Cerebro-corticale und subcorticale Prozessierung vestibulärer Informationen im intakten und lädierten System der Ratte (Micro-PET-Studie)

In dieser Studie wurde anhand des Modells der Ratte das Gleichgewichtssystem auf cerebro-corticaler Ebene untersucht, und das Verhalten des Gehirns nach akuten sowie chronischen Ausfällen mit funktioneller Bildgebung untersucht. rnMit der Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET) kann die Metabolismusrate bestimmter Gehirnareale gemessen werden. Narkotisierte Tiere wurden unter galvanischer vestibulärer Stimulation im PET gemessen und die Ergebnisse wurden mit Kontrollstimulations-Messungen verglichen. Es konnten verschiedene Areale, die eine erhöhte Stoffwechselaktivität aufwiesen, ermittelt werden. Dazu gehören der somatosensorische und der insuläre Cortex, Teile des auditorischen Cortexes, der anteriore cinguläre sowie der entorhinale Cortex. Subcorticale Strukturen wie der Hippocampus, die Amygdala sowie die latero-dorsalen thalamischen Kerne wiesen ebenfalls erhöhten Stoffwechsel unter vestibulärer Stimulation auf. rnBei dieser PET-Studie handelt es sich um die erste funktionell-bildgebende Studie, die Verarbeitung vestibulärer Informationen bei Ratten in vivo darstellt. Die anatomische Verbindung der gefundenen Areale wurde mit anterograden und retrograden neuronalen Tracings unterstützt. rnDarüber hinaus wurde markiertes Gewebe, welches die Verbindung zwischen thalamischen und cerebro-corticalen Kernen der vestibulären Verschaltung aufweist, immunhistochemisch auf dessen Neurotransmission hin untersucht. Das katecholaminergen und dem opioidergen System wurde untersucht. Eine Beteiligung katecholaminerger Transmitter konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Neurone im somatosensorischen Cortex, die positiv auf einen Opioid-Rezeptor-Antikörper getestet wurden erhalten anterograd markierte Terminale aus dem thalamischen Kern LDDM, der mittels der PET als vestibulär identifiziert werden konnte. rnBasierend auf den Ergebnissen der ersten bildgebenden Studie wurde in einer zweiten funktionell-bildgebenden Studie die zentral-vestibuläre Verschaltung unterbrochen, indem relevante thalamische Kerngebiete (LDDM, LDVL) elektrolytisch zerstört wurden. Die Stoffwechselaktivität wurde anschließend bei diesen Tieren an verschiedenen Zeitpunkten nach der Läsion im PET unter vestibulärer Stimulation gemessen. Die Stoffwechselaktivität dieser Tiere wurde mit der Stoffwechselaktivität von Kontroll-Tieren verglichen. rnBei dieser Studie wurde zum ersten Mal, mittels funktioneller Bildgebung gezeigt, welche Bereiche des Gehirns nach akuter und chronischer Läsion des vestibulären Systems an Kompensationsmechanismen beteiligt sind. Alle Gehirnareale, die in verschiedenen Zeitfenstern (1, 3, 7 und 20 Tage nach Läsion) erhöhten Metabolismus aufweisen, sind Teil der vestibulären Verschaltung. Es handelt sich dabei um Areale der Okulomotorik und des räumlichen Gedächtnisses: das Postsubiculum, den Colliculus superior, das mediale Corpus geniculatum, den entorhinalen Cortex sowie die Zona incerta.rn

Design and Fabrication of Bond Wire Micro-Magnetics

This thesis presents a new approach for the design and fabrication of bond wire magnetics for power converter applications by using standard IC gold bonding wires and micro-machined magnetic cores. It shows a systematic design and characterization study for bond wire transformers with toroidal and race-track cores for both PCB and silicon substrates. Measurement results show that the use of ferrite cores increases the secondary self-inductance up to 315 µH with a Q-factor up to 24.5 at 100 kHz. Measurement results on LTCC core report an enhancement of the secondary self-inductance up to 23 µH with a Q-factor up to 10.5 at 1.4 MHz. A resonant DC-DC converter is designed in 0.32 µm BCD6s technology at STMicroelectronics with a depletion nmosfet and a bond wire micro-transformer for EH applications. Measures report that the circuit begins to oscillate from a TEG voltage of 280 mV while starts to convert from an input down to 330 mV to a rectified output of 0.8 V at an input of 400 mV. Bond wire magnetics is a cost-effective approach that enables a flexible design of inductors and transformers with high inductance and high turns ratio. Additionally, it supports the development of magnetics on top of the IC active circuitry for package and wafer level integrations, thus enabling the design of high density power components. This makes possible the evolution of PwrSiP and PwrSoC with reliable highly efficient magnetics.

