Expressão imuno-histoquímica do ativador de plasminogênio do tipo uroquinase e seu receptor em carcinoma epidermoide de língua oral e sua relação com parâmetros clínico-patológicos

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC ) is the most common malignancy of the oral cavity (OSCC), with a high mortality rate. Due to this, the discovery of biomarkers that facilitate the understanding of the biological behavior of the tumor and improve treatment is necessary. Urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor, uPAR, are responsible for the proteolysis of structures of the basement membrana and extracellular matrix, facilitating tumor invasion. This study aims to assess the immuno expression of these proteins in 46 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue (OTSCC). These results were related to the presence of metastasis, clinical TNM staging, locoregional recurrence, outcome of the lesion and histological grading. Immunostaining of each case was evaluated semiquantitatively, in the front of invasion and center of the tumor, in which scores were assigned: 0 (0% of positive cells), 1 (1-10% of positive cells), 2 (11 -50% positive cells) and 3 (more than 50% positive cells). The expression of uPA was observed in 93.5% (n=43) of the cases in the front of invasion, with predominance of score 2 (n=16; 34.8%) and in 67.9% (n=31) of the cases in the center of the tumor, with predominance of score 1 (n=15; 32.6%). Overall, the immunoexpression of uPA was not associated with clinical parameters. Regarding the malignant histological grading, a higher expression of uPA was observed in cases of high-grade malignancy comp ared to low-grade malignancy (p=0.05). Regarding the morphological parameters, increased expression of uPA was observed in the worst mode of invasion (p=0.03 ). The expression of uPAR was observed in 73.9% of cases in the front of invasion, with a predominance of score 1 (n=21; 45.6 %), and in 47.5% (n=21) of the cases in the center of the tumor, with a predominance of score 0 (n=25; 54.4%). Although no statistical differences were observed in relation to lymph node metastasis, clinical TNM staging, outcome, and histological grading, there was a higher expression of uPAR in cases with locoregional recurrence (p=0.04). Regarding the tumor intra -localization, it was observed an increased expression of uPA and uPAR at the front of invasion in relation to the center of the tumor (p<0.001). Regarding the correlation between uPA and uPAR, there was no statistical sign ificance. Based on these results, it is suggested that uPA and uPAR are involved in the progression of CELO, mainly in the deeper region of the tumor.

Expressão imuno-histoquímica do ativador de plasminogênio do tipo uroquinase e seu receptor em carcinoma epidermoide de língua oral e sua relação com parâmetros clínico-patológicos

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC ) is the most common malignancy of the oral cavity (OSCC), with a high mortality rate. Due to this, the discovery of biomarkers that facilitate the understanding of the biological behavior of the tumor and improve treatment is necessary. Urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor, uPAR, are responsible for the proteolysis of structures of the basement membrana and extracellular matrix, facilitating tumor invasion. This study aims to assess the immuno expression of these proteins in 46 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue (OTSCC). These results were related to the presence of metastasis, clinical TNM staging, locoregional recurrence, outcome of the lesion and histological grading. Immunostaining of each case was evaluated semiquantitatively, in the front of invasion and center of the tumor, in which scores were assigned: 0 (0% of positive cells), 1 (1-10% of positive cells), 2 (11 -50% positive cells) and 3 (more than 50% positive cells). The expression of uPA was observed in 93.5% (n=43) of the cases in the front of invasion, with predominance of score 2 (n=16; 34.8%) and in 67.9% (n=31) of the cases in the center of the tumor, with predominance of score 1 (n=15; 32.6%). Overall, the immunoexpression of uPA was not associated with clinical parameters. Regarding the malignant histological grading, a higher expression of uPA was observed in cases of high-grade malignancy comp ared to low-grade malignancy (p=0.05). Regarding the morphological parameters, increased expression of uPA was observed in the worst mode of invasion (p=0.03 ). The expression of uPAR was observed in 73.9% of cases in the front of invasion, with a predominance of score 1 (n=21; 45.6 %), and in 47.5% (n=21) of the cases in the center of the tumor, with a predominance of score 0 (n=25; 54.4%). Although no statistical differences were observed in relation to lymph node metastasis, clinical TNM staging, outcome, and histological grading, there was a higher expression of uPAR in cases with locoregional recurrence (p=0.04). Regarding the tumor intra -localization, it was observed an increased expression of uPA and uPAR at the front of invasion in relation to the center of the tumor (p<0.001). Regarding the correlation between uPA and uPAR, there was no statistical sign ificance. Based on these results, it is suggested that uPA and uPAR are involved in the progression of CELO, mainly in the deeper region of the tumor.

