981 resultados para Natural Gas Midstream services
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Cette thse est construite en quatre parties : trois annexes qui prsentent six tudes de cas (env. 800 pages), prcdes par une analyse transversale, plus synthtique (env. 150 pages), dont traite ce rsum. Chaque annexe contient une synthse dtaille des tudes de cas. Cette thse aborde la gestion des ressources naturelles en affirmant d'emble que l'appellation est inapproprie, car ce ne sont pas les ressources qui sont gres, mais leurs usages. Il s'agit donc d'identifier et d'analyser ce qui influence les comportements humains en lien avec la ressource. Cette affirmation fonde la perspective des sciences sociales sur la gestion des ressources naturelles, dans laquelle s'inscrit cette thse. L'approche no-institutionnaliste considre que les usages sont influencs par des institutions, qui sont elles-mmes influences par les usagers. Ces institutions sont des constructions humaines qui composent le contexte institutionnel dans lequel les acteurs dcident de leurs usages (abattre un arbre, prlever de l'eau, etc.). Les usages des ressources ne sont donc jamais libres et il s'agit de comprendre comment ces rgles du jeu influencent les pratiques. Elles sont nombreuses, interdpendantes et forment la trame sur laquelle se dcident les usages. Pour saisir cette complexit, l'auteur applique le cadre d'analyse des rgimes institutionnels des ressources (RIR) qui se limite l'analyse de deux types de droits d'usages : ceux issues des rgles de la proprit (titres de proprit, servitudes, etc.) et ceux issus des politiques publiques (lois, ordonnances, etc.). Le RIR permet d'identifier un rgime institutionnel , spcifique la ressource tudie, dont les volutions peuvent tre compares dans le temps ou entre plusieurs lieux. Dans cette recherche, ce cadre d'analyse a t appliqu au mme objet - la gestion forestire dans les zones de captage d'eau souterraine destine au rseau public - dans trois pays : en France, en Suisse et en Indonsie. Trois annes de recherche de terrain ont permis l'auteur de s'intresser non seulement aux rgles prdtermines (la rglementation), mais aussi aux rgles effectivement actives sur le terrain (la rgulation) par les acteurs rencontrs. Les tudes de cas montrent que les rgles prvues sont ingalement actives et que les acteurs privilgient parfois la ngociation directe pour rsoudre leurs rivalits d'usages, la place d'invoquer leurs droits acquis. Ce constat conduit l'auteur proposer un largissement de la focale du RIR, qui constitue le coeur de sa thse. On ne s'intresse plus seulement ce qui est rgul, mais aussi ce qui ne l' est pas et qui chappe l'application classique du RIR. Ce renversement de perspective est crucial pour comprendre les usages concrets des ressources dans les rgimes peu intgrs, o les pratiques s'expliquent davantage par la marge de manoeuvre laisse aux acteurs que par les rgles prdtermines. Cette relecture, teste avec succs dans cette thse, permet d'intgrer la marge de manoeuvre l'analyse au moyen du RIR. Elle se concrtise par l'identification des lacunes et incohrences dans les rgimes institutionnels tudis. Le champ d'application du RIR s'en trouve largi et sa vulgarisation pour des non-spcialistes est facilite, notamment pour les environnementalistes. La complmentarit entre les approches s'en trouve renforce. Les rsultats montrent deux choses : premirement les acteurs disposent toujours d'une marge de manoeuvre pour ngocier des rgulations ponctuelles, qui sont autant d'alternatives l'application des rgles prvues. Deuximement, la conclusion d'accords issus de la ngociation bi-/multilatrale dpend directement de la marge de manoeuvre laisse par le contexte institutionnel. Ceci explique pourquoi la ngociation entre les propritaires forestiers et les exploitants de captages s'imposent en Indonsie, est envisageable en France, mais n'aboutit pas en Suisse. Les nombreuses tentatives infructueuses de mise en oeuvre de solutions ngocies, notamment sous forme de paiements pour services environnementaux (PSE), trouvent ici une explication. - This thesis (written in French) is built in four parts: three annexes that present six case studies (approx. 800 pages), preceded by a transverse, more conceptual analysis (approx. 150 pages), which this summary is about. Each annexe contains a detailed summary of the case studies. 