Micro and Macro essays in Applied Fiscal Policy

This thesis analysis micro and macro aspect of applied fiscal policy issues. The first chapter investigates the extent to which local budget spending composition reacts to fiscal rules variations. I consider the budget of Italian municipalities and exploit specific changes in the Domestic Stability Pact’s rules, to perform a difference-in-discontinuities analysis. The results show that imposing a cap on the total amount of consumption and investment is not as binding as two caps, one for consumption and a different one for investment. More specifically, consumption is triggered by changes in wages and services spending, while investment relies on infrastructure movements. In addition, there is evidence that when an increase in investment is achieved, there is also a higher budget deficit level. The second chapter intends to analyze the extent to which fiscal policy shocks are able to affect macrovariables during business cycle fluctuations, differentiating among three intervention channels: public taxation, consumption and investment. The econometric methodology implemented is a Panel Vector Autoregressive model with a structural characterization. The results show that fiscal shocks have different multipliers in relation to expansion or contraction periods: output does not react during good times while there are significant effects in bad ones. The third chapter evaluates the effects of fiscal policy announcements by the Italian government on the long-term sovereign bond spread of Italy relative to Germany. After collecting data on relevant fiscal policy announcements, we perform an econometric comparative analysis between the three cabinets that followed one another during the period 2009-2013. The results suggest that only fiscal policy announcements made by members of Monti’s cabinet have been effective in influencing significantly the Italian spread in the expected direction, revealing a remarkable credibility gap between Berlusconi’s and Letta’s governments with respect to Monti’s administration.

Space-based optical observation system suitable for micro satellite

The PhD research activity has taken place in the space debris field. In detail, it is focused on the possibility of detecting space debris from the space based platform. The research is focused at the same time on the software and the hardware of this detection system. For the software, a program has been developed for being able to detect an object in space and locate it in the sky solving the star field. For the hardware, the possibility of adapting a ground telescope for space activity has been considered and it has been tested on a possible electronic board.

Analisi e simulazione di un sistema per la misura sperimentale del dipolo magnetico residuo di micro-satelliti

La dinamica dell'assetto di un satellite artificiale rappresenta uno degli aspetti più delicati della missione che esso stesso andrà a svolgere in orbita attorno ad un qualche corpo celeste, quale appunto il pianeta Terra. Il seguente lavoro di tesi si propone di analizzare la causa di una delle principali componenti di disturbo dell'assetto appena menzionato, preponderante per satelliti dalle piccole dimensioni, fornendo la spiegazione, validata attraverso una simulazione, della messa a punto di un metodo sperimentale per la valutazione della stessa. La componente in questione è la coppia di disturbo magnetica, ed è generata dall'interazione tra il campo magnetico terrestre ed il cosiddetto 'dipolo magnetico residuo' del satellite stesso, ossia quel campo magnetico che esso, in modalità operativa e non, risulta generare a causa del materiale ferromagnetico presente al suo interno, e delle correnti elettriche circolanti nei vari cavi conduttori. Ci si è dunque occupati dell'analisi e messa a punto di un metodo che possa consentire sperimentalmente di rilevare l'entità del dipolo residuo. Il lavoro di simulazione è stato svolto prendendo in considerazione le dimensioni e le possibili caratteristiche del dipolo residuo del micro-satellite ESEO (European Student Earth Orbiter), sviluppato da studenti di diverse università europee ed ora in fase di progetto dettagliato (fase C) presso i laboratori dell'azienda ALMASpace S.r.l. di Forlì. Il metodo in esame consiste nel rilevare il campo magnetico generato dal satellite, posto all'interno di un sistema tridimensionale di bobine di Helmholtz per avere una zona libera da campi magnetici esterni. Il rilevamento del dipolo avviene per mezzo di un magnetometro a tre assi, e dalla suddetta misura si può pervenire alla conoscenza delle componenti del dipolo stesso, quali posizione, orientamento ed intensità; siccome però la misura del magnetometro non è ideale, ma risulta affetta da errori, per una più corretta caratterizzazione del dipolo è necessario utilizzare un numero maggiore di magnetometri (oppure, il che è lo stesso, un unico magnetometro spostato mano a mano) in punti diversi attorno al satellite in modo da avere più misure di campo magnetico e poter così sfruttare una procedura numerica di ottimizzazione per risalire alle componenti del dipolo. Questa intera parte di calcolo è stata realizzata in MatLab®, simulando quindi le misure ottenute dai magnetometri, 'sporcandole' con i predetti errori, ed utilizzando le funzioni di minimizzazione lsqnonlin ed fmincon per verificare la funzionalità del sistema; si sono infatti analizzati i grafici rappresentanti i livelli di errore commessi dall'algoritmo di stima sulle varie componenti del dipolo, per le tipologie di errore dei magnetometri menzionate in precedenza. Si è così cercato di suggerire una configurazione ottimale di magnetometri in grado di fornire una stima caratterizzata da un buon compromesso tra numero di magnetometri da utilizzare non troppo elevato ed errore derivante accettabile.

