Hierarchical modelling of timber reference properties using probabilistic methods: Maximum Likelihood Method, Bayesian Methods and Probability Networks

In recent decades, an increased interest has been evidenced in the research on multi-scale hierarchical modelling in the field of mechanics, and also in the field of wood products and timber engineering. One of the main motivations for hierar-chical modelling is to understand how properties, composition and structure at lower scale levels may influence and be used to predict the material properties on a macroscopic and structural engineering scale. This chapter presents the applicability of statistic and probabilistic methods, such as the Maximum Likelihood method and Bayesian methods, in the representation of timber’s mechanical properties and its inference accounting to prior information obtained in different importance scales. These methods allow to analyse distinct timber’s reference properties, such as density, bending stiffness and strength, and hierarchically consider information obtained through different non, semi or destructive tests. The basis and fundaments of the methods are described and also recommendations and limitations are discussed. The methods may be used in several contexts, however require an expert’s knowledge to assess the correct statistic fitting and define the correlation arrangement between properties.

Determination of catalase activity and its inhibition by a simple manometric method

[Excerpt] Introduction: There has been a considerable amount of controversy about the use of manometric methods to measure catalase activity. As Maehly and Chance point out in their excellent review] the advantages of these methods is "... that they can be used for any kind of biological material, and purification of the enzyme is not required. The assay is independent of small amounts of peroxidase activity. It is fairly simple to perform, it is rapid and it can be adapted to continuous reading of the reaction". A variety of drawbacks are also listed by the same authors, viz, the inactivation of the enzyme under the experimental conditions and the time lag before a constant rate of oxygen evolution is reached. [...]

Vector electrocardiographic alterations after percutaneous septal ablation in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: possible anatomic causes

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the dromotropic disturbances (vector-electrocardiographic), and the possible anatomic causes, provoked by selective alcohol injection in the septal branch, for percutaneous treatment, of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. METHODS: Ten patients with a mean age of 52.7 years underwent percutaneous septal ablation (PTSA) from october 1998; all in functional class III/IV). Twelve-lead electrocardiogram was performed prior to and during PTSA, and later electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram according to Frank's method. The patients were followed up for 32 months. RESULTS: On electrocardiogram (ECG) prior to PTSA all patients had sinus rhythm and left atrial enlargement, 8 left ventricular hypertrophy of systolic pattern. On ECG immediately after PTSA, 8 had complete right bundle-branch block; 1 transient total atrioventricular block; 1 alternating transient bundle-branch block either right or hemiblock. On late ECG 8 had complete right bundle-branch block confirmed by vectorcardiogram, type 1 or Grishman. CONCLUSION: Septal fibrosis following alcohol injection caused a predominance of complete right bundle-branch block, different from surgery of myotomy/myectomy.

Efeito do exercício na biomecânica da marcha em crianças e adolescentes com paralisia cerebral

Tipo de Estudo: Revisão. Temática: Efeito do exercício na biomecânica da locomoção de crianças e adolescentes com paralisia cerebral que apresentam marcha em agachamento (designada como “crouch gait”). Objetivos: 1) verificar e analisar as metodologias de programas de treino de força que, combinados ou não com outros programas de treino, exercícios ou intervenções, visam melhorar o padrão da marcha e a funcionalidade destes indivíduos; 2) tendo por base os resultados do primeiro objetivo, compilar uma bateria de exercícios e propôr um exemplo de plano de treino adequado a esta população. Métodos: Usou-se o PICOS para a definição de uma estratégia de busca segura e confiável. A “PubMed”, “Cochrane” e “Web of Knowledge", foram as bases de dados selecionadas e utilizadas. A pesquisa aconteceu na Faculdade de Motricidade Humana e no Hospital de Santa Maria em Lisboa. A seleção final dos artigos decorreu no mês de Janeiro, durante uma semana, e foi realizada e rastreada por dois investigadores de forma diferente. Incluíram-se nesta revisão estudos randomizados e controlados, com crianças e adolescentes com paralisia cerebral e que apresentam “crouch gait”, e nos quais foram utilizados protocolos de exercício como método de intervenção nesta população, tendo em vista a melhoria do padrão de marcha. Resultados: Da pesquisa inicial resultaram 223 estudos. Com a leitura dos resumos, selecionaram-se 96. Excluíram-se 85 porque apenas 11 cumpriram com todos os critérios de eligibilidade. Foi avaliada a qualidade metodológica destes 11 estudos com a escala PEDro e excluíram-se 3, resultando em 8 artigos como potenciais estudos para a revisão. Discussão: Um melhor alinhamento biomecânico e a obtenção de uma base mais estável podem afetar positivamente a função da marcha nestas crianças. O treino da força, sozinho, nem sempre melhora a capacidade da marcha. A melhoria da marcha advém dos efeitos e resultados significativos da força muscular, da amplitude de movimento articular, da diminuição da espasticidade, da regulação do tónus e da melhoria do equilíbrio e da postura. Conclusão: O treino da força não é uma contra indicação para estes indivíduos. Este oferece efeitos benéficos para a melhoria das suas funcionalidades. Para um efeito significativo, a intervenção deve ser superior a seis (6) semanas.

