229 GHz FSS for the MetOp Second Generation Microwave Sounder Instrument

This paper describes the design of a frequency selective surface (FSS) which provides transmission of 228 - 230 GHz radiation and rejection from 164 – 191.3 GHz with insertion losses under 0.25 dB for TE wave polarization at 45 incidence. This state-of-the art filter consists of two air spaced freestanding perforated screens, comprising unit cell elements of resonant slots folded for the purpose of miniaturisation to enhance angular stability. The reported geometry enhances the angular stability (45 ± 10) of the FSS beyond what is possible with canonical linear slots and satisfies the stringent electromagnetic performance requirements for signal demultiplexing in the quasi-optical feed train of the Microwave Sounder (MWS) instrument.

Switched Diversity Techniques for Indoor Off-body Communications Channels: An Experimental Analysis and Modeling

This paper investigates the potential improvement in signal reliability for indoor off-body communications channels operating at 5.8 GHz using switched diversity techniques. In particular we investigate the performance of switch-and-stay combining (SSC), switch-and-examine combining (SEC) and switch-and-examine combining with post-examining selection (SECps) schemes which utilize multiple spatially separated antennas at the base station. During the measurements a test subject, wearing an antenna on his chest, performed a number of walking movements towards and then away from a uniform linear array. It was found that all of the considered diversity schemes provided a worthwhile signal improvement. However, the performance of the diversity systems varied according to the switching threshold that was adopted. To model the fading envelope observed at the output of each of the combiners, we have applied diversity specific equations developed under the assumption of Nakagami-$m$ fading. As a measure of the goodness-of-fit, the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the empirical and theoretical probability density functions (PDFs) was calculated and found to be close to 0. To assist with the interpretation of the goodness-of-fit achieved in this study, the standard deviation, $\sigma$, of a zero-mean, $\sigma^2$ variance Gaussian PDF used to approximate a zero-mean, unit variance Gaussian PDF is also presented. These were generally quite close to 1 indicating that the theoretical models provided an adequate fit to the measured data.

Equivalent Circuit Model of Twisted Split Ring Frequency Selective Surfaces

This paper proposes a wideband equivalent circuit model for a twisted split ring frequency selective surface (FSS). Such surfaces can be used for modelling and design of polarisation sensitive surfaces such as circularly polarized selective surfaces as well as structures with asymmetric transmission. The proposed model is based extraction of equivalent circuit parameters from a single split ring (SRR) FSS and magnetic coupling from periodic eigenmode analysis of the coupled SRR. The resulting equivalent circuit model demonstrates excellent agreement with full-wave simulations.

Design Method for Circularly Polarized Frequency Selective Surfaces

This paper proposes a design method for the realisation of circularly polarised frequency selective surfaces (CP FSS). An equivalent circuit model for a capacitive asymmetric loop FSS is proposed. For this model a set of nonlinear design equation for CP operation is obtained. Based on space mapping of the model and full-wave simulation, a fast converging design method for CP FSS synthesis is demonstrated for the first time. 

A Fast Analysis Method for the Groove Gap Waveguide Using Transmission Line Theory

The Groove Gap Waveguide (GGW) shows a behavior similar to the classical rectangular waveguide (RWG), but it is formed by two pieces which do not require metal contact. This feature suggests the GGW as a suitable alternative to the RGW for mm-wave frequencies, where ensuring the proper metal contact according to the wavelength size results challenging. Nevertheless, there is a lack of effective analysis tools for the complex GGW topology, and assuming a direct equivalence between the RGW and the GGW is too rough, so that dilatory full-wave simulations are required. This work presents a fast analysis method based on transmission line theory, which establishes the proper correspondence between the GGW and the RWG. In addition, below cutoff behavior of the GGW is studied for the first time. Several numerical tests and two manufactured prototypes validate the proposed method, which seems very adequate to optimize future GGW structures.