'Natural resource management' is an inappropriate designation because it is not the resources that are managed but the uses made of them, therefore this thesis addresses the identification and analysis of the influences on human behaviour in relation to the resource. This statement roots the social sciences perspective on the management of natural resources, in which this thesis fits. A neoinstitutionalist approach considers that the uses are influenced by institutions, which are themselves influenced by users. These institutions are human constructions that form the institutional context in which the actors decide on the use of resources (felling a tree, collecting water, etc.). Thus, the uses of resources are never independent from institutional influences and it becomes necessary to understand how these rules of the game affect practices. They are numerous, interrelated and form the basis for the uses of resources. To understand this complexity, the author applies the institutional regime resource framework (IRR) which limits the analysis to two types of use rights: those resulting from the property rights (deeds, easements, etc.) and those from public policies (laws, ordinances, etc.). The IRR identifies an 'institutional regime', specific to the resource, from which developments can be compared over time or between several places. In this research, this analytical framework has been applied to the same topic - forest management in the recharging areas of groundwater piped for public supply - in three countries: France, Switzerland and Indonesia. Three years of field research allow the author to look not only at predetermined rules (rules), but also at regulations that are actually activated on the ground (rules-in-use). The case studies show that the predetermined rules are unevenly applied and that sometimes actors favour direct negotiation to resolve their rivalry of uses, instead of invoking their vested rights. From this observation the author proposes an enlargement of the IRR's scope, forming the core of his thesis. The interest covers not only what 'is' regulated, but what 'is not' and so is beyond the classical application of the IRR. This shift in perspective is crucial to understand the concrete uses of resources in poorly integrated regimes, where practices are explained by the margin of manoeuvre left to the actors rather than predetermined rules. This reinterpretation, tested successfully in this research, allows the margin of manoeuvre to be integrated in the analysis using the IRR and is made concrete by the identification of gaps and inconsistencies in the investigated institutional context. The new interpretation of the IRR in this thesis complements and enhances its classical application. In particular, its use and understanding by non-specialists, especially environmentalists, is facilitated. The results show two things: first the actors always have leeway to negotiate ad hoc regulations, which are alternatives to the application of the predefined rules. Second, the conclusion of bi/multilateral negotiated agreements depends directly on the leeway left by the institutional context. This explains why the negotiation between forest owners and operators of water catchments is needed in Indonesia, is possible in France, but does not succeed in Switzerland. This offers an explanation for many unsuccessful attempts to implement negotiated solutions, notably payments for environmental services (PES).
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Recent years have seen widespread experimentation with market-based instruments (MBIs) for the provision of environmental goods and ecosystem services. However, little attention has been paid to their design or to the effects of the underlying pro-market narrative on environmental policy instruments. The purpose of this article is to analyze the emergence and dissemination of the term "market-based instruments" applied to the provision of environmental services and to assess to what extent the instruments associated are genuinely innovative. The recommendation to develop markets can lead in practice to a variety of institutional forms, as we show it based on the example of payments for environmental services (PES) and biodiversity offsets, two very different mechanisms that are both presented in the literature as MBIs. Our purpose is to highlight the gap between discourse and practice in connection with MBIs.
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Summary Forests are key ecosystems of the earth and associated with a large range of functions. Many of these functions are beneficial to humans and are referred to as ecosystem services. Sustainable development requires that all relevant ecosystem services are quantified, managed and monitored equally. Natural resource management therefore targets the services associated with ecosystems. The main hypothesis of this thesis is that the spatial and temporal domains of relevant services do not correspond to a discrete forest ecosystem. As a consequence, the services are not quantified, managed and monitored in an equal and sustainable manner. The thesis aims were therefore to test this hypothesis, establish an improved conceptual approach and provide spatial applications for the relevant land cover and structure variables. The study was carried out in western Switzerland and based primarily on data from a countrywide landscape inventory. This inventory is part of the third Swiss national forest inventory and assesses continuous landscape variables based on a regular sampling of true colour aerial imagery. In addition, land cover variables were derived from Landsat 5 TM passive sensor data and land structure variables from active sensor data