Legal dimensions of the Chinese experience in Los Angeles, 1860-1880

<p>On October 24, 1871, a massacre of eighteen Chinese in Los Angeles brought the small southern California settlement into the national spotlight. Within a few days, news of this ���night of horrors��� was reported in newspapers across the country. This massacre has been cited in Asian American narratives as the first documented outbreak of ethnic violence against a Chinese community in the United States. This is ironic because Los Angeles��� small population has generally placed it on the periphery in historical studies of the California anti-Chinese movement. Because the massacre predated Los Angeles��� organized Chinese exclusion movements of the late 1870s, it has often been erroneously dismissed as an aberration in the history of the city.</p> <p>The violence of 1871 was an outburst highlighting existing community tensions that would become part of public debate by decade���s close. The purpose of this study is to insert the massacre into a broader context of anti-Chinese sentiments, legal discrimination, and dehumanization in nineteenth century Los Angeles. While a second incident of widespread anti-Chinese violence never occurred, brutal attacks directed at Chinese small businessmen and others highlighted continued community conflict. Similarly, economic rivalries and concerns over Chinese prostitution that underlay the 1871 massacre were manifest in later campaigns of economic discrimination and vice suppression that sought to minimize Chinese influence within municipal limits. An analysis of the massacre in terms of anti-Chinese legal, social and economic strategies in nineteenth-century Los Angeles will elucidate these important continuities.</p>

Short-pulse laser absorption via J x B heating in ultrahigh intensity laser plasma interaction

An analytical fluid model for JxB heating during the normal incidence by a short ultraintense linearly polarized laser on a solid-density plasma is proposed. The steepening of an originally smooth electron density profile as the electrons are pushed inward by the laser is included self-consistently. It is shown that the JxB heating includes two distinct coupling processes depending on the initial laser and plasma conditions: for a moderate intensity (a <= 1), the ponderomotive force of the laser light can drive a large plasma wave at the point n(e)=4 gamma(0)n(c) resonantly. When this plasma wave is damped, the energy is transferred to the plasma. At higher intensity, the electron density is steepened to a high level by the time-independent ponderomotive force, n(e)> 4 gamma(0)n(c), so that no 2 omega resonance will occur, but the longitudinal component of the oscillating ponderomotive field can lead to an absorption mechanism similar to "vacuum heating." (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.

Studies toward the total synthesis of ritterazine B : the investigation of alkynylation reactions for use in the synthesis of the western fragment

<p>The ritterazine and cephalostatin natural products have biological activities and structures that are interesting to synthetic organic chemists. These products have been found to exhibit significant cytotoxicity against P388 murine leukemia cells, and therefore have the potential to be used as anticancer drugs. The ritterazines and cephalostatins are steroidal dimers joined by a central pyrazine ring. Given that the steroid halves are unsymmetrical and highly oxygenated, there are several challenges in synthesizing these compounds in an organic laboratory.</p> <p>Ritterazine B is the most potent derivative in the ritterazine family. Its biological activity is comparable to drugs that are being used to treat cancer today. For this reason, and the fact that there are no reported syntheses of ritterazine B to date, our lab set out to synthesize this natural product.</p> <p>Herein, efforts toward the synthesis of the western fragment of ritterazine B are described. Two different routes are explored to access a common intermediate. An alkyne conjugate addition reaction was initially investigated due to the success of this key reaction in the synthesis of the eastern fragment. However, it has been found that a propargylation reaction has greater reactivity and yields, and has the potential to reduce the step count of the synthesis of the western fragment of ritterazine B. </p>

An annotated bibliography of research on coarse and salmonid fish (excluding salmon and trout) found in fresh water in Scotland

The authors provide an extensive annotated bibliography to a full list of species occurring in Scotland, to highlight what is known about them and to indicate potential areas for further research. The list of references brings together published research papers and numerous unpublished theses and reports, including experimental and laboratory studies conducted in Scotland, although some may not have unique application to the fish fauna in Scottish waters. There has been no attempt to include references that are made incidentally in the general literature intended for naturalists.