Olimpíada de Língua Portuguesa: ressignificação de práticas de leitura e escrita

The search for new meanings in the basic education teaching-learning process has caused the development of public policies for mother language teaching, such as the Portuguese Language Olympics (OLP). To contribute to this search, this intervention project has as object of study reading and writing practices developed in the OLP through the educational model arising from literacy projects (TINOCO, 2008). In working towards, the general aim of reframing reading and writing practices through the PLO, developed from the teaching model that comes of literacy projects, we established three specific objectives: a) reflect on a national writing contest; b) to realign conceptual and methodological the Portuguese classes of the 7th grade school due to the developed project; c) to improve the reading and writing practices of the students in 7th grade of school where we operate. Therefore, we base ourselves in the history of Portuguese teaching in Brazil (SOARES, 2002; GERALDI, 2008), the dialogical conception of language (BAKHTIN, VOLOCHÍNOV [1929] 2009; SOARES, 1998; FARACO, 2009) in Literacy Studies (KLEIMAN, 2001, 2005, 2006; TINOCO, 2008; OLIVEIRA; TINOCO; SANTOS, 2011; STREET, 2014), the learning community concept (AFONSO, 2001), in studies of retextualization (OLIVEIRA, 2005; MARCUSCHI, 2010), gender discursive literary memories (CLARA; ALTENFELDER; ALMEIDA, 20--), in written evidence (POSSENTI, 2002) and Textual Linguistics (MARCUSCHI, 2008; ANTUNES, 2009; KOCH, 2011; SILVA [et. al.], 2013). Methodologically, this qualitative research (LÜDKE; ANDRÉ, 1986; ANDRÉ, 2005) is anchored in Applied Linguistics (MOITA LOPES, 1996). This research was supporting by students in the 7th grade, teachers, management team and parents, as well as people outside of school community. The instruments used for the generation of data were semi-structured interview, students‟ texts, audio recordings and video, photos, OLP material (teacher's book, a collection of texts and CD-ROM). The data generated allowed us to establish the following categories of analysis in relation to the texts produced: authorship, in formativeness, discursive progression, compositional structure, content, style, and language aspects. In addition, throughout the project, the collaborators have produced texts of various genres: oral interview and written request letter, legal, literary memories, oral and experience report. Also experienced a local award and participated in a national competition. They produced a video and a book with stories and student authorship of illustrations. The results achieved show that the literacy project developed also allowed macro changes: reading and writing practices, once considered strictly school studied, they were transformed into broader social practices, through which various literacy agents were able to collaboratively act. In short, they experienced writing practices that go beyond the classroom and the teacher-student relationship.

Associação da imunoexpressão das proteínas XRCC1, TFIIH E XPF com características clinicopatológicas e sobrevida em carcinoma epidermoide de língua oral

DNA repair systems, genes and proteins are essential for genome integrity maintenance, avoiding serious diseases such as cancer. Deregulation in the expression of those proteins has been associated with both the risk of development and evolution of various human cancers, including oral squamous cell carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to analyze the immunoreactivity of the DNA repair proteins XRCC1, THIIF and XPF in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) and to investigate its association with clinical and histopathological parameters, outcome and 5-year survival rate. Seventy-four cases of OTSCC were analyzed semi-quantitatively through immunohistochemistry. We observed that DNA repair proteins were highly expressed in parenchymal cells; however, we only observed a significant association between XRCC1 high expression and better clinical staging (p=0,02). Cox regression showed that tumor size (p<0,01), lymph node involvement (p=0,04), tumor stage (p=0,02) and depth of invasion> 4mm (p=0,05) were prognostic factors. The results of this experiment suggest that XRCC1, TFIIH and XPF participate in the tumorigenic process, however, their immunoexpression may not be used as an independent prognostic indicator for OTSCC.

