940 resultados para Nonferrous metals.


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Esta dissertação tem como principais objectivos analisar a conformidade das características de revestimentos descontínuos de coberturas produzidos ou comercializados em Portugal com as exigências preconizadas nas normas europeias aplicáveis. Contudo, e tendo em conta a diversidade do tema, o presente estudo centralizou-se em três tipos de revestimentos descontínuos: fibrocimento, metais e plásticos. Optou-se por uma abordagem teórica complementada por uma campanha experimental. No caso da primeira, serão descritas as características de uma cobertura inclinada e alguns dos principais tipos de revestimentos descontínuos existentes. No que concerne à campanha experimental, para além da pesquisa efectuada ao nível do mercado nacional e dos contactos desenvolvidos para a recolha de amostras, realizaram-se ensaios de natureza geométrica de todas as amostras recolhidas. Em suma, a presente dissertação foi validada através de uma campanha experimental simples, que consistiu na análise do cumprimento das exigências das normas europeias aplicáveis aos produtos ensaiados, resultando numa avaliação crítica aos valores obtidos.

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Reclaimed water from small wastewater treatment facilities in the rural areas of the Beira Interior region (Portugal) may constitute an alternative water source for aquifer recharge. A 21-month monitoring period in a constructed wetland treatment system has shown that 21,500 m(3) year(-1) of treated wastewater (reclaimed water) could be used for aquifer recharge. A GIS-based multi-criteria analysis was performed, combining ten thematic maps and economic, environmental and technical criteria, in order to produce a suitability map for the location of sites for reclaimed water infiltration. The areas chosen for aquifer recharge with infiltration basins are mainly composed of anthrosol with more than 1 m deep and fine sand texture, which allows an average infiltration velocity of up to 1 m d(-1). These characteristics will provide a final polishing treatment of the reclaimed water after infiltration (soil aquifer treatment (SAT)), suitable for the removal of the residual load (trace organics, nutrients, heavy metals and pathogens). The risk of groundwater contamination is low since the water table in the anthrosol areas ranges from 10 m to 50 m. Oil the other hand, these depths allow a guaranteed unsaturated area suitable for SAT. An area of 13,944 ha was selected for study, but only 1607 ha are suitable for reclaimed water infiltration. Approximately 1280 m(2) were considered enough to set up 4 infiltration basins to work in flooding and drying cycles.

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Since the discovery of ferromagnetism well above room temperature in the Co-doped TiO2 system, diluted magnetic semiconductors based on TiO2 doped with transition metals have generated great interest because of their potential use in the development of spintronic devices. The purpose of this paper is to report on a new and swift chemical route to synthesise highly stable anatase single-phase Co- and Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles, with dopant concentrations of up to 10 at.-% and grain sizes that range between 20 and 30 nm. Complementary structural, microstructural and chemical analyses of the different nanopowders synthesised strongly support the hypothesis that a homogeneous distribution of the dopant element in the substitutional sites of the anatase structure has been achieved. Moreover, UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectra of powder samples show redshifts to lower energies and decreasing bandgap energies with increasing Co or Fe concentration, which is consistent with n-type doping of the TiO2 anatase matrix. Films of Co-doped TiO2 were successfully deposited onto Si (100) substrates by the dip-coating method, with suspensions of Ti1-xCOxO2 nanoparticles in ethylene glycol. ((C)Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008).

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Laser-assisted chemical vapour deposition (LCVD) has been extensively studied in the last two decades. A vast range of applications encompass various areas such as microelectronics, micromechanics, microelectromechanics and integrated optics, and a variety of metals, semiconductors and insulators have been grown by LCVD. In this article, we review briefly the LCVD process and present two case studies of thin film deposition related to laser thermal excitation (e.g., boron carbide) and non-thermal excitation (e.g., CrO(2)) of the gas phase.

