El recurso de casación en materia civil en el Ecuador: formalismo vs. tutela efectiva de los derechos fundamentales

El formalismo establecido por el legislador en la Ley de casación en materia civil ha determinado una serie de requisitos que hacen efectiva la admisibilidad el recurso, su inobservancia puede constituir una consecuencia fatal, que impida su prosecución, frente a lo cual se encuentra la protección constitucional de la tutela efectiva de los derechos humanos. En este contexto este trabajo de investigación pretende demostrar que el recurso de casación en el Ecuador aspira cumplir con sus fines principales de unificación, defensa del derecho objetivo, control de legalidad, reparar los agravios proferidos en contra de las partes e igualmente cumplir con los principios constitucionales de realización de justicia y garantía de derechos. La tesis está dividida en tres capítulos. En el capítulo primero se analiza el rol de la jurisdicción en el Estado constitucional de derechos y justicia: el rol de los jueces en el nuevo Estado, cuya finalidad en esta nueva configuración es la protección real de los derechos fundamentales; la evolución del papel del juez de mero aplicador de la norma a creador de derecho; y en este sentido, identificar las herramientas que le sirven a la jurisdicción para cubrir esa finalidad. El capítulo segundo se refiere al recurso de casación como mecanismo de control de la legalidad, la determinación de la naturaleza jurídica; sus características, especialmente formales, requisitos, objetivos y el principio dispositivo como sustento de la fundamentación. El capítulo tercero comprende el estudio de la casación y sus alcances en el marco constitucional vigente: El principio de la administración de justicia como sistema medio; y, el formalismo del recurso de casación vs. tutela de los derechos fundamentales. Con la construcción de este trabajo se ha intentado presentar propuestas que respondan a los cuestionamientos que, a veces el formalismo del recurso de casación podría mermar el reconocimiento de un derecho fundamental; o que a pretexto de tutelar uno de estos derechos, vulnere el principio de formalismo que rige al recurso, siempre orientando a que la justicia constituye un valor esencial del Estado.

El control de convencionalidad y la protección del derecho a la propiedad privada a partir de la sentencia del caso Salvador Chiriboga vs. Ecuador (Tema Central)

The contents of this article analyze the right to private property after the decision of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the case “Salvador Chiriboga vs. Ecuador”. The author´s concern is the fact that this case represents the most expensive sentence inside the Inter-American protection system due to the violation of the right to private property (art. 21.2 AC); judicial guarantees (art. 8.1 AC) and judicial protection (art. 25.1 CA). This subject has special relevance since Ecuador is facing a judicial reform process and it is necessary to consider that the diffusion of this decision among judges could prevent the commission of the same mistakes; specially, those related to denial of justice as it occurred in the present case study.

La facturación electrónica vs control fiscal: análisis comparado con las administraciones tributarias de Chile y España

La facturación ha sido concebida como una herramienta de control para las Administraciones Tributarias a nivel mundial, puesto que con su emisión se genera información tributaria relevante para fines impositivos. Por esta razón se ha visto la necesidad de fortalecer el uso y la revisión de comprobantes venta a través de medios tecnológicos, entre estos la denomina Facturación Electrónica, la misma que está siendo implementada en varios países a fin garantizar la ejecución de controles efectivos. Es así que el Ecuador es uno de los países que adoptó la nueva forma de emisión electrónica de documentos, con el propósito de contar con información en medios tecnológicos y desarrollar nuevos procesos de control eficientes. La normativa tributaria ecuatoriana actualmente establece la obligación de emitir comprobantes de venta con ocasión de la transferencia de bienes, aún cuando se realicen a título gratuito, autoconsumo o de la prestación de servicios de cualquier naturaleza. Así también, los casos en que se debe emitir documentos complementarios y comprobantes de retención. De esta forma la legislación ha permitido generar un nuevo esquema que se adapte a la facturación actual en una versión electrónica, que permitirá ejecutar procesos de control masivos, que no podían ser aplicados con la facturación física por el volumen de documentos que debían ser revisados de forma manual. Esta nueva forma de emisión de documentos también brinda beneficios a los contribuyentes que la usen, puesto que la intención también es la simplificación de obligaciones, así como la disponibilidad de la información en línea para una oportuna toma de decisiones empresariales.

