Experimental Observation Of Electrical Instability Of Droplets On Dielectric Layer

Polydimethylsiloxane ( PDMS) has become the most widely used silicon-based organic polymer in bio-MEMS/NEMS devices. However, the inherent hydrophobic nature of PDMS hinders its wide applications in bio-MEMS/NEMS for efficient transport of liquids. Electrowetting is a useful tool to reduce the apparent contact angle of partially wetting conductive liquids and has been utilized widely in bio-MEMS/NEMS. Our experimental results show that the thin PDMS membranes exhibit good properties in electrowetting-on-dielectric. The electrical instability phenomenon of droplets was observed in our experiment. The sessile droplet lying on the PDMS membrane will lose its stability with the touch of the wire electrode to make the apparent contact angle change suddenly larger than 35 degrees. Contact mode can protect the dielectric layer from electrical breakdown effectively. Electrical breakdown process of dielectric layer was recorded by a high speed camera. It is found experimentally that a PDMS membrane of 4.8 mu m thick will not be destroyed due to the electric breakdown even at 800 V in the contact mode.

Experimental Study Of Vortex-Induced Vibrations Of A Pipeline Near An Erodible Sandy Seabed

Based on similarity analyses, a series of experiments have been conducted with a newly established hydro-elastic facility to investigate the transverse vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs) of a submarine pipeline near an erodible sandy seabed under the influence of ocean currents. Typical characteristics of coupling processes between pipe vibration and soil scour in the currents have been summarized for Case 1: pipe is laid above seabed and Case 11: pipe is partially embedded in seabed on the basis of the experimental observations. Pipe vibration and the corresponding local scour are usually two coupled physical processes leading to an equilibrium state. The influence of initial gap-to-diameter ratio (e(0)/D) on the interaction between pipe vibration and local scour has been studied. Experimental results show that the critical values of V-r for the initiation of VIVs of the pipe near an erodible sand bed get bigger with decreasing initial gap-to-diameter ratio within the examined range of e(0)/D (-0.25 < e(0)/D < 0.75). The comparison of the pipe vibrations near an erodible soil with those near a rigid boundary and under wall-free conditions indicates that the vibration amplitudes of the pipe near an erodible sand bed are close to the curve fit under wall-free conditions; nevertheless, for the same stability parameter, the maximum amplitudes for the VIV coupled with local scour increase with the increase of initial gap-to-diameter ratio. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Thermal fatigue on pistons induced by shaped high power laser. Part I: Experimental study of transient temperature field and temperature oscillation

Thermal fatigue behavior is one of the foremost considerations in the design and operation of diesel engines. It is found that thermal fatigue is closely related to the temperature field and temperature fluctuation in the structure. In this paper, spatially shaped high power laser was introduced to simulate thermal loadings on the piston. The incident Gaussian beam was transformed into concentric multi-circular beam of specific intensity distribution with the help of diffractive optical element (DOE), and the transient temperature fields in the piston similar to those under working conditions could be achieved by setting up appropriate loading cycles. Simulation tests for typical thermal loading conditions, i.e., thermal high cycle fatigue (HCF) and thermal shock (or thermal low cycle fatigue, LCF) were carried out. Several important parameters that affect the transient temperature fields and/or temperature oscillations, including controlling mode, intensity distribution of shaped laser, laser power, temporal profile of laser pulse, heating time and cooling time in one thermal cycle, etc., were investigated and discussed. The results show that as a novel method, the shaped high power laser can simulate thermal loadings on pistons efficiently, and it is helpful in the study of thermal fatigue behavior in pistons. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Experimental investigation on the cavity-based scramjet model

The present work focused on improving the engine performance with different fuel equivalence ratios and fuel injections. A scramjet model with strut/cavity integrated configurations was tested under Mach 5.8 flows. The results showed that the strut may sreve as an effective tool in a kerosene-fueled scramjet. The integration of strut/cavities also had great effect on stablizing the combustion in a wide range of fuel equivalence ratio. The one-sdimensional analysis method was used to analyze the main characteristics of the model. The two-stage fuel injection should have better performance in increasing the chemical reaction rate in the first cavity region.

