Doses e épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio no feijoeiro irrigado cultivado em plantio direto

The nitrogen is the nutrient required in greatest quantities by the bean crop and the response to its application depends on the applied N rate as well as the time of its application. The objective of this work was to evaluate yield components, grain productivity and physiological quality of bean seeds, affected by different nitrogen (urea) rates top-dressed at three crop growth stages. The experiment was conducted in no-till system. The treatments were constituted by 0, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200 and 240 kg ha-1 N top-dressed at V4-5, R5 and R6 growth stages, corresponding to 21, 32 and 38 days after plant emergence, respectively. Seed physiological quality was evaluated by germination and vigor tests. Nitrogen applied at different crop growth stages did not interfere on the yield components, but interfered on bean productivity. Maximum grain productivity was obtained with top-dressed 164 kg ha-1 N, independently of growth stage application. Seed physiological quality was not affected by the treatments, fitting in the category of seeds for commercialization.

Efeitos de níveis de cobertura do solo sobre a produtividade e crescimento do feijoeiro irrigado, em sistema de plantio direto

The objective of this research was to study the effects of five different treatments of grass (Brachiaria decumbens) straw mulch on common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): 0% (0 t.ha-1), 25% (2,25 t.ha-1), 50% (4,5 t.ha-1), 75% (6,75 t. ha-1) and 100% (9,0 t/ha) designed by randomized blocks, with four replicates. The irrigation was applied when minimum soil water potential were reached about - 30kPa. The water management based on tensiometers and soil water characteristic curve. A microsprinkler irrigation system was used. The experiment was set up at the Experimental Station of Embrapa Rice and Bean (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Arroz e Feijão) at Santo Antonio de Goiás, Brazil, in a Dark - Red Latosol soil. The results showed: the bean yield and his components were not affected by treatments, except grain number/pod,. The mulch increased the water use efficiency and, consequently, decreased the number of irrigations when the mulch reached more than 50% straw mulch. The treatment with 100% of mulching presented the largest leaf area index and dry matter accumulation was not affected by mulching.

Efeito de métodos de determinação de parâmetros para o controle da irrigação na eficência do uso da água do feijoeiro, sob três diferentes lâminas de água no solo

The objective of this research was to study three methods of parameter determination for irrigation control under different tensions in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The treatments were a combination of three methods of parameter determination for irrigation control (tensiometer, water retention curve, USWB Class A pan) with three soil water tensions (1:-30 kPa; 2:-60, kPa both for the whole plant cycle; 3:-60 kPa for the vegetative phase and -30 kPa for the reproductive phase). The experimental design was randomized blocks, factorial 32 with three replicates. Although no significant effect on water use efficiency was found, a tendency for increasing water use efficiency in treatments with tensions of -60 kPa at the vegetative phase and -30 kPa at the reproductive phase was observed in all methods of parameter determination for irrigation control. Water was saved as less irrigation was applied during the vegetative phase and more irrigation at the reproductive phase. No precipitation was observed from June to September 1995, leading to a high yield and therefore to a higher water use efficiency.

Estudio de la compactación de un Ferralsol manejado con un sistema de no laboreo en Selvíria (MS, Brasil)

No tillage management is widely used by the Brazilian farmers and technicians like a soil conservation system, which reduces the soil losses by water erosion, increasing the infiltrated and stored water in soil, warranting environmental sustainability. No-tillage system does not invert the soil; it causes the creation of a compacted layer. The samples were taken in the agricultural year 2005/2006 in an Oxisoil at Selviria (MS/Brazil). The tillage management in the last 15 years was no-tillage system with crop rotation (maize -Zea mays L./bean - Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The analyzed soil physical properties were bulk density (BS), gravimetric water content (U) and mechanical resistance to penetration (RP) at three depths: 0-0.10 m, 0.10-0.20 m and 0.20-0.30 m. The samples were taken in a mesh with 117 sampled points covering an area of 0.16 ha. It was investigated the existence of compacted soil layer, using the mechanical resistance to penetration to 0.60 m depth with soil water content at field capacity. The data shows low coefficient of variation, except the resistance penetration data. Bulk density and gravimetric water content has a normal distribution. Only resistance to penetration at 0.10-0.20 m depth layer has a normal distribution. The correlation between different properties was low. The bulk density increases with depth; the increase of the values of soil bulk density are consistent with data in other papers, indicating there are not compaction problems for the crop development at the study area. Most of the values of resistance to penetration are lower than 2 MPa, being this value restrictive for root development. The analysis of resistance to penetration profile 0 to 0.60 m shows a compacted layer between 0.20-0.30 m. This compacted layer was caused by the conventional tillage system used at this area before the use of no-tillage system. The soil bulk density has higher values at the upper area, that it shows higher values of soil compaction. Although the values of bulk density and resistance to penetration are high, the area does not show great problems of soil compaction.