from a small footprint laserscanning system. The results confirmed the main hypothesis, as relevant services did not scale well with the forest ecosystem. Instead, a new conceptual approach for sustainable management of natural resources was described. This concept quantifies the services as a continuous function of the landscape, rather than a discrete function of the forest ecosystem. The explanatory landscape variables are therefore called continuous fields and the forest becomes a dependent and function-driven management unit. Continuous field mapping methods were established for land cover and structure variables. In conclusion, the discrete forest ecosystem is an adequate planning and management unit. However, monitoring the state of and trends in sustainability of services requires them to be quantified as a continuous function of the landscape. Sustainable natural resource management iteratively combines the ecosystem and gradient approaches. Rsum Les forts sont des cosystmes-cls de la terre et on leur attribue un grand nombre de fonctions. Beaucoup de ces fonctions sont bnfiques pour l'homme et sont nommes services cosystmiques. Le dveloppement durable exige que ces services cosystmiques soient tous quantifis, grs et surveills de faon gale. La gestion des ressources naturelles a donc pour cible les services attribus aux cosystmes. L'hypothse principale de cette thse est que les domaines spatiaux et temporels des services attribus la fort ne correspondent pas un cosystme discret. Par consquent, les services ne sont pas quantifis, amnags et surveills d'une manire quivalente et durable. Les buts de la thse taient de tester cette hypothse, d'tablir une nouvelle approche conceptuelle de la gestion des ressources naturelles et de prparer des applications spatiales pour les variables paysagres et structurelles appropries. L'tude a t mene en Suisse occidentale principalement sur la base d'un inventaire de paysage l'chelon national. Cet inventaire fait partie du troisime inventaire forestier national suisse et mesure de faon continue des variables paysagres sur la base d'un chantillonnage rgulier sur des photos ariennes couleur. En outre, des variables de couverture ? terrestre ont t drives des donnes d'un senseur passif Landsat 5 TM, ainsi que des variables structurelles, drives du laserscanning, un senseur actif. Les rsultats confirment l'hypothse principale, car l'chelle des services ne correspond pas celle de l'cosystme forestier. Au lieu de cela, une nouvelle approche a t labore pour la gestion durable des ressources naturelles. Ce concept reprsente les services comme une fonction continue du paysage, plutt qu'une fonction discrte de l'cosystme forestier. En consquence, les variables explicatives de paysage sont dnommes continuous fields et la fort devient une entit dpendante, dfinie par la fonction principale du paysage. Des mthodes correspondantes pour la couverture terrestre et la structure ont t labores. En conclusion, l'cosystme forestier discret est une unit adquate pour la planification et la gestion. En revanche, la surveillance de la durabilit de l'tat et de son volution exige que les services soient quantifis comme fonction continue du paysage. La gestion durable des ressources naturelles joint donc l'approche cosystmique avec celle du gradient de manire itrative.
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Background: Little research has been carried out with regards to the inclusion of men during the birth process. The objective of this paper involves exploring the needs and expectations of the health services manifested by a group of fathers as a result of their experience during the birth process. Methods: Qualitative research was carried out in Granada in 2004 via individual interviews with fathers who showed shared responsibility in the upbringing. The profile is: employment, medium-high educational level, one or more child: 0-6 months of age. The transcript was subsequently submitted to hermeneutic analysis. Results: Some semantic constructs are: 1) Health Services do not concede the women as protagonists, 2) Birth process is depending on the body. Fathers can only support and fight for the relevance of men, 3) Men seem like invisible, 4) Health services inhibit their participation, and 5) have dealings with fathers according to their gender roles. The participants address the relationship between expectations of care during the birth process and unsatisfied demands, and the manner in which they employ the obstacles encountered within health services that inhibit their participation as arguments that confirm their separation from the process. Conclusions: This paper draws attention to the limited scope of the provision of healthcare during the birth process in terms of protagonism afforded to fathers. Indeed, despite their requisitory discourse, the interviewees manifest contradictory attitudes in the face of changes that require them to make commitments. We identify elements that could be improved to adapt services to the needs of fathers and vice versa.