Influence of micro-site conditions and environmental gradients on tree-ring based climate reconstructions

Tree-ring chronologies are a powerful natural archive to reconstruct summer temperature variations of the late Holocene with an annual resolution. To develop these long-term proxy records tree-ring series are commonly extended back in time by combining samples from living trees with relict dead material preserved onshore or in lakes. Former studies showed that low frequency variations in such reconstructions can be biased if the relict and recent material is from different origins. A detailed analysis of the influence of various ecological (micro-) habitats representing the recent part is required to estimate potential errors in temperature estimates. The application of collective detrending methods, that comprise absolute growth rates, can produce errors in climate reconstructions and results in an underestimation of past temperatures. The appearance of these kind of micro-site effects is a wide-spread phenomenon that takes place all over Fennoscandia. Future research in this key region for dendroclimatology should take this issue into account. Especially the higher climate response at the lakeshore site is interesting to achieve smaller uncertainties when a tree-ring series is transformed to temperature anomalies. For new composite chronologies the main aim should be to minimize potential biases and this includes also micro-site effects.

Gamification e micro-learning in app per l'apprendimento della matematica

Tesi sulla creazione di un'app che adotta i princìpi di gamification e micro-learning

Sistemi integrati per la domotica e per il risparmio energetico tramite micro elaboratori su singola scheda e basso costo.

Nella tesi viene presentata una introduzione generale all'Internet of Things, gli utilizzi che ne vengono fatti attualmente e le eventuali modifiche che verranno apportate in futuro, inoltre vengono presentati i problemi che ne derivano e le soluzioni che attualmente risolvono questi problemi. E' presente una introduzione al protocollo presentato da IBM MQTT che attualmente rappresenta uno standard in questo campo. In seguito vengono mostrati i requisiti e le fasi di progettazione di un sistema domotico, quali sono i suoi principali utilizzi quali i vantaggi e i suoi svantaggi. E' presente una introduzione ai dispositivi maggiormente usati per la realizzazione di sistemi del genere, con le loro caratteristiche, in particolare di dispositivi Arduino e Raspberry Pi. Viene mostrato l'uso del protocollo mqtt per la comunicazione tra dispositivi Raspberry Pi e client Android. In fine viene mostrata una realizzazione di un sistema di domotica attraverso l'uso di questo protocollo.

Microscopia elettronica, microscopia ottica e micro-permeabilita della dentina dopo l'applicazione di biomateriali a base di fitocomplessi progettati per il trattamento dell'ipersensibilita dentinale

Caratterizzazione di un biomateriale a base di fitocomplessi, contenente ossalato di potassio, progettato per il trattamento dell'ipersensibilità dentinale.

Progetto PCB di un circuito convertitore di micro-potenze

Introduzione alla tecnologia PCB. Introduzione software design Circuit Maker Conversione circuito per micro-potenze con CircuitMaker

Update on macrophage clearance of inhaled micro- and nanoparticles

Lung macrophages, that is, the intravascular, interstitial, pleural, and surface macrophages, are part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. They are derived from the hematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow with the monocytes as their putative precursors. Macrophages residing on the inner surfaces of the lungs and immersed within the lung lining layer, that is, the alveolar and the airway macrophages, are constantly exposed to the environment; it is those cells that are recognized as first line of cellular host defense.

Influence of Smoothing on Voxel-Based Mesh Accuracy in Micro-Finite Element

The interest in automatic volume meshing for finite element analysis (FEA) has grown more since the appearance of microfocus CT (μCT), due to its high resolution, which allows for the assessment of mechanical behaviour at a high precision. Nevertheless, the basic meshing approach of generating one hexahedron per voxel produces jagged edges. To prevent this effect, smoothing algorithms have been introduced to enhance the topology of the mesh. However, whether smoothing also improves the accuracy of voxel-based meshes in clinical applications is still under question. There is a trade-off between smoothing and quality of elements in the mesh. Distorted elements may be produced by excessive smoothing and reduce accuracy of the mesh. In the present work, influence of smoothing on the accuracy of voxel-based meshes in micro-FE was assessed. An accurate 3D model of a trabecular structure with known apparent mechanical properties was used as a reference model. Virtual CT scans of this reference model (with resolutions of 16, 32 and 64 μm) were then created and used to build voxel-based meshes of the microarchitecture. Effects of smoothing on the apparent mechanical properties of the voxel-based meshes as compared to the reference model were evaluated. Apparent Young’s moduli of the smooth voxel-based mesh were significantly closer to those of the reference model for the 16 and 32 μm resolutions. Improvements were not significant for the 64 μm, due to loss of trabecular connectivity in the model. This study shows that smoothing offers a real benefit to voxel-based meshes used in micro-FE. It might also broaden voxel-based meshing to other biomechanical domains where it was not used previously due to lack of accuracy. As an example, this work will be used in the framework of the European project ContraCancrum, which aims at providing a patient-specific simulation of tumour development in brain and lungs for oncologists. For this type of clinical application, such a fast, automatic, and accurate generation of the mesh is of great benefit.