IQ Imbalance in Multiuser Systems: Channel Estimation and Compensation

In this paper, we consider the uplink of a single-cell multi-user single-input multiple-output (MU-SIMO) system with in-phase and quadrature-phase imbalance (IQI). Particularly, we investigate the effect of receive (RX) IQI on the performance of MU-SIMO systems with large antenna arrays employing maximum-ratio combining (MRC) receivers. In order to study how IQI affects channel estimation, we derive a new channel estimator for the IQI-impaired model and show that the higher the value of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) the higher the impact of IQI on the spectral efficiency (SE). Moreover, a novel pilot-based joint estimator of the augmented MIMO channel matrix and IQI coefficients is described and then, a low-complexity IQI compensation scheme is proposed which is based on the
IQI coefficients’ estimation and it is independent of the channel gain. The performance of the proposed compensation scheme is analytically evaluated by deriving a tractable approximation of the ergodic SE assuming transmission over Rayleigh fading channels with large-scale fading. Furthermore, we investigate how many MSs should be scheduled in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with IQI and show that the highest SE loss occurs at the optimal operating point. Finally,
by deriving asymptotic power scaling laws, and proving that the SE loss due to IQI is asymptotically independent of the number of BS antennas, we show that massive MIMO is resilient to the effect of RX IQI.

A statistical framework for channel availability modelling in the polarisation domain

Cognitive radio has been proposed as a means of improving the spectrum utilisation and increasing spectrum efficiency of wireless systems. This can be achieved by allowing cognitive radio terminals to monitor their spectral environment and opportunistically access the unoccupied frequency channels. Due to the opportunistic nature of cognitive radio, the overall performance of such networks depends on the spectrum occupancy or availability patterns. Appropriate knowledge on channel availability can optimise the sensing performance in terms of spectrum and energy efficiency. This work proposes a statistical framework for the channel availability in the polarization domain. A Gaussian Normal approximation is used to model real-world occupancy data obtained through a measurement campaign in the cellular frequency bands within a realistic scenario.

Limited range coverage problems

Tal como o título indica, esta tese estuda problemas de cobertura com alcance limitado. Dado um conjunto de antenas (ou qualquer outro dispositivo sem fios capaz de receber ou transmitir sinais), o objectivo deste trabalho é calcular o alcance mínimo das antenas de modo a que estas cubram completamente um caminho entre dois pontos numa região. Um caminho que apresente estas características é um itinerário seguro. A definição de cobertura é variável e depende da aplicação a que se destina. No caso de situações críticas como o controlo de fogos ou cenários militares, a definição de cobertura recorre à utilização de mais do que uma antena para aumentar a eficácia deste tipo de vigilância. No entanto, o alcance das antenas deverá ser minimizado de modo a manter a vigilância activa o maior tempo possível. Consequentemente, esta tese está centrada na resolução deste problema de optimização e na obtenção de uma solução particular para cada caso. Embora este problema de optimização tenha sido investigado como um problema de cobertura, é possível estabelecer um paralelismo entre problemas de cobertura e problemas de iluminação e vigilância, que são habitualmente designados como problemas da Galeria de Arte. Para converter um problema de cobertura num de iluminação basta considerar um conjunto de luzes em vez de um conjunto de antenas e submetê-lo a restrições idênticas. O principal tema do conjunto de problemas da Galeria de Arte abordado nesta tese é a 1-boa iluminação. Diz-se que um objecto está 1-bem iluminado por um conjunto de luzes se o invólucro convexo destas contém o objecto, tornando assim este conceito num tipo de iluminação de qualidade. O objectivo desta parte do trabalho é então minimizar o alcance das luzes de modo a manter uma iluminação de qualidade. São também apresentadas duas variantes da 1-boa iluminação: a iluminação ortogonal e a boa !-iluminação. Esta última tem aplicações em problemas de profundidade e visualização de dados, temas que são frequentemente abordados em estatística. A resolução destes problemas usando o diagrama de Voronoi Envolvente (uma variante do diagrama de Voronoi adaptada a problemas de boa iluminação) é também proposta nesta tese.