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A new member of the phlebovirus genus, tentatively named Granada virus, was detected in sandflies collected in Spain. By showing the presence of specific neutralizing antibodies in human serum collected in Granada, we show that Granada virus infects humans. The analysis of the complete genome of Granada virus revealed that this agent is likely to be a natural reassortant of the recently described Massilia virus (donor of the long and short segments) with ayet unidentified phlebovirus (donor of the medium segment)
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Although recent hydrothermal experiments imply that abiogenic methane (CH4) generation from hydrothermal reduction of CO2 can occur, evidence from natural systems was still lacking. Based on the chemical and isotopic equilibrium signatures of low-temperature fumarolic gas discharges, we are able to provide hard evidence for its natural occurrence, namely in three subduction-related bi-phase hydrothermal systems of the Mediterranean, whose temperatures range from 260 to 470 degrees C. The attainment of equilibrium and the time spans of recent volcanic dormancy allowed us to calculate minimum rates for chemical and isotopic equilibration. These are significantly higher than those previously reported and might be due to the presence of a saturated water vapor phase in the investigated systems. The fact that nature provides conditions enabling relatively fast production of hydrocarbons from CO2 strongly supports the concerns that were recently raised from laboratory experiments. These address the use of the carbon isotope composition of reduced carbon in Archean sediments as a tracer of early life and the occurrence of CH4 on extraterrestrial planets as a bioindicator. In view of the potential role of abiogenic CH4 as a precursor of life, we also present an estimate of abiogenic hydrothermal CH4 fluxes throughout the Archean. It is not expected that these fluxes exceeded 80 Mt/yr during the past 4.0 Ga. This, however, would have been enough to facilitate HCN production on the prebiotic Earth. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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BACKGROUND. Bioinformatics is commonly featured as a well assorted list of available web resources. Although diversity of services is positive in general, the proliferation of tools, their dispersion and heterogeneity complicate the integrated exploitation of such data processing capacity. RESULTS. To facilitate the construction of software clients and make integrated use of this variety of tools, we present a modular programmatic application interface (MAPI) that provides the necessary functionality for uniform representation of Web Services metadata descriptors including their management and invocation protocols of the services which they represent. This document describes the main functionality of the framework and how it can be used to facilitate the deployment of new software under a unified structure of bioinformatics Web Services. A notable feature of MAPI is the modular organization of the functionality into different modules associated with specific tasks. This means that only the modules needed for the client have to be installed, and that the module functionality can be extended without the need for re-writing the software client. CONCLUSIONS. The potential utility and versatility of the software library has been demonstrated by the implementation of several currently available clients that cover different aspects of integrated data processing, ranging from service discovery to service invocation with advanced features such as workflows composition and asynchronous services calls to multiple types of Web Services including those registered in repositories (e.g. GRID-based, SOAP, BioMOBY, R-bioconductor, and others).
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LAnlisi de Cicle de Vida (ACV) s una eina emprada per gestionar els impactes ambientals i els recursos usats al llarg del cicle de vida dun b o servei. Existeixen reptes de futur en el desenvolupament de lACV, tals com la introducci de noves categories dimpacte ambiental, que permetin una anlisi ms especfica dels impactes sobre determinats elements del medi, com ara el paisatge. En el present estudi sanalitza la dimensi natural del paisatge per tal de proposar la creaci dun ndex de paisatge. Aix doncs, shan revisat les noves propostes de categories dimpacte en ACV que inclouen directament o indirecta el paisatge i sha analitzat una mostra de 33 estudis dindicadors de paisatge. Aquesta cerca deriva en lelecci de 6 indicadors: els usos del sl, la diversitat paisatgstica, la fragmentaci, la connectivitat, la riquesa despcies i la densitat de carreteres. En la determinaci dels seus respectius mtodes de clcul sha detectat la importncia de ls dels SIG, lelecci duna base de dades dusos del sl comuna (CORINE) i les interrelacions que existeixen entre indicadors. La proposta de lndex hauria de poder sser un punt de partida per a futurs estudis en aquest mbit i derivar en una nova categoria dimpacte de paisatge, donat que caldr estudiar alguns elements, com la interrelaci entre indicadors.
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BACKGROUND The demographic structure has a significant influence on the use of healthcare services, as does the size of the population denominators. Very few studies have been published on methods for estimating the real population such as tourist resorts. The lack of information about these problems means there is a corresponding lack of information about the behaviour of populational denominators (the floating population or tourist load) and the effect of this on the use of healthcare services. The objectives of the study were: a) To determine the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) ratio, per person per day, among populations of known size; b) to estimate, by means of this ratio, the real population in an area where tourist numbers are very significant; and c) to determine the impact on the utilisation of hospital emergency healthcare services of the registered population, in comparison to the non-resident population, in two areas where tourist numbers are very significant. METHODS An ecological study design was employed. We analysed the Healthcare Districts of the Costa del Sol and the island of Menorca. Both are Spanish territories in the Mediterranean region. RESULTS In the two areas analysed, the correlation coefficient between the MSW ratio and admissions to hospital emergency departments exceeded 0.9, with p < 0.001. On the basis of MSW generation ratios, obtained for a control zone and also measured in neighbouring countries, we estimated the real population. For the summer months, when tourist activity is greatest and demand for emergency healthcare at hospitals is highest, this value was found to be double that of the registered population. CONCLUSION The MSW indicator, which is both ecological and indirect, can be used to estimate the real population in areas where population levels vary significantly during the year. This parameter is of interest in planning and dimensioning the provision of healthcare services.