Intoxicación experimental en terneros Holstein con Ageratum houstonianum Mill (Celestina azul) y Lantana camara L. (Filigrana, Verbena Morada, Cinco negritos)

La fotosensibilización hepatógena se estudia por los servicios veterinarios desde el siglo pasado, estableciéndose una de las causales de ésta enfermedad la Lantana camara (verbena morada), donde los animales presentaban hemorragias y dermatitis, no reportándose la presencia de plantas fotosensibilizadoras, ni dermatitis ocasionada por otra causa según los resultados laboratoriales, sólo la evidencia del consumo junto al forraje de la planta Ageratum houstonianum Mill. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar algunos efectos tóxicos de las plantas A. houstonianum y L. camara en terneros y se realizó a partir de la formación de dos grupos de animales (terneros) intoxicados experimentalmente con A. houstonianum y L. camara basado en las regulaciones de bienestar animal para los casos estudiados. Se estudiaron aspectos relacionados con la triada, tiempo de sangramiento y de coagulación en los que hubo evidencias de alteración para los parámetros fisiológicos de la especie en los animales tratados. Los análisis estadísticos se basaron en t student y regresión lineal.

An experimental study for wave-induced instability of pipelines: the breakout of pipelines

In this paper, a series of experiments have been conducted in a U-shaped oscillatory flow tunnel, which provides a more realistic simulation than the previous actuator loading methods. Based on the experimental data of pipe displacement with two different constraint conditions (freely laid pipelines and anti-rolling pipelines), three characteristic times in the process of pipeline losing stability are identified. The effects of sand size on the pipeline lateral stability are examined for freely laid pipelines. The empirical relationships between non-dimensional pipeline weight (G) and Fronde number (Fr-b) are established for different constraint conditions, which will provide a guide for engineering practice. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Experimental study of gaseous detonation propagation over acoustically absorbing walls

The paper presents results front an experimental investigation of the propagation of gaseous detonation waves over tube sections lined with acoustically absorbent materials. The measurements were compared with results from control tests in a smooth wall section. The results show the increasing effectiveness of a perforated steel plate, wire mesh and steel wool in attenuating detonation.

Determinación del tamaño óptimo de la parcela experimental en el cultivo del sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)

Con la finalidad de estudiar en el cultivo de sorgo (Sorghun bicolor L Moench), el tamaño óptimo de la parcela experimental considerando su costos y la mejor relación entre el tamaño de la misma, su forma y el número de repeticiones de acurdo al grado de precisión deseado, se estableció un ensayo de uniformidad en la finca El plantel del ISCA. El experimento se desarrolló entre el 20 de agosto al 23 de diciembre de 1988. Se estableció la variedad de “T-E Dinero se utilizó un tamaño de unidad básica de 2.25m2 teniendo un total de 512 unidades básicas. Para estimar el tamaño óptimo de la parcela experimental se usó el método descriptivo por Hatheway y Willams (1958) y la ley de costo descriptiva por Smith (1938), resultando un tamaño óptimo de parcela de 9.11m2 con un coeficiente de heterogeneidad de suelo de 0.41 y constantes de costos de k1-215790 y k2-0.37368 , $ u.s. Dólar por unidad básica, respectivamente. En la determinación del Número de repeticiones tomando en cuenta el tamaño de la parcela y el grado de precisión deseado, se utilizó la metodología establecida por Hatheway (1961). Se obtuvieron diferentes relaciones según el grado de significación (1y 5%) y del grado de libertas de error igual 15. Para determinar la mejor relación del tamaño y forma de la parcela experimental, se usó el método de la máxima curvatura descrito por De la loma J.L.(1966). Nuestros resultados indican que la forma no contribuye determinantemente a aumentar la precisión de los datos obtenidos.

Influencia del tamaño-forma de la parcela experimental y el número de repeticiones sobre la precisión de los datos experimentales, en el cultivo del maíz (Zea mays L.)