Associação da imunoexpressão das proteínas XRCC1, TFIIH E XPF com características clinicopatológicas e sobrevida em carcinoma epidermoide de língua oral

DNA repair systems, genes and proteins are essential for genome integrity maintenance, avoiding serious diseases such as cancer. Deregulation in the expression of those proteins has been associated with both the risk of development and evolution of various human cancers, including oral squamous cell carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to analyze the immunoreactivity of the DNA repair proteins XRCC1, THIIF and XPF in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) and to investigate its association with clinical and histopathological parameters, outcome and 5-year survival rate. Seventy-four cases of OTSCC were analyzed semi-quantitatively through immunohistochemistry. We observed that DNA repair proteins were highly expressed in parenchymal cells; however, we only observed a significant association between XRCC1 high expression and better clinical staging (p=0,02). Cox regression showed that tumor size (p<0,01), lymph node involvement (p=0,04), tumor stage (p=0,02) and depth of invasion> 4mm (p=0,05) were prognostic factors. The results of this experiment suggest that XRCC1, TFIIH and XPF participate in the tumorigenic process, however, their immunoexpression may not be used as an independent prognostic indicator for OTSCC.

Crenças e experiências de professores no PIBID de Língua Inglesa : interação e ressignificação?

There are diverse studies about beliefs in Applied Linguistics since 1970 or so (BARCELOS, 2004), especially beliefs about teaching and learning Foreign Languages. The research about beliefs and experiences of English language teachers, who take part in a program of teaching incentive (Pibid), and, therefore, are immersed in public schools for elementary education, is relevant, once the (ac)knowledgment of these beliefs related to their teaching and learning experiences allows these teachers to reflect about the aspects that involve their teaching practice and their role as teachers of English language. The present work aims to investigate the interaction of beliefs and experiences related to foreign language teaching and learning of teachers who are participants of Pibid, in the subproject of English Language at the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), in 2013. The objective is to identify the beliefs and experiences about teaching and learning that the pre-service teachers (PI), the coordinator teacher (PF) and the supervisor teachers (PS) of the program show and how their beliefs and experiences influence each other and can or cannot be redefined. This is a qualitative and interpretative master’s research, in which I analized one narrative of each PI, one interview of PF and another of each PS, and, also, two meetings – the first between the PF and the PIs, and the second between all the participants in the subproject. All the data was collected at the end of their participation in Pibid, approximately one year and six months later. Therefore, I raised some beliefs and experiences about English language teaching and learning present in the teachers’ discourse and analized excerpts in their speech that evidenced the interaction with other participants and its influence to the formation, confirmation, demystification and redefinition of their beliefs. The results of this analysis bring elements that may help the constant reflection of university teachers, teachers in practice and pre-service teachers about the aspects that involve the teaching experiences in public schools.

Educação bilíngue para surdos : um estudo acerca de práticas de letramento crítico com alunos surdos usuários da Língua Brasileira de Sinais

