Subsurface drip irrigation emitter spacing effects on soil water redistribution, corn yield and water productivity

Emitter spacings of 0.3 to 0.6 m are commonly used for subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) of corn on the deep, silt loam soils of the U.S. Great Plains. Subsurface drip irrigation emitter spacings of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 m were examined for the resulting differences in soil water redistribution, corn grain yield, yield components, seasonal water use, and water productivity in a 4‐year field study (2005 through 2008) at the Kansas State University Northwest Research‐Extension Center, Colby, Kansas. The results indicate that there is increased preferential water movement along the dripline (parallel) as compared to perpendicular to the dripline and that this phenomenon partially compensates for wider emitter spacings in terms of soil water redistribution. Corn yield and water productivity (WP) were not significantly affected by the emitter spacing with application of a full irrigation regime

An unusual Association Between Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Essential Tremor (ET) Characterized by opposite Lateral Predominance.

The occurrence of disabling postural and action tremor, which is repotted in less than 15 % of cases of PD. may be due to a combination of ET and PD, We report the case of a patient suffering bilaterally from postural tremor of different etiology on either side. A 69 year-old, right-handed woman with a family history of ET, was referred for bilateral hand tremor which was disabling on the right side. At the age of 61 she noticed a right hand postural tremor. not responsive to $- blockers, followed. two years later, by the onset of postural and action tremor on the opposite side. In the following two years. the patient developed asymmetric right-sided parkinsonism, while the postural and action tremor on the left remained unchanged. At time of evaluation, the patient had asymmetric parkinsonism with a 5 Hz rest and postural tremor on the right side and a postural-action tremor of the left hand. Dopaminergic acute challenge tests were performed. The administration of levodopalcarbidopa (ZOO/SO mg) improved the tremor on the right but not on the left. A progressive and more significant improvement was observed after the administration of increasing doses of apomorphine ( 1.6-3-4.5-6 mg). At the dose of 6 mg, apomorphine nearly completely abolished tremor on the right. The tremor of the left hand remained unchanged. The distinction between the two types of tremor was confirmed by the chronic treatment (using levodopa and dopaminergic agonists). Which improved only the right-sided tremor. Primidone was later introduced and improved selectively the tremor on the left. Conclusions: This patient developed both PD and ET with an unusual opposite prevalence. Drug challenge permitted the differentiation the clinically similar tremor types, which have a different pathophysiology.

Dustiness and deagglomeration testing: interlaboratory comparison of systems for nanoparticle powders

Different types of aerosolization and deagglomeration testing systems exist for studying the properties of nanomaterial powders and their aerosols. However, results are dependent on the specific methods used. In order to have well-characterized aerosols, we require a better understanding of how system parameters and testing conditions influence the properties of the aerosols generated. In the present study, four experimental setups delivering different aerosolization energies were used to test the resultant aerosols of two distinct nanomaterials (hydrophobic and hydrophilic TiO2). The reproducibility of results within each system was good. However, the number concentrations and size distributions of the aerosols created varied across the four systems; for number concentrations, e.g., from 10(3) to 10(6) #/cm(3). Moreover, distinct differences were also observed between the two materials with different surface coatings. The article discusses how system characteristics and other pertinent conditions modify the test results. We propose using air velocity as a suitable proxy for estimating energy input levels in aerosolization systems. The information derived from this work will be especially useful for establishing standard operating procedures for testing nanopowders, as well as for estimating their release rates under different energy input conditions, which is relevant for occupational exposure.

Oikeiston kurikulttuurista ja maailmanpolitiikan moraalista : keskustelua

Keskustelua. Vastaus artikkeliin: Pari kommenttia taistolaisuudesta / Seikko Eskola // Historiallinen aikakauskirja. 102 (2004) : 3, s. 40.6-407