The environmental requirements of salmon and trout in fresh water

This article is a summary for the general reader, rather than an in-depth review, and attempts to define, as quantitatively as possible, the habitat requirements of salmon and trout and then to relate them to the main ways in which man's activity can influence the survival and growth of these fishes. Frequent text references to an extensive body of published work have been avoided, although a selective bibliography has been included which lists some of the main work upon which the text depends. This article deals only with the freshwater part of the life cycle, and the coverage has some bias towards England and Wales.

From fossil molluscs to salmon

On 9 April 1897 Wilfrid Hudleston, an eminent geologist, purchased the West Holme Estate, comprising some 1500 acres on the edge of the Isle of Purbeck in Dorset, where he could enjoy his sporting interest in shooting and fishing. In doing so, he established a link between himself, The Malacological Society of London, and the Freshwater Biological Association. Hudleston was a keen field geologist who built up a personal collection of several thousand fossils. In 1893 Hudleston took the chair at a meeting, held at the Natural History Museum, which founded The Malacological Society of London. The site on which the Freshwater Biological Association's River Laboratory now stands was formerly part of the West Holme Estate. It purchased the fishing rights to the East Stoke mill stream prior to building the laboratory, in 1957.

Regulation of the fitness of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) by intra-specific competition amongst the juveniles

Factors affecting the fitness of juvenile salmon are discussed. Although fitness from the genetic point of view is defined as the relative capacity of carriers of a given genotype to transmit their genes to the gene pool of the following generations, growth and survival of individuals are also components of fitness, and are influenced by responses to competition, which is the major topic of this article including implications for management. In order to better understand the relationships of density-dependent survival in Newfoundland, egg depositions were manipulated experimentally in the Freshwater River. Figures demonstrate the relationship between stock (number of eggs per 100 m2 of river) and recruitment (number of smolts per l00 m2 of Atlantic salmon, and also the percentage survival from egg to smolt stage related to potential egg depositions.

Ader��ncia, invas��o e persist��ncia intracelular de estreptococos do grupo B em c��lulas epiteliais respirat��rias A549

Estreptococos do grupo B (EGB) comumente colonizam adultos saud��veis, sem sintomas, mas sob certas circunst��ncias possui a capacidade de invadir tecidos do hospedeiro, evadir da detec����o imunol��gica e causar doen��as invasivas graves. Por conseguinte, os EGB continuam sendo uma das principais causas de mortalidade neonatal, pneumonia, sepse e meningite. Contudo, a patog��nese desta infec����o ainda est�� pouco elucidada. O sorotipo V �� freq��entemente associado �� doen��a invasiva em mulheres adultas n��o gestantes e o segundo mais prevalente em mulheres gr��vidas. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a ader��ncia, invas��o e persist��ncia intracelular de amostras pertencentes ao sorotipo V (88641-vagina/portador e 90186-sangue/paciente) usando as c��lulas epiteliais respirat��rias A549. As amostras de EGB demonstraram capacidade de aderir e invadir as c��lulas epiteliais A549, mas somente a amostra 90186-sangue apresentou maior invas��o quando comparada com a de vagina (P <0.001). Ambas as amostras demonstraram persist��ncia intracelular sem replica����o no interior das c��lulas A549. Apenas o isolado 90186-sangue sobreviveu dentro das c��lulas epiteliais at�� 24h de incuba����o (P <0,05). A fus��o dos lisossomas das c��lulas epiteliais com vac��olos contendo bact��rias foi observada em c��lulas A549 tratadas com Lyso Tracker Grenn DND-26 para todas as amostras testadas. Nossos dados indicam pela primeira vez que as amostras vi��veis do sorotipo V permanecem dentro de vac��olos ��cidos epiteliais. Curiosamente, a amostra 90186- sangue induziu vacuoliza����o celular e a amostra 88641-vagina promoveu a morte celular ap��s 7h de incuba����o. Finalmente, nossos resultados aumentam o nosso conhecimento sobre eventos celulares da fagocitose e da patog��nese das doen��as invasivas promovidas pelos EGB.