Central Banks in Times of Crisis: The FED vs. the ECB. CEPS Policy Brief No. 276, 11 July 2012,

Different economic and financial structures require different crisis responses. Different crises also require different tools and resources. The first ‘stage’ of the financial crisis (2007-09) was similar on both sides of the Atlantic, and the response was also quite similar. The second stage of the crisis is unique to the euro area. Increasing financial disintegration within the region has forced the ECB to become the central counterparty for the entire cross-border banking market and to intervene in the sovereign bond market of some stressed countries. The actions undertaken by the European Central Bank (ECB), however, have not always represented the best response, in terms of effectiveness, consistency and transparency. This is especially true for the Securities Markets Programme (SMP): by de facto imposing its absolute seniority during the Greek PSI (private sector involvement), the ECB has probably killed its future effectiveness.

Banking Union: Ireland vs. Nevada, an illustration of the importance of an integrated banking system. CEPS Commentary, 18 October 2012

Despite their surprising similarities – in size and their housing booms – Ireland and the American state of Nevada sharply parted company when it came to who bore responsibility for bailing out their failed banks when the booms turned to bust. This latest Commentary by Daniel Gros vividly illustrates the importance of that difference and thus the shock-absorbing capacity of an integrated banking system and a banking union.

Students’ perception of the safety and value of a herbal vs. a conventional medicine for treating insomnia

University students suffer from variable sleep patterns including insomnia;[1] furthermore, the highest incidence of herbal use appears to be among college graduates.[2] Our objective was to test the perception of safety and value of herbal against conventional medicine for the treatment of insomnia in a non-pharmacy student population. We used an experimental design and bespoke vignettes that relayed the same effectiveness information to test our hypothesis that students would give higher ratings of safety and value to herbal product compared to conventional medicine. We tested another hypothesis that the addition of side-effect information would lower people’s perception of the safety and value of the herbal product to a greater extent than it would with the conventional medicine.

Autopoiesis vs. social autopoiesis: critical evaluation and implications for understanding firms as autopoietic social systems

The main objective of this study is to revisit the fundamental postulations of autopoietic self-production wrapped within the autopoietic six-point key and to investigate whether or not firms as specific social systems can be treated as autopoietic unities. In order to do so firms have to be defined as simple and composite unities whereupon their boundaries have to be clearly identifiable. The test of social autopoiesis reveals that firms can be viewed as autopoietic social systems that exist in the communicative space with employees' firm-specific communicative sub-domains as their components. Furthermore, it is argued that the social reification of autopoiesis (autokoinopoiesis) in firms is quintessentially interconnected with physical autopoiesis of their employees (autophysiopoiesis). Discontiguous focus on productivity as firms' obvious physical implication may thus be upgraded by a very social nature of ideactivity, firms' only real survival force.

Managing outbreaks of invasive species: eradication vs. suppression

A framework is developed to evaluate eradication as one of three alternative management responses to an outbreak of an invasive species: eradication, suppression or no action. This framework can be used to establish under what conditions an eradication option could provide an expected net economic benefit, and whether this net benefit exceeds that of the other two options. The eradication option is more likely to be preferred in situations where there is an immediate export benefit that is derived from eradication of the outbreak, and also the uncertainty associated with the likely success of eradication is low.

Climate vs. soil factors in local adaptation of two common plant species

Evolutionary theory suggests that divergent natural selection in heterogeneous environments can result in locally adapted plant genotypes. To understand local adaptation it is important to study the ecological factors responsible for divergent selection. At a continental scale, variation in climate can be important while at a local scale soil properties could also play a role. We designed an experiment aimed to disentangle the role of climate and ( abiotic and biotic) soil properties in local adaptation of two common plant species. A grass (Holcus lanatus) and a legume ( Lotus corniculatus), as well as their local soils, were reciprocally transplanted between three sites across an Atlantic-Continental gradient in Europe and grown in common gardens in either their home soil or foreign soils. Growth and reproductive traits were measured over two growing seasons. In both species, we found significant environmental and genetic effects on most of the growth and reproductive traits and a significant interaction between the two environmental effects of soil and climate. The grass species showed significant home site advantage in most of the fitness components, which indicated adaptation to climate. We found no indication that the grass was adapted to local soil conditions. The legume showed a significant home soil advantage for number of fruits only and thus a weak indication of adaptation to soil and no adaptation to climate. Our results show that the importance of climate and soil factors as drivers of local adaptation is species-dependent. This could be related to differences in interactions between plant species and soil biota.