Distributed coding for systems with cooperative diversity

O presente trabalho propõe-se a divulgar as mais significativas técnicas de esquemas cooperativos, de forma a ultrapassar alguns dos problemas dos sistemas móveis sem fios da próxima geração, estendendo a área de cobertura destes sistemas, assim como a sua capacidade e fiabilidade. O estudo de diversos esquemas cooperativos é efetuado em termos de capacidade e de taxa de erros, fazendo variar o número de relays e de antenas em cada elemento do sistema. Diversos algoritmos com aplicação em sistemas cooperativos são desenvolvidos e propostos ao longo desta tese, como códigos espaço-frequência aplicados de forma distribuída nos relays, para sistemas baseados na tecnologia OFDM e sob diversos cenários próximos da realidade. Os sistemas cooperativos são particularmente úteis em situações em que o caminho direto entre dois terminais não está acessível ou tem uma fraca qualidade de transmissão. Tendo este aspeto em consideração, e pretendendo ter a máxima eficiência espetral e máxima diversidade, um algoritmo com precodificação é também proposto para múltiplos relays, cada um equipado com uma ou duas antenas. A formulação matemática associada aos algoritmos propostos é apresentada, assim como a derivação da probabilidade de erro teórica. O desempenho dos sistemas assistidos por relays usando os algoritmos propostos é comparado em relação a outros esquemas cooperativos equivalentes e a esquemas não-cooperativos, considerando cenários com diferentes qualidades de canal, daí advindo importantes conclusões em relação a estes sistemas.

Interference cancellation for distributed wireless systems

O tema principal desta tese é o problema de cancelamento de interferência para sistemas multi-utilizador, com antenas distribuídas. Como tal, ao iniciar, uma visão geral das principais propriedades de um sistema de antenas distribuídas é apresentada. Esta descrição inclui o estudo analítico do impacto da ligação, dos utilizadores do sistema, a mais antenas distribuídas. Durante essa análise é demonstrado que a propriedade mais importante do sistema para obtenção do ganho máximo, através da ligação de mais antenas de transmissão, é a simetria espacial e que os utilizadores nas fronteiras das células são os mais bene ciados. Tais resultados são comprovados através de simulação. O problema de cancelamento de interferência multi-utilizador é considerado tanto para o caso unidimensional (i.e. sem codi cação) como para o multidimensional (i.e. com codi cação). Para o caso unidimensional um algoritmo de pré-codi cação não-linear é proposto e avaliado, tendo como objectivo a minimização da taxa de erro de bit. Tanto o caso de portadora única como o de multipla-portadora são abordados, bem como o cenário de antenas colocadas e distribuidas. É demonstrado que o esquema proposto pode ser visto como uma extensão do bem conhecido esquema de zeros forçados, cuja desempenho é provado ser um limite inferior para o esquema generalizado. O algoritmo é avaliado, para diferentes cenários, através de simulação, a qual indica desempenho perto do óptimo, com baixa complexidade. Para o caso multi-dimensional um esquema para efectuar "dirty paper coding" binário, tendo como base códigos de dupla camada é proposto. No desenvolvimento deste esquema, a compressão com perdas de informação, é considerada como um subproblema. Resultados de simulação indicam transmissão dedigna proxima do limite de Shannon.

