não relacionado a atividade inflamatória da doença ou ao número de juntas dolorosas. A fadiga mostrou-se associada principalmente a incapacidade funcional e a sintomas de ansiedade. Estudos adicionais e a adoção de métodos padronizados para seu monitoramento e manejo clínico são necessáriospara melhor compreensão da fadiga. A fadiga mostrou ser uma queixa importante em pelo menos 1/3 dos pacientes de AR da amostra.

Using poststratification to improve abundance estimates from multispecies surveys: a study of juvenile flatfishes

Population assessments seldom incorporate habitat information or use previously observed distributions of fish density. Because habitat affects the spatial distribution of fish density and overall abundance, the use of habitat information and previous estimates of fish density can produce more precise and less biased population estimates. In this study, we describe how poststratification can be applied as an unbiased estimator to data sets that were collected under a probability sampling design, typical of many multispecies trawl surveys. With data from a multispecies survey of juvenile flatfish, we show how poststratification can be applied to a data set that was not collected under a probability sampling design, where both the precision and the bias are unknown. For each of four species, three estimates of total abundance were compared: 1) unstratified; 2) poststratified by habitat; and 3) poststratified by habitat and fish density (high fish density and low fish density) in nearby years. Poststratification by habitat gave more precise and (or) less design-biased estimates than an unstratified estimator for all species in all years. Poststratification by habitat and fish density produced the most precise and representative estimates when the sample size in the high fish-density and low fish-density strata were sufficient (in this study, n≥20 in the high fish-density stratum, n≥9 in the low fish-density stratum). Because of the complexities of statistically testing the annual stratified data, we compared three indices of abundance for determining statistically significant changes in annual abundance. Each of the indices closely approximated the annual differences of the poststratified estimates. Selection of the most appropriate index was dependent upon the species’ density distribution within habitat and the sample size in the different habitat areas. The methods used in this study are particularly useful for estimating individual species abundance from multispecies surveys and for retrospective st

Effect of type of otolith and preparation technique on age estimation of larval and juvenile spot (Leiostomus xanthurus)

Otoliths of larval and juvenile fish provide a record of age, size, growth, and development (Campana and Neilson, 1985; Thorrold and Hare, 2002). However, determining the time of first increment formation in otoliths (Campana, 2001) and assessing the accuracy (deviation from real age) and precision (repeatability of increment counts from the same otolith) of increment counts are prerequisites for using otoliths to study the life history of fish (Campana and Moksness, 1991). For most fish species, first increment deposition occurs either at hatching, a day after hatching, or after first feeding and yolksac absorption (Jones, 1986; Thorrold and Hare, 2002). Increment deposition before hatching also occurs (Barkmann and Beck, 1976; Radtke and Dean, 1982). If first increment deposition does not occur at hatching, the standard procedure is to add a predetermined number to increment counts to estimate fish age (Campana and Neilson, 1985).