La délégation d'activités étatiques au secteur privé

L'État s'appuie aujourd'hui sur le secteur privé pour déployer les nombreuses activités qui sont les siennes et cela suivant de multiples formules : en tant que client ou partenaire, dans le cadre de collaborations ou au sein de structures communes (sociétés d'économie mixte), voire dans le modèle de la privatisation. La 18e Journée de droit administratif, organisée à Lausanne le 10 février 2015, a ainsi choisi pour thème une modalité particulière de cette collaboration, fréquente aujourd'hui, celle de la délégation d'activités étatiques au secteur privé. Elle implique un transfert - partiel - de responsabilité de l'État au bénéficiaire de la délégation, pour un ensemble d'activités déterminées ; tel est le cas par exemple de celles accomplies par une caisse maladie dans le domaine de l'assurance-maladie sociale, une association interprofessionnelle investie de tâches de formation professionnelle ou encore le concessionnaire d'une ligne de transport public. Dans un premier temps, l'ouvrage revisite brièvement le phénomène dans une approche non juridique. Il s'agit en particulier d'en repérer les justifications (managériales ou, plus largement, économiques) et de prendre la mesure des objections qu'on lui oppose, notamment sur le plan démocratique. Le coeur de l'analyse porte sur le régime juridique applicable à ce mécanisme. Après une introduction générale, les principaux thèmes liés à la délégation de tâches publiques sont abordés. Comment, tout d'abord, prend naissance la relation entre l'administration et le délégataire, par quel type d'acte (décision, contrat) et selon quelle procédure intervient le choix du délégataire ? Sont traitées ensuite des relations de ce dernier avec les particuliers, plus spécialement sous l'angle des droits fondamentaux. L'ouvrage présente en outre le cadre juridique pertinent lorsque la délégation porte respectivement sur une activité étatique classique (ministérielle ; non économique) ou, au contraire, sur une activité à caractère économique ; les divergences, on le verra, sont nombreuses entre ces deux grandes catégories de délégations. Une étude sectorielle, consacrée au cas spécifique de la délégation aux hôpitaux (qui porte plus précisément sur les prestations de soins aigus en milieu stationnaire, à charge de l'assurance-maladie de base), complète la perspective. Le présent ouvrage dresse en définitive un « état de la question » du droit suisse sur le thème très actuel de la délégation ; une synthèse finale permet encore de nouer la gerbe dans une approche comparative.

Efficient total variation algorithm for fetal MRI reconstruction

Fetal MRI reconstruction aims at finding a high-resolution image given a small set of low-resolution images. It is usually modeled as an inverse problem where the regularization term plays a central role in the reconstruction quality. Literature has considered several regularization terms s.a. Dirichlet/Laplacian energy [1], Total Variation (TV)based energies [2,3] and more recently non-local means [4]. Although TV energies are quite attractive because of their ability in edge preservation, standard explicit steepest gradient techniques have been applied to optimize fetal-based TV energies. The main contribution of this work lies in the introduction of a well-posed TV algorithm from the point of view of convex optimization. Specifically, our proposed TV optimization algorithm for fetal reconstruction is optimal w.r.t. the asymptotic and iterative convergence speeds O(1/n(2)) and O(1/root epsilon), while existing techniques are in O(1/n) and O(1/epsilon). We apply our algorithm to (1) clinical newborn data, considered as ground truth, and (2) clinical fetal acquisitions. Our algorithm compares favorably with the literature in terms of speed and accuracy.

Eligibility to treatment and economic effect of the implementation of the new U.S. or European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology hypertension guidelines.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the population and economic impact of implementing the new Joint National Committee (JNC) or European Society of Hypertension (ESH)/European Society of Cardiology (ESC) hypertension guidelines in the Swiss population. METHODS: Cross-sectional, population-based sample (6708 participants) collected between 2003 and 2006 in the city of Lausanne, Switzerland. Blood pressure categories were defined according to both the JNC (JNC-7 and JNC-8) and the ESH/ESC (2007 and 2013) guidelines. RESULTS: The proportion of participants aged 35-60 years eligible for drug treatment was 25.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 24.4-26.9%] and 24.8% (95% CI 23.6-26.0%) for the JNC-7 and the JNC-8 guidelines, respectively; for participants aged 60-75 years, the values were 62.3% (95% CI 60.1-64.5%) and 46.8% (95% CI 44.5-49.0%), respectively. Shifting from the JNC-7 to the JNC-8 guidelines would lead to an annual saving of 163.6 million Swiss francs (187.7 million US dollars or 134.5 million European euro). The proportion of participants aged 35-75 years without chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus or reported history of cardiovascular disease and eligible for treatment was 30.2% (95% CI 29.0-31.4%) for the ESH/ESC 2007 and 2013 guidelines. For participants with chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus or reported history of cardiovascular disease, the values were 73.6% (95% CI 70.8-76.3%) and 55.6% (95% CI 52.5-58.8%), respectively. Shifting from the ESH/ESC 2007 to the ESH/ESC 2013 guidelines would lead to an annual saving of 86.9 million Swiss francs (99.5 million US dollars or 71.4 million European euro). CONCLUSION: In Switzerland, shifting from the JNC-7 to the JNC-8 guidelines or from the ESH/ESC 2007 to the ESH/ESC 2013 guidelines would decrease the prevalence of patients eligible for treatment and increase the percentage of treated patients within blood pressure goals. Both strategies lead to potential savings in antihypertensive drug treatment.