Reconfigurable transmitters for software-defined radios

Flexible radio transmitters based on the Software-Defined Radio (SDR) concept are gaining an increased research importance due to the unparalleled proliferation of new wireless standards operating at different frequencies, using dissimilar coding and modulation schemes, and targeted for different ends. In this new wireless communications paradigm, the physical layer of the radio transmitter must be able to support the simultaneous transmission of multi-band, multi-rate, multi-standard signals, which in practice is very hard or very inefficient to implement using conventional approaches. Nevertheless, the last developments in this field include novel all-digital transmitter architectures where the radio datapath is digital from the baseband up to the RF stage. Such concept has inherent high flexibility and poses an important step towards the development of SDR-based transmitters. However, the truth is that implementing such radio for a real world communications scenario is a challenging task, where a few key limitations are still preventing a wider adoption of this concept. This thesis aims exactly to address some of these limitations by proposing and implementing innovative all-digital transmitter architectures with inherent higher flexibility and integration, and where improving important figures of merit, such as coding efficiency, signal-to-noise ratio, usable bandwidth and in-band and out-of-band noise will also be addressed. In the first part of this thesis, the concept of transmitting RF data using an entirely digital approach based on pulsed modulation is introduced. A comparison between several implementation technologies is also presented, allowing to state that FPGAs provide an interesting compromise between performance, power efficiency and flexibility, thus making them an interesting choice as an enabling technology for pulse-based all-digital transmitters. Following this discussion, the fundamental concepts inherent to pulsed modulators, its key advantages, main limitations and typical enhancements suitable for all-digital transmitters are also presented. The recent advances regarding the two most common classes of pulse modulated transmitters, namely the RF and the baseband-level are introduced, along with several examples of state-of-the-art architectures found on the literature. The core of this dissertation containing the main developments achieved during this PhD work is then presented and discussed. The first key contribution to the state-of-the-art presented here consists in the development of a novel ΣΔ-based all-digital transmitter architecture capable of multiband and multi-standard data transmission in a very flexible and integrated way, where the pulsed RF output operating in the microwave frequency range is generated inside a single FPGA device. A fundamental contribution regarding the simultaneous transmission of multiple RF signals is then introduced by presenting and describing novel all-digital transmitter architectures that take advantage of multi-gigabit data serializers available on current high-end FPGAs in order to transmit in a time-interleaved approach multiple independent RF carriers. Further improvements in this design approach allowed to provide a two-stage up-conversion transmitter architecture enabling the fine frequency tuning of concurrent multichannel multi-standard signals. Finally, further improvements regarding two key limitations inherent to current all-digital transmitter approaches are then addressed, namely the poor coding efficiency and the combined high quality factor and tunability requirements of the RF output filter. The followed design approach based on poliphase multipath circuits allowed to create a new FPGA-embedded agile transmitter architecture that significantly improves important figures of merit, such as coding efficiency and SNR, while maintains the high flexibility that is required for supporting multichannel multimode data transmission.

Channel modelling for MIMO systems

Systems equipped with multiple antennas at the transmitter and at the receiver, known as MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) systems, offer higher capacities, allowing an efficient exploitation of the available spectrum and/or the employment of more demanding applications. It is well known that the radio channel is characterized by multipath propagation, a phenomenon deemed problematic and whose mitigation has been achieved through techniques such as diversity, beamforming or adaptive antennas. By exploring conveniently the spatial domain MIMO systems turn the characteristics of the multipath channel into an advantage and allow creating multiple parallel and independent virtual channels. However, the achievable benefits are constrained by the propagation channel’s characteristics, which may not always be ideal. This work focuses on the characterization of the MIMO radio channel. It begins with the presentation of the fundamental results from information theory that triggered the interest on these systems, including the discussion of some of their potential benefits and a review of the existing channel models for MIMO systems. The characterization of the MIMO channel developed in this work is based on experimental measurements of the double-directional channel. The measurement system is based on a vector network analyzer and a two-dimensional positioning platform, both controlled by a computer, allowing the measurement of the channel’s frequency response at the locations of a synthetic array. Data is then processed using the SAGE (Space-Alternating Expectation-Maximization) algorithm to obtain the parameters (delay, direction of arrival and complex amplitude) of the channel’s most relevant multipath components. Afterwards, using a clustering algorithm these data are grouped into clusters. Finally, statistical information is extracted allowing the characterization of the channel’s multipath components. The information about the multipath characteristics of the channel, induced by existing scatterers in the propagation scenario, enables the characterization of MIMO channel and thus to evaluate its performance. The method was finally validated using MIMO measurements.

Impact of antenna choices on the reliability of mobile broadband transmission at millimetre - wave frequencies

This paper deals with the impact of several antenna chices on the radio transmission performance within a cellular Mobile Broaband System (MBS) currently under research in Europe. Several antenna types are considered, namely switchable-beam antennas and adaptive antennas employing a phased array approach.

Impact of antenna choices on the reliability of mobile broadband transmission at mm-wave frequencies

This paper deals with the impact of several antenna choices on the radio transmission performance within a cellular Mobile Broaband System (MBS) currently under research in Europe. Several antenna types are considered, namely switchble-beam antennas and adaptive antennas employing a phased array approach.

Optically reconfigurable CPW filters for UWB applications

A miniature optically reconfigurable ultra-wideband CPW bandpass filter is proposed. With the optical switch in the ON state (200W), the circuit behaves as a bandpass filter while in the OFF state (0W), the circuit behaves as a bandstop filter within the same frequency band. The simulation results of the proposed bandpass/bandstop filter are presented.