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As tintas utilizadas nas actividades didácticas possuem na sua composição ingredientes que dada a sua natureza, modo de fabrico e de utilização, podem representar um risco para a saúde das crianças. Neste âmbito, procurou-se com este estudo avaliar a qualidade química e microbiológica das tintas utilizadas pelas crianças no ensino pré-escolar. Vinte e nove amostras de tintas, incluindo guaches, tintas de águas, digitintas e tintas para pinturas faciais foram recolhidas em oito estabelecimentos de ensino, nomeadamente, Jardins de Infância, do conselho de Vila Nova de Gaia. A avaliação microbiológica envolveu não só a determinação da concentração microbiana presente nas amostras, como também, a avaliação da estabilidade microbiana nas tintas das espécies S.aureus e E.coli. Na avaliação química procedeu-se à determinação da concentração dos metais chumbo (Pb), cádmio (Cd), crómio (Cr), cobalto (Co), níquel (Nq), manganês (Mn), cobre (Cu) e zinco (Zn) quer em algumas das amostras recolhidas nos estabelecimentos de ensino, quer em tintas adquiridas em três estabelecimentos comerciais. Os resultados obtidos da avaliação microbiológica revelam uma contaminação estática na generalidade das tintas. Três amostras de tintas apresentaram ainda elevada contaminação por fungos, nomeadamente Aspergillus spp. e Trichophyton spp. Da avaliação da estabilidade microbiana das espécies S.aureus e E.coli observou-se uma sensibilidade das mesmas às tintas, sendo evidenciado, em alguns casos, um decrescimento da concentração ao longo do tempo de exposição, e noutros, uma sensibilidade imediata. A espécie S.aureus revelou, contudo, maior capacidade de resistência que a E.coli. Os resultados obtidos da avaliação química revelaram a presença de Cr em todas as amostras, registando as tintas adquiridas em estabelecimentos comerciais concentrações mais elevadas para este metal. Os metais Cu e Zn foram detectados, em algumas amostras de tintas artísticas, em concentrações acima dos valores limites. Nas tintas para a cara foram encontrados os metais Pb, Cd, Cr e Nq, cuja utilização é interdita nestes produtos. O conhecimento das características químicas e microbiológicas das tintas utilizadas por crianças do ensino pré-escolar revelou-se de grande importância, nomeadamente, para a determinação dos riscos a que este grupo de indivíduos pode estar exposto no seu dia-a-dia quando utilizam estes produtos.

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Novel [Ru(eta(6)-p-cymene)(kappa(2)-L)X] and [Ru(eta(6)-p-cymene)(kappa(3)-L)]X center dot nH(2)O complexes (L = bis-, tris-, or tetrakis-pyrazolylborate; X = Cl, N-3, PF6, or CF3SO3) are prepared by treatment of [Ru(eta(6)-p-cymene)Cl-2](2) with poly-(pyrazolyl)borate derivatives [M(L)] (L in general; in detail L = Ph(2)Bp = diphenylbis-(pyrazol-1-yl)borate; L = Tp = hydrotris(pyrazol-1-yl)borate; L = pzTp = tetrakis(pyrazol-1-yl)borate; L = Tp(4Bo) = hydrotris(indazol-1-yl)borate, L = T-p4Bo,T-5Me = (5-methylindazol-1-yl)borate; L = Tp(Bn,4Ph) = hydrotris(3-benzyl-4-phenylpyrazol-1-yl)borate; M = Na, K, or TI) and characterized by analytical and spectral data (IR, ESIMS, H-1 and C-13 NMR). The structures of [Ru(eta(6)-p-cymene)(Ph(2)Bp)Cl] (1) and [Ru(eta(6)-p-cymene)(Tp)Cl] (3) have been established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Electrochemical studies allowed comparing the electron-donor characters of Tp and related ligands and estimating the corresponding values of the Lever E-L ligand parameter. The complexes [Ru(eta(6)-p-cymene)-(kappa(2)-L)X] and [Ru(eta(6)-p-cymene)(kappa(3)-L)]X center dot nH(2)O act as catalyst precursors for the diastereoselective nitroaldol reaction of benzaldehyde and nitroethane to the corresponding beta-nitroalkanol (up to 82% yield, at room temperature) with diastereoselectivity toward the formation of the threo isomer.