At a time when the issue of the inclusion of hearing-impaired students in regular schools has been discussed, it becomes necessary to reflect upon the relevance of a recurrent educational process in schools specialized in education for the hearing-impaired: the bilingual schools. Such institutions, still scarce in Brazil, offer an oriented and specialized education to hearing-impaired children and adolescents, since they have the Brazilian Sign Language as a language of instruction in all subjects, and the Portuguese written language as an additional language, which gives them the bilingual status. This research aims to investigate how the practices developed in my Portuguese classes in a bilingual school have contributed to the development of student‟s literacy, specifically the Critical Literacy (STREET, 1985, 1990, 1998), in two classes of hearing-impaired students enrolled in the final grades of elementary school. It is a qualitative, ethnographic research, which uses the triangulation system for analyzing data: (i) the pedagogical sequences; (ii) the students‟ activities and (iii) the teacher‟s and students‟ written accounts registered as field notes. Through the intersection of the data, this work evaluates whether students have achieved some level of Critical Literacy, and what kind of collaboration and/or activity is relevant during this process. This research is justified by the need to evaluate practices at bilingual schools that, although supported by current law in Brazil, are still a minority whose work is still not acknowledged or valued. The results show that activities using real texts of different genres can contribute to the development of Critical Literacy, and also to dynamic classes, with discussions about relevant topics to society in Sign Language. Also, activities that encourage students to do research and that provide to the hearing-impaired student, the understanding of the real usefulness of Portuguese as an instrument for the social inclusion of the hearing-impaired providing opportunities for them to change their social position can collaborate to this process.

O conceito de motivação em dizeres de professores de língua inglesa

This work aimed at analyzing the speeches constructed about motivation by English teachers who teach at public state schools in the interior of Minas Gerais. We aimed at delineating the concept of subject underlying the subjects’ notion of motivation and identifying the role that the English teacher attributes to himself and to the student when he/she enunciates on motivational issues, problematizing the possible consequences of these issues for some English teachers while working in public schools. In order to do so, our investigation made use of theoretical assumptions from Applied Linguistics and Discourse Analysis. The theoretical fundamentation deriving from Bakhtin Circle as well as from Michel Pecheux’s theoretical basis were also very relevant for this research. The intersection of these studying fields entails a theoretical construction that considers the voices of those who live the social practice (MOITA LOPES, 2006), which allows one to see the subjects through their heterogeneity, fluidity and fragmentation. Moreover, it generates knowledge about language in its political, ideological, social and historical aspects. AREDA (SERRANI, 1998) was used as a theoretical and methodological framework for data collection. In our analysis, we considered the voices and the conditions of production that constitute 5 English teachers and, from some selected speeches extracted from their discursive production, some notions as intra and interdiscourse, discursive resonance, discursive memory, among others, can be seen interwoven. We hypothesize that the production of meaning deriving from these English teachers comes from a cleavage between the interdiscursivity about motivation and their position in relation to the English language. Some of these teachers’ discursive inscriptions were delineated as they follow: i) the silenced motivation, in which the teachers come up with several voices, repeating what that has already been said about motivation through silence by excess; also, through an inscription in a process of anomy, the English teachers silence motivation, as they come up with other sayings, in an anomic order, denying their identification with their mother tongue and culture because of a desire to learn the foreign language and culture; ii) the motivation in/from/ by others that resounds, in the way the teachers speak, a relation of alterity on what, in/from desire of other relations (colleagues, students, teaching materials, media, etc.), other forms and alternatives are established as a guarantee of students’ motivation; the teachers are also inscripted in in-service practice training as a space of educational development, because they imagine that the experience of the in-service practice alone, which excludes the educational instruction from the Languages course in which they graduated/were graduating at, taught them how to motivate the students; iii) the motivation as a will of power/knowledge, which means there seems to be teachers’ inscription in the relationship between power and knowledge (Foucault, 1996), disconsidering the conflicts that constitute the English classroom to say that there is a control of the English teaching and learning process and, as a result, they also sustain that they hold control over how to motivate; furthermore, the presence of a resonant voice, whose effect is given by an inscription on the (illusion of) completeness can be seen, because the English teachers believe that while motivating their students, this motivation will provide them with all the missing elements, which would mean that when they motivate students, they would be able to fulfill all the gaps in their learning process.