Evaluation of fish pots as a feasible fishing method in Irish waters, with specific reference to the physiological effects of common and alternate pots on the lesser spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula).

Finfish pots have emerged as a “responsible” gear, when used in combination with conservational and technical measures to sustain fisheries. Previous trials in Irish waters have offered no published reported data and so three designs tested in the current study provide new information on this gear. The most successful traps in terms of fish catch were rigid steel framed rectangular pots used to target Conger eel. Although commercial yield was low (0.2 per trap haul), potential existed for a viable pot fishery. Deployment and storage of Norwegian floating pots was conducted with relative ease but performance in the water was poor resulting in loss of gear. Catch returns were notable even though effort was restricted as mega-faunal by-catch was a problem, which lead to ending this trial. From these initial trials it was evident that catch rates were low compared to established Norwegian fisheries (3.6 cod per pot), which resulted in the utilisation of pots, already established in the crustacean fishery, to find species readily accessible to pot capture. Although fished and designed differently, these gears provided an opportunity to establish the benefits of pot fishing to fish quality and to determine the effects on by-catch. The fishing effects of three catching methods (pots, angling and trawl) and the effects of air exposure on the physiological status of a common by-catch, the lesser spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canícula (L.) were examined using a range of physiological biomarkers (plasma catecholamine, glucose, lactate, muscle pH and muscle lactate). Physiological responses of fish to an emersion stress regime resulted in a significant metabolic disturbance in groups, but may not have weakened the overall health of these fish, as signified in the revival of some metabolites. Plasma glucose and lactate concentrations did not however recovery to baseline levels indicating that to achieve an accurate profile, responses should be determined by a suite of biomarkers. Responses did not demonstrate that samples from the pots were significantly less stressed than for the other two methods; angling and trawling, which are in contrast to many other studies. Employment of finfish potting therefore in Irish waters needs further consideration before further promotion as a more responsible method to supplement or replace established techniques.

Development of a semi-automatic self learning pattern recognition system for the control of electronic boards

This project was funded under the Applied Research Grants Scheme administered by Enterprise Ireland. The project was a partnership between Galway - Mayo Institute of Technology and an industrial company, Tyco/Mallinckrodt Galway. The project aimed to develop a semi - automatic, self - learning pattern recognition system capable of detecting defects on the printed circuits boards such as component vacancy, component misalignment, component orientation, component error, and component weld. The research was conducted in three directions: image acquisition, image filtering/recognition and software development. Image acquisition studied the process of forming and digitizing images and some fundamental aspects regarding the human visual perception. The importance of choosing the right camera and illumination system for a certain type of problem has been highlighted. Probably the most important step towards image recognition is image filtering, The filters are used to correct and enhance images in order to prepare them for recognition. Convolution, histogram equalisation, filters based on Boolean mathematics, noise reduction, edge detection, geometrical filters, cross-correlation filters and image compression are some examples of the filters that have been studied and successfully implemented in the software application. The software application developed during the research is customized in order to meet the requirements of the industrial partner. The application is able to analyze pictures, perform the filtering, build libraries, process images and generate log files. It incorporates most of the filters studied and together with the illumination system and the camera it provides a fully integrated framework able to analyze defects on printed circuit boards.

Numerical simulations of Lamb waves in plates using a semi-analytical finite element method

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Maschinenbau, Diss., 2011

SQL based frequent pattern mining

Data mining, frequent pattern mining, database mining, mining algorithms in SQL

proxel-based method : formalisation, analysis and applications

Simulation, modelling, proxels, PDEs, Markov chains, Petri nets, stochastic, performability, transient analysis

Component oriented method for simulation of multibody dynamics

Modular modelling, dynamics simulation, multibodies, O(N) method, closed loops, post-stabilization

stochastic method for automated matching of horizons across a fault in 3D seismic data

Seismic analysis, horizon matching, fault tracking, marked point process,stochastic annealing