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Purpose: This study was conducted to study the influence of protein structure on the immunogenicity in wild-type and immune tolerant mice of well-characterized degradation products of recombinant human interferon alpha2b (rhIFNα2b). Methods: RhIFNα2b was degraded by metal-catalyzed oxidation (M), cross-linking with glutaraldehyde (G), oxidation with hydrogen peroxide (H), and incubation in a boiling water bath (B). The products were characterized with UV absorption, circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blotting, and mass spectrometry. The immunogenicity of the products was evaluated in wild-type mice and in transgenic mice immune tolerant for hIFNα2. Serum antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or surface plasmon resonance. Results: M-rhIFNα2b contained covalently aggregated rhIFNα2b with three methionines partly oxidized to methionine sulfoxides. G-rhIFNα2b contained covalent aggregates and did not show changes in secondary structure. H-rhIFNα2b was only chemically changed with four partly oxidized methionines. B-rhIFNα2b was largely unfolded and heavily aggregated. Nontreated (N) rhIFNα2b was immunogenic in the wild-type mice but not in the transgenic mice, showing that the latter were immune tolerant for rhIFNα2b. The anti-rhIFNα2b antibody levels in the wild-type mice depended on the degradation product: M-rhIFNα2b > H-rhIFNα2b ∼ N-rhIFNα2b ≫ B-rhIFNα2b; G-rhIFNα2b did not induce anti-rhIFNα2b antibodies. In the transgenic mice, only M-rhIFNα2b could break the immune tolerance. Conclusions: RhIFNα2b immunogenicity is related to its structural integrity. Moreover, the immunogenicity of aggregated rhIFNα2b depends on the structure and orientation of the constituent protein molecules and/or on the aggregate size.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Química

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Um dos principais problemas com que se deparam as sociedades actuais, e que é consequência da sua forma de se organizar prende-se com a mudança das características originais dos locais onde habitam e dos seus componentes como resultado das actividades humanas que transformam solos e águas em depósitos de resíduos. Entre as substâncias que são depositadas no meio físico, que requerem especial atenção, encontra-se o grupo dos metais pesados, uma vez que são considerados como perigosos pela sua toxicidade e potencial cancerígeno quando em contacto com populações ou ecossistemas. Destes metais, o crómio é um dos metais que requer especial atenção devido a sua relativa abundância como contaminante, e à periculosidade dos seus iões, em especial o Cr6+. Este trabalho pretende contribuir para o conhecimento dos fenómenos geoambientais associados à remediação de águas contaminadas com Cr6+ recorrendo ao ferro monovalente de forma a estabelecer parâmetros de aplicabilidade através de estudos laboratoriais baseados em ensaios em colunas.

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Jornadas "Ciência nos Açores – que futuro?", Ponta Delgada, 7-8 de Junho de 2013.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Mestrado em Segurança e Higiene no Trabalho.

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Metals are ubiquitous in the environment and accumulate in aquatic organisms and are known for their ability to enhance the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In aquatic species, oxidative stress mechanisms have been studied by measuring antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative damages in tissues. The aim of this study was to apply and validate a set of oxidative stress biomarkers and correlate responses with metal contents in tissues of common octopus (Octopus vulgaris). Antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase — CAT, superoxide dismutase — SOD and glutathione S-transferases — GST), oxidative damages (lipid peroxidation — LPO and protein carbonyl content — PCO) andmetal content (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and As) in the digestive gland and armof octopus, collected in the NWPortuguese coast in different periods, were assessed after capture and after 14 days in captivity. CAT and SOD activitieswere highly responsive to fluctuations inmetal concentrations and able to reduce oxidative damage, LPO and PCO in the digestive gland. CAT activity was also positively correlated with SOD and GST activities, which emphasizes that the three enzymes respond in a coordinated way to metal induced oxidative stress. Our results validate the use of oxidative stress biomarkers to assess metal pollution effects in this ecological and commercial relevant species.Moreover, octopus seems to have the ability to control oxidative damage by triggering an antioxidant enzyme coordinated response in the digestive gland.

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The present work aims at evaluating the efficiency of an organic polymer from vegetal source used as coagulant for treating different types of industrial effluents. This coagulant (Flox-QT) is obtained from the Black Acacia (Acacia mearnsii). The effluents studied were produced in petrochemical, leather, cork stoppers, metalworking, olive oil, glue, paint (printing), textile and paper industries. The parameters analyzed in the effluents before and after treatment were selected according to the type of wastewater and included pH, conductivity, apparent colour, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and some metals. The coagulant proved to be efficient for almost all effluents tested. The best results were obtained for the paper industry wastewater, with 91% removal of chemical oxygen demand and 95% of total suspended solids removal. The estimated cost of this treatment would be only 0.24 Euro per cubic meter of treated effluent, only regarding the price of the coagulant and the required dosage. The use of this coagulant is also adequate for the valorisation of the sludge obtained, which in this case could be recycled for paper production.