Nitrogênio em cobertura e molibdênio via foliar em feijoeiro de inverno no sistema plantio direto II - Características agronômicas e produtividade

Nitrogen is the nutrient most uptaken by common bean plant, and molybdenum besides its importance to N fixation process, it is associated to N metabolism. The objective of this work was to evaluate, on common bean crop Pérola cultivar, the effect of N levels application at side dressing (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1) as well as the leaf application of Mo (0, 80 and 160 g ha-1) at development stadium V3 or V4 under no tillage system. The experimental design was the randomized blocks with 30 treatments and 4 replications. The research was conducted in Selviria-MS on soil previously cropped with corn. The application of nitrogen levels at side dressing provided increasing on dry mass weight, number of pod and seeds per plant and grain yield, in the 2004; the Mo application at V3 or V4 stadia did not effect the production components and grain yield; as well as different doses of Mo depended on the N application at side dressing, in the 2004.

Fungigação no controle do mofo branco e produtividade do feijoeiro em condições de cerrado brasileiro

The aim of this research was to evaluate the white mold severity (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) of Bary), bean production components and yield (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), variety Perola, according to the application of procimidone fungicide (Sialex 500), through fungigation (center pivot) and automotive sprayer (Uniport). The study was carried under field production commercial conditions, in Primavera do Leste - MT - Brazil. The experiment consisted of 5 treatments (with 4 repetitions of 4 ha each), all with two procimidone applications (1.2 kg ha-1 each application, same as, 0.6 kg a.i. per hectare) to the 42 and 52 days after seeding. The water depths of 5.5 and 11.0 mm were tested in the application through central pivot (this had your checked uniformity), providing volumes of 55.000 and 110.000 L ha-1, respectively, and the volumes of 120 and 200 L ha-1 in the automotive sprayer. The severity of disease was evaluated by the percentage of the area affected by plant damage using diagramatic grade scale of white mold severity, as described by Azevedo (1998). The values were used to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). They were also analyzed, the number of the fungus apothecia during the crop cycle and the residual sclerotias weight in harvest. On this occasion, it was also evaluated the crop yield parameters: number of plants per plot (final stand), pods per plant, grains per pod, medium weight of 200 grains and productivity of grains. The AUDPC values, apothecia to 42, 49 and 56 days after seeding, sclerotias in 2 soil kg and the crop productivity parameters were submitted to the variance analysis and Tukey Test at 0.05 of probability. This test was also applied in the comparison among the different fungicide application methods, independent of spray volumes in each one. The statistical processing was accomplished by STAT program. The results showed that weren't differences among application techniques studied in relation to productivity parameters, however, best white mold control, smaller apothecia number to 49 and 56 days after seeding and smaller weight of residual sclerotias in the harvest were obtained with the fungigation, independently of the spray volume used.

Resposta produtiva do feijoeiro comum a diferentes manejos de irrigação

The objective of this work was to analyze the most appropriate management to achieve higher productivity for carioca beans (phaseolus vulgaris) and pearll cultivar. The research was developed in the Demonstrative and Experimental Area of Irrigation (ADEI) of FCAV/UNESP, Campus of Jaboticabal, SP. Four treatments were used: T1- irrigation with base in ETo estimated by the method of Class A pan; T2- irrigations based on the readings of tensiometers installed at 0,20 m and 0,40 m of depth; T3- irrigations carried out with base in ETo estimated by the method of Penman-Monteith and T4- witness. The results were submitted to analysis of variance. To compare the averages the test Turkey was used at 5% of probability. The treatment T3 had smaller applied water depth than the treatments T1 and T2, and also smaller productivity. The conclusion is that the treatments irrigated with larger frequency showed higher production of grains.