Ampliação vocabular: glossário de textos do livro didático de língua portuguesa "Vontade de saber português" do 9º ano

This research aimed to verify the vocabulary difficulties faced by 9th year students while understanding the didactic book of Portuguese Language (DBPL) “Vontade de Saber Português”, used at the Municipal School Sebastião Rangel. We noticed the students had some doubts concerning the unknown vocabulary in the texts and, therefore, in text comprehension. The hypothesis is that one “difficult” word and the lexicon used by DBPL author can disturb student comprehension. We adopted some action which could simplify the little vocabulary understanding and contributed to extend it. For that reason, the job was theoretically based on Biderman (1999), Barbosa (1989), Dias (2004), Krieger (2012), Coelho (1993) and on National Curriculum Parameters of Portuguese Language, aiming to ally theory and practice. The application methodology of the proposal was done in order to the students understand that the word needs to be adapted to its context. At the begging of the job, the students read the texts and took notes of the “difficult” words, selecting, corpus. We analyzed the doubts, registering them. Then, we showed to the students the classification of abbreviated words after each entry. The students separated the words for grammar classes – lexical words” (KRIEGER, 2012). Such words have a very significant meaning to the comprehension of the read texts, being interesting to take a look in online dictionaries. In the creative glossary, done by the students, the words were spread in alphabetical order. They transcript the part where was the word and copied again, substituting the word to a clearer word. Finally, we asked the students a writing production using five words from the glossary; we showed them that the meaning of the words is not found only in the dictionary, but they can be used in different contexts. In the analyzes, was discovered that there is one necessity of a pedagogic didactic work more effective with elementary school lexicon. Thus, this proposal is not a closed receipt, but the infield location allowed a reflexive pedagogic practice about lexicon education.

Tradução e adaptação transcultural do domínio função física do Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System – PROMIS® - versão para a língua portuguesa

In 2004, the National Institutes of Health made available the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System – PROMIS®, which is constituted of innovative item banks for health assessment. It is based on classical, reliable Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs) and includes advanced statistical methods, such as Item Response Theory and Computerized Adaptive Test. One of PROMIS® Domain Frameworks is the Physical Function, whose item bank need to be translated and culturally adapted so it can be used in Portuguese speaking countries. This work aimed to translate and culturally adapt the PROMIS® Physical Function item bank into Portuguese. FACIT (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy) translation methodology, which is constituted of eight stages for translation and cultural adaptation, was used. Fifty subjects above the age of 18 years participated in the pre-test (seventh stage). The questionnaire was answered by the participants (self-reported questionnaires) by using think aloud protocol, and cognitive and retrospective interviews. In FACIT methodology, adaptations can be done since the beginning of the translation and cultural adaption process, ensuring semantic, conceptual, cultural, and operational equivalences of the Physical Function Domain. During the pre-test, 24% of the subjects had difficulties understanding the items, 22% of the subjects suggested changes to improve understanding. The terms and concepts of the items were totally understood (100%) in 87% of the items. Only four items had less than 80% of understanding; for this reason, it was necessary to chance them so they could have correspondence with the original item and be understood by the subjects, after retesting. The process of translation and cultural adaptation of the PROMIS® Physical Function item bank into Portuguese was successful. This version of the assessment tool must have its psychometric properties validated before being made available for clinical use.

A nasalidade no dialeto quilombola do Norte de Minas: uma análise contrastiva baseada em corpus