Taxonomical vs. functional responses of bee communities to fire in two contrasting climatic regions

Valuable insights into mechanisms of community responses to environmental change can be gained by analysing in tandem the variation in functional and taxonomic composition along environmental gradients. We assess the changes in species and functional trait composition (i.e. dominant traits and functional diversity) of diverse bee communities in contrasting fire-driven systems in two climatic regions: Mediterranean (scrub habitats in Israel) and temperate (chestnut forests in southern Switzerland). In both climatic regions, there were shifts in species diversity and composition related to post-fire age. In the temperate region, functional composition responded markedly to fire; however, in the Mediterranean, the taxonomic response to fire was not matched by functional replacement. These results suggest that greater functional stability to fire in the Mediterranean is achieved by replacement of functionally similar species (i.e. functional redundancy) which dominate under different environmental conditions in the heterogeneous landscapes of the region. In contrast, the greater functional response in the temperate region was attributed to a more rapid post-fire vegetation recovery and shorter time-window when favourable habitat was available relative to the Mediterranean. Bee traits can be used to predict the functional responses of bee communities to environmental changes in habitats of conservation importance in different regions with distinct disturbance regimes. However, predictions cannot be generalized from one climatic region to another where distinct habitat configurations occur.

Interaction of 2-(arylazo)phenols with rhodium. Usual coordination vs. C-H and C-C activation

Reaction of 2-(2'-hydroxyphenylazo)phenol with [Rh(PPh3)(3)Cl] in refluxing benzene in presence of triethylamine afforded a red complex in which the ligand is coordinated to rhodium as a tridentate O,N,O-donor. However, similar reaction of [Rh(PPh3)(3)Cl] with 2-(2'carboxyphenylazo)-4-methylphenol yielded two complexes, viz. a blue one and a green one. In both the complexes the ligand is coordinated as C,N,O-donor. However, in the blue complex orthometallation takes place from the ortho-carbon atom, which bears -COOH group via decarboxylation and in green one orthometallation occurs from the other ortho-carbon. Structures of all the three complexes were determined by X-ray crystallography. In all the three complexes rhodium is sharing the equatorial plane with the tridentate ligand and a chloride, and the two triphenylphosphines are axially disposed. All of the complexes show intense MLCT transitions in the visible region. Cyclic voltammetry on these complexes shows a Rh(III)-Rh(IV) oxidation on the positive side of SCE and a reduction of the coordinated azophenolate ligand on the negative side. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Synthesis, crystal structure and hydrolysis of a dinuclear copper(II) complex constructed by N2O donor Schiff base and 4,4 '-bipyridine: discrete supra-molecular ensembles vs. oligomers

The tridentate Schiff base ligand, 7-amino-4-methyl-5-aza-3-hepten-2-one (HAMAH), prepared by the mono-condensation of 1,2diaminoethane and acetylacetone, reacts with Cu(BF4)(2) center dot 6H(2)O to produce initially a dinuclear Cu(II) complex, [{Cu(AMAH)}(2) (mu-4,4'-bipyJ](BF4)(2) (1) which undergoes hydrolysis in the reaction mixture and finally produces a linear polymeric chain compound, [Cu(acac)(2)(mu-4,4'-bipy)](n) (2). The geometry around the copper atom in compound 1 is distorted square planar while that in compound 2 is essentially an elongated octahedron. On the other hand, the ligand HAMAH reacts with Cu(ClO4)(2) center dot 6H(2)O to yield a polymeric zigzag chain, [{Cu(acac)(CH3OH)(mu-4,4'-bipy)}(ClO4)](n) (3). The geometry of the copper atom in 3 is square pyramidal with the two bipyridine molecules in the cis equatorial positions. All three complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. A probable explanation for the different size and shape of the reported polynuclear complexes formed by copper(II) and 4,4'-bipyridine has been put forward by taking into account the denticity and crystal field strength of the blocking ligand as well as the Jahn-Teller effect in copper(II). (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.