Controle da mancha angular do feijoeiro com uso de fungicidas e seu efeito na produção das plantas

The angular leaf spot of dry bean caused by the fungus Phaeoisairopsis griseola is a very important disease on dry bean crops in Brazil. In propitious weather conditions, susceptible cultivars have significant losses due to this disease. In these conditions, fungicide usage is an important step for angular leaf spot management. Since the effects of this method of control on plant physiology are not known, this study had the following objectives: a) Verify the action of fungicide in physiological changes in dry beans (photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductivity); b) evaluate the efficacy of some fungicides for the control of angular leaf spot; and c) examine the effects of these fungicides on other agronomic parameters; weight of 100 grains, number of grains per pod and number of pods per plant. The dry bean cultivar used in this study was Perola. Four trials were conducted, two in a net greenhouse and two trials under field conditions. A spray of piraclostrobin, tebuconazol and tebuconazol+ trifloxistrobin increased photosynthesis rates, although stomatal conductivity was not changed. In addition, sprays of tebuconazol, piraclostrobin, metiram+piraclostrobin and azoxistrobin provided better levels of disease control and also higher weight of 100 grains, with the exception of azoxystrobin for this parameter.

Análises técnicas e econômicas no sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária submetido à adubação nitrogenada

Sustainable agriculture, reduced production costs and adding value to the system are achieved through the use of agricultural areas throughout the year, in integrated or mixed system. The study aimed to determine the technical coefficients to estimate and evaluate the operational cost and profitability indicators of the consortium of corn with two species of Brachiaria (B. brizantha, MG-5 and B. ruziziensis). The crops were submitted to N rates (0, 100, 200, 300 e 400kg ha-1year-1) at sidedressing, using urea, and winter common bean in succession, in crop-livestock integration under no-tillage, in irrigated conditions, in 2008/2009 agricultural year in Cerrado region (Selvíria - MS). The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications in a 2 x 5factorial. It was concluded thatcathe inputs were the components that most increased the producing cost of corn and common bean in the ILP study. The total operational cost has increased as a function of increasing doses of N. In all treatments the levels of profitability were positive indicating the viability of the system. The treatment that showed the best technical and economic performance was intercropped with corn and B. brizantha, fertilized with 100kg ha-1year-1N and common bean in succession.

Manejo de plantas daninhas e sua relação com a produtividade e potencial fisiológico de sementes de feijoeiro

Common bean is an important crop in Brazil primarily because of its nutritional characteristics. Some agronomic practices, such as weed management, are fundamental to cultivation, as a means of obtaining a high crop yield. However, some studies have shown that weed management may alter the function of the cultivar cycle. Thus, this study aimed at determining the optimal phenological stage in early-maturing common bean cultivars to perform the weed control without providing reductions in yield and seed quality. The experimental design was randomized blocks with 20 treatments and four replications, in a 2×2×5 (cultivars × types of weed control × periods of weed control) factorial scheme. The periods of weed control for both cultivars (Carioca Precoce and IPR-Colibri) consisted of full cycle weeded (control), weed control at the V4-3 stage (first three nodes on the main stem with trifoliate leaves), at the R5 stage (beginning of bloom) and at the R8 stage (appearance of pods) and full cycle unweeded (no weed control). The types of weed control used were chemical (fluazifop-p-butyl + fomesafen) and mechanical (hoe). The Carioca Precoce cultivar demonstrated higher agronomic performance and yield than the IPR-Colibri cultivar, although the IPR-Colibri seeds had a higher vigor. The type of weed control (chemical or mechanical) did not affect the agronomic characteristics, yield and seed physiological potential of the cultivars. The ideal period for weed control in early-maturing common bean cultivars to obtain a higher yield and seed physiological potential was observed at the V4-3 phenological stage.