A. An investigation of the relation between the tensile strength and (Brinell) hardness of non-ferrous alloys. B. A design of a fatigue testing machine for a college laboratory

[no abstract]

Flavor SU(3) predictions for charmed baryon and B-meson decays

The predictions of the SU(3) flavor symmetry of the strong interactions for the weak decay of charmed baryons and B-mesons are detailed. It is hoped that comparison between these predictions and experiment will shed some light on the underlying dynamics involved in these weak decays. Although only a few decay modes of the charmed baryons and B-mesons have been studied experimentally it is hoped that the next generation of B-factories and even Z-decays at LEP will provide enough events to test these predictions.

Life history tactics of Atlantic salmon in Newfoundland

Popular articles about the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) usually state that ���the Atlantic salmon is an anadromous species���, e.g. publications by the Atlantic Salmon Federation (North America), Atlantic Salmon Trust (UK), and WWF (World Wildlife Fund), and the life history is depicted as migration of juveniles from fresh water to the marine environment, with a return to where the fish were born as spawning adults. This article reviews the life history tactics of Atlantic salmon in Newfoundland.

MicroRNA-132 is a physiological regulator of hematopoietic stem cell function and B-cell development

MicroRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression. Several microRNAs have been implicated in altering hematopoietic cell fate decisions. Importantly, deregulation of many microRNAs can lead to deleterious consequences in the hematopoietic system, including the onset of cancer, autoimmunity, or a failure to respond effectively to infection. As such, microRNAs fine-tune the balance between normal hematopoietic output and pathologic consequences. In this work, we explore the role of two microRNAs, miR-132 and miR-125b, in regulating hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function and B cell development. In particular, we uncover the role of miR-132 in maintaining the appropriate balance between self-renewal, differentiation, and survival in aging HSCs by buffering the expression of a critical transcription factor, FOXO3. By maintain this balance, miR-132 may play a critical role in preventing aging-associated hematopoietic conditions such as autoimmune disease and cancer. We also find that miR-132 plays a critical role in B cell development by targeting a key transcription factor, Sox4, that is responsible for the differentiation of pro-B cells into pre-B cells. We find that miR-132 regulates B cell apoptosis, and by delivering miR-132 to mice that are predisposed to developing B cell cancers, we can inhibit the formation of these cancers and improve the survival of these mice. In addition to miR-132, we uncovered the role of another critical microRNA, miR-125b, that potentiates hematopoietic stem cell function. We found that enforced expression of miR-125b causes an aggressive myeloid leukemia by downregulation of its target Lin28a. Importantly, miR-125b also plays a critical role in inhibiting the formation of pro-B cells. Thus, we have discovered two microRNAs with important roles in regulating normal hematopoiesis, and whose dregulation can lead to deleterious consequences such as cancer in the aging hematopoietic system. Both miR-132 and miR-125b may therefore be targeted for therapeutics to inhibit age-related immune diseases associated with the loss of HSC function and cancer progression.

On the population dynamics of Eudiaptomus gracilis Sars and Heterocope borealis Fischer in the Bodensee-Obersee. Part B. Eudiaptomus gracilis Sars. [Translation from: Trudy Instituta Biologii Vnutrennykh Vodnany 12(15) 170-174, 1966.]

Experimental research was conducted to study the development of eggs of Eudiaptomus gracilis Sars. The egg production was studied as well as the population dynamics. Factors like losses in the lake and through the effluent Rhine at Konstanz were considered.

A biologically active peptide in the skin of lampreys (Eudontomyzon danfordi vladykovi). [Translation from: Z.Naturforsch. (B), 26(10), 1021-1023, 1971. ]

In recent years interest in the production and description of kinin-type substances has been greatly intensified. So, for example, bradykinin, phyllokinin, physalaemin, ranatensin and caerulein could be extracted from the skin of amphibians as well as. eledoisin out of the salivary glands of Eledon moschata. An examination of lampreys seemed to us particularly profitable in the search for the incidence of further kinins. Ammocoetes of different sizes and also adults of both sexes of the species Eudontomyzon danfordi vladykovi were studied in this research. This species is found in many tributaries of the Danube. Skin extracts were tested on on isolated rat uterus, rat duodenum, guinea pig ileum and rabbit jejunum, further tests were done in order to determine a peptide character of the biologically active substance.