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The identification of compositional changes in fumarolic gases of active and quiescent volcanoes is one of the mostimportant targets in monitoring programs. From a general point of view, many systematic (often cyclic) and randomprocesses control the chemistry of gas discharges, making difficult to produce a convincing mathematical-statisticalmodelling.Changes in the chemical composition of volcanic gases sampled at Vulcano Island (Aeolian Arc, Sicily, Italy) fromeight different fumaroles located in the northern sector of the summit crater (La Fossa) have been analysed byconsidering their dependence from time in the period 2000-2007. Each intermediate chemical composition has beenconsidered as potentially derived from the contribution of the two temporal extremes represented by the 2000 and 2007samples, respectively, by using inverse modelling methodologies for compositional data. Data pertaining to fumarolesF5 and F27, located on the rim and in the inner part of La Fossa crater, respectively, have been used to achieve theproposed aim. The statistical approach has allowed us to highlight the presence of random and not random fluctuations,features useful to understand how the volcanic system works, opening new perspectives in sampling strategies and inthe evaluation of the natural risk related to a quiescent volcano
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The significance of the insurance industry in the functioning of the world economy is often underestimated, with premiums reaching 7.5 % of world gross domestic product (GDP), three times as much as worldwide military expenses. Insurance services mutualise risks in such a way as they provide a form of private governance that complements or makes up for guarantees otherwise supplied by the State. This case study of international standards developed for the insurance market provides evidence that deviates from conventional accounts considering service standards as heavily dependent of national environments and industry specificities. The chapter examines the relationship between tertiarisation, internationalisation and standardisation of contemporary economies by highlighting the complementarity between institutionalist approaches of the French regulation school and international political economy scholarship shedding light on the polarisation in the possible use of standards, notwithstanding thesectoraland institutional specificities of the activities concerned.
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Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6 is a Gram-positive, 4-chlorophenol-degrading soil bacterium that was recently shown to be an effective colonizer of plant leaf surfaces. The genetic basis for this phyllosphere competency is unknown. In this paper, we describe the genome-wide expression profile of A.chlorophenolicus on leaves of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) compared with growth on agar surfaces. In phyllosphere-grown cells, we found elevated expression of several genes known to contribute to epiphytic fitness, for example those involved in nutrient acquisition, attachment, stress response and horizontal gene transfer. A surprising result was the leaf-induced expression of a subset of the so-called cph genes for the degradation of 4-chlorophenol. This subset encodes the conversion of the phenolic compound hydroquinone to 3-oxoadipate, and was shown to be induced not only by 4-chlorophenol but also hydroquinone, its glycosylated derivative arbutin, and phenol. Small amounts of hydroquinone, but not arbutin or phenol, were detected in leaf surface washes of P.vulgaris by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Our findings illustrate the utility of genomics approaches for exploration and improved understanding of a microbial habitat. Also, they highlight the potential for phyllosphere-based priming of bacteria to stimulate pollutant degradation, which holds promise for the application of phylloremediation.
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Iowa is one of the more progressive recycling states in the U.S. due in large part to its environmental technical assistance programs for business. The Iowa Department of Economic Development (IDED), Iowa Department of Natural Resources (IDNR), the Recycle Reuse Technology Transfer Center (RRTTC) and the Iowa Waste Reduction Center (IWRC) work together to offer services that help businesses save money, increase operational efficiencies, enhance regulatory compliance and manage difficult waste management issues.
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Iowa is one of the more progressive recycling states in the U.S. due in large part to its environmental technical assistance programs for business. The Iowa Department of Economic Development (IDED), Iowa Department of Natural Resources (IDNR), the Recycle Reuse Technology Transfer Center (RRTTC) and the Iowa Waste Reduction Center (IWRC) work together to offer services that help businesses save money, increase operational efficiencies, enhance regulatory compliance and manage difficult waste management issues.
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This document produced by the Iowa Department of Administrative Services has been developed to provide a multitude of information about executive branch agencies/department on a single sheet of paper. The facts provides general information, contact information, workforce data, leave and benefits information and affirmative action data.