Influéncia da adubação nitrogenada sobre a interferéncia de plantas daninhas em feijoeiro1

The competition between weeds and bean plants, especially because of nutrients in the environment, is extremely important to minimize potential losses of crop productivity. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of using nitrogen fertilization on the timing and extent of the period before interference (PAI), total period of interference (PTPI) and the critical period of interference control (PCPI) in bean cultivar 'Ruby'. The seeds were sown in the conventional system and the trial was conducted in two areas at the same time, in which the nitrogen fertilization was performed only in one of them. Each area received 14 treatments consisting of two groups: first, the crop was free of interference of weeds from emergence to 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 days; and the second: the crop remained free of interference from sowing to the same periods described above. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. Raphanus raphanistrum showed greater relative importance in the two areas, mainly due to the accumulation of dry mass, followed by Amaranthus deflexus. There was no difference in diversity and evenness of weed populations in response to the fertilization. In the area without N PAI occurred 18 days after emergence (DAE), and up to 24 DAE PTPI, resulting in PCPI 18 to 24 DAE, this area had 58% of reduction in crop yield. In the area where with nitrogen fertilization, PAI occurred at 38 DAE and PTPI occurred at 19 DAE. In this area there was 56% of reduction in crop yield. The nitrogen fertilization increased crop productivity and favored competitiveness in relation to weeds.

Cloreto de potássio revestido em efeito residual no feijoeiro de inverno irrigado na região de cerrado

In order to maintain the nutrients available to plants have been studied controlled release fertilizers. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the residual effect of doses of potassium chloride, coated or not, applied in the corn crop, regarding the crop components and grains yield of irrigated winter common bean, cultivated in followed, in Cerrado region. The experiment was conducted in Selvíria - MS, Brazil, 51°22- west longitude and 20°22- south latitude, in a clayey Oxisol, in 2009 and 2010. A randomized block design with four repetitions was used, disposed in a factorial scheme 4 x 2, being: four K2O doses (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1) and two potassium sources (potassium chloride and coated potassium chloride by polymers) applied at sowing in the corn crop. The coated potassium chloride by polymers have the same residual effect as conventional KCl, because it provides results similar for the K and chlorophyll leaf contents, crop components and grains yield of winter common bean irrigated. The increment of potassium doses in the previous crop (corn) have residual effect, because it influenced positively the number of grains per plant in 2009 and increased linearly the chlorophyll leaf content and the grains yield of winter common bean irrigated in 2010, regardless of the source used for K.

Extração e exportação de nutrientes em cultivares de feijoeiro, sob níveis de adubação: I - Macronutrientes

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Extração e exportação de nutrientes em cultivares de feijoeiro, sob níveis de adubação: II - Micronutrientes

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Desempenho produtivo e qualidade pós-colheita de genótipos de feijão do grupo comercial carioca cultivados na época de inverno-primavera

The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance and grain quality, especially the grain technological characteristics in the common bean genotypes, cultivated in winter-spring season. The experiment was carried out in Jaboticabal-SP, in a Rhodic Hapludox. The experimental design was a randomized block with 17 treatments (genotypes) with three replications. The plots had been composed for 17 carioca common bean group genotypes (Pérola, BRS Cometa, BRS Pontal, IPR Juriti, CNFC 10703, CNFC 10713, CNFC 10716, CNFC 10721, CNFC 10729, CNFC 10733, CNFC 10742, CNFC 10753, CNFC 10757, CNFC 10758, CNFC 10762, CNFC 10763 and CNFC 10813). BRS Pontal and CNFC 10716 showed simultaneously the higher number of per plant and grain yield. The technological characteristics more expressive was verified in CNFC 10703, CNFC 10713, CNFC 10758, CNFC 10813 and CNFC 10716 genotypes, principally about the protein content, cooking time and grain hydration capacity. The CNFC 10716 genotype detached as promissory, because their elevated agronomic performance and satisfactory technological characteristics.