Con el objetivo de estudiar la influencia del tamaño y forma de la parcela experimental y el número de repeticiones sobre la precisión de los datos experimentales en el cultivo del maíz (zea mays L) se estableció un Ensayo de Uniformidad en la finca “El plantel “ con la variedad NB-6. El tamaño de la U.B. Los datos del ensayo de uniformidad se analizaron basados en la Ley de varianza de Smith. Siguiendo el procedimiento de Koch y Rignev (1951), para determinar las varianzas correspondientes: El Método de Hatheway (1961), se utilizó para determinar la relación objeto de estudio. Se determinó que: En suelos de heterogeneidad media (b=0.55). Asumiendo un alfa de 5% se pueden emplear combinaciones de tamaños de parcelas con número de repeticiones de: 27.98m2; 8.04m2, 3.87m2 y 2.31m2, con 2, 4, 6 y 8 repeticiones respectivamente: la relación tamaño-forma de la parcela experimental sobre la precisión de los datos obtenidos, no ejerce una influencia relevante o considerable sobre la precisión alcanzada.

Influencia del tamaño-forma de la parcela experimental y el número de repeticiones sobre la precisión de los datos experimentales, en el cultivo de la soya (Glycine max L.)

Con el objetivo de estudiar la influencia del tamaño y forma de la parcela experimental y el número de repeticiones sobre la precisión de los datos experimentales en el cultivo de la soya (Glycine max l) se estableció un Ensayo de Uniformidad en el Centro Experimental del Algodón (C.E.A.) con la variedad Cristalina: El tamaño de la U. B fue de 1.00m2, teniéndose un total de 576 U. B. Los datos del ensayo de uniformidad se analizaron basados en la Ley de varianza de Smith, siguiendo el procedimiento de Koch y Rigney (1951), para determinar las varianza correspondiente; El método de Hatheway y Willams (1958), se utilizo para determinar el coeficiente de heterogeneidad del suelo y el método Harheway (1961), se utilizó para determinar la relación de objeto de estudio. Se determinó que en suelos de heterogeneidad media (b00.41), asumiendo un alfa de 5%, P= 0.8 Gle= 15 y un grado de precisión del 25% se puede emplear tamaños de parcelas comprendidas del 25% se pueden emplear tamaños de parcelas corres prendidas en el rango de 80m2 con 4 repeticiones y se requiere parcelas menores de 10m2 con 6 y 8 repeticiones: También quedó establecido que la relación tamaño- forma de la parcela experimental no ejerce influencia relevante en la precisión de los datos obtenidos.

Centrifugal experimental study of suction bucket foundations under dynamic loading

Centrifugal experiments were carried out to investigate the responses of suction bucket foundations under horizontal and vertical dynamic loading. It is shown that when the loading amplitude is over a critical value, the sand at the upper part around the bucket is softened or even liquefied. The excess pore pressure decreases from the upper part to the lower part of the sand layer in the vertical direction and decreases radially from the bucket's side wall in the horizontal direction. Large settlements of the bucket and the sand layer around the bucket are induced by dynamic loading. The dynamic responses of the bucket with smaller height (the same diameter) are heavier.

Novel experimental phenomena of fine-particle fluidized beds

The dynamic response of bed height and concentration waves in liquid-solid fluidized beds to a step change in the fluidization velocity is considered. We experimentally study the liquid-solid fluidized beds, spherical beadings, with sizes ranging from 230 to 270 mesh and the inner diameter of columns made from glass is 2.4 mm. Experimental results find that under certain conditions, fine particles with large Richardson-Zaki exponent n display different dynamic behavior from usual particles with smaller n during expansion and collapse of the fluidized state. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Experimental study on the microstructure and nanomechanical properties of the wing membrane of dragonfly

Detailed investigations on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the wing membrane of the dragonfly are carried out. It is found that in the direction of the thickness the membrane was divided into three layers rather than a single entity as traditionally considered, and on the surfaces the membrane displays a random distribution rough microstructure that is composed of numerous nanometer scale columns coated by the cuticle wax secreted. The characteristics of the surface structure are measured and described. The mechanical properties of the membranes taken separately from the wings of live and dead dragonflies are investigated by the nanoindentation technique. The Young's moduli obtained here are approximately two times greater than the previous result, and the reasons that yield the difference are discussed.