This research investigated the nasality of vowels in the spontaneous speech of inhabitants of the quilombola communities of Brejo dos Crioulos and Poções (MG). As a theoretical framework, we based on the assumptions of Phonetics and Phonology, in renowned scholars on the investigation of nasality (CAGLIARI, 1977; CÂMARA JR., 1984, 2013; BISOL, 2013; ABAURRE; PAGOTTO, 1996; SILVA, 2015), with subsidies of the Corpus Linguistics. Its general goal was to investigate the occurrence of nasality, in the dialect of these quilombola communities, and their linguistic behavior, considering the linguistic factors that can interfere in the phenomenon. Specifically it was aimed to a) detect the occurrence of nasalized vowels with the help of the resources that the Corpus Linguistics provides (Praat and WorldSmith Tolls); b) discriminate the different types of occurring contexts of nasalized vowels; c) make quantitative and qualitative analyzes of the nasalized vowels in the study corpus; d) describe and analyze the behavior of nasalized vowels and; e) contrast the values of F1 and F2 of the oral and nasalized vowels. It was hypothesized that the nasality happens because it is conditioned by the nasal segment following the nasalized vowel - phonological process of “assimilation” - its position as the primary stress and grammatical category. It was believed that the quilombolas communities of Brejo dos Crioulos and Poções produce nasalized vowels in their speech and this linguistic phenomenon is favored by the adjacent presence of consonants or nasal vowels. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that the values of F1 and F2 of oral and nasalized vowels in these communities are distinct. The following research questions were elaborated: (i) is the presence of nasalized vowels in the speech of these quilombola communities conditioned to the presence of a nasal sound segment? (ii) does the nasal sound segment following the nasalized vowel favor the occurrence of the nasality phenomenon? is there a difference between the values of F1 and F2 of the oral and nasalized vowels in both quilombola communities considered? To compose our corpus, 24 interviews recordings were used (12 female speakers and 12 male speakers), a total of 24 participants. It was found that the following nasal sound segment tends to condition the nasalized vowel. In general, it assimilates the lowering of the soft palate of nasal consonant segment immediately following, but there are cases of nasal vowel segment - regressive assimilation; the stressed syllable tends to favor the nasality, but it occurs in pretonic and postonic position as well; F1 and F2 values of oral and nasalized vowels in the quilombola communities of Poções and Brejo dos Crioulos are distinct: the group of Brejo dos Crioulos tends to produce the F1 of oral and nasalized vowels more lowered than the group of Poções and the F2, in a more anterior position. The nasality tends to occur in verbs and nouns, although it is not specific to a grammatical category. This research found cases of spurious nasalization, confirming previous studies. In turn, it revealed cases of lexical items with favorable context for nasalization, but with its non-occurrence. This last case, considered as the lowering of the uniform soft palate in PB, presented pronounced vowels without the soft palate lowering. That is, it was detected variation in the phenomenon of nasalization in PB. With this work, it was promoted the discussion about nasality, in order to contribute to the linguistic studies about the functioning of Brazilian Portuguese in this geographical context.

A Língua Gestual Portuguesa como primeira língua da criança surda

Hoje em dia a realidade das nossas escolas com crianças surdas é que estas se situam na generalidade aquém dos alunos ouvintes, cujas competências académicas são na grande maioria acima da dos alunos surdos. Neste trabalho vamos tentar perceber se esse facto está relacionado com o acesso tardio à Língua Gestual ou se se relaciona com a forma não natural como é ensinada esta língua. Outra das razões desta diferença nos resultados destas crianças resulta da dificuldade das famílias comunicarem com as suas crianças surdas e destas comunicarem com os seus pares ouvintes e com adultos no contexto escolar, por não poderem partilhar de um mesmo código linguístico. Esta preocupação resultou neste trabalho, com o tema “A Língua Gestual como primeira língua da criança surda” considerando que a idade com que estas crianças iniciam a aprendizagem da Língua Gestual (doravante LG) é muito importante e está relacionada com o seu processo comunicativo e, com as aprendizagens decorrente no meio escolar. Assim, a finalidade deste estudo é a análise da comunicação das crianças surdas, e em como é essencial o ensino primordial da língua gestual e que esta seja aprendida o mais precocemente possível. É também de realçar e destacar dos demais intervenientes na educação da criança a importância do envolvimento dos pais e dos familiares mais próximos nos processos de aprendizagem da língua gestual. No presente trabalho, procedemos a um estudo com observações diretas e participantes a um sujeito surdo no seu contexto escolar e familiar analisando, assim, a comunicação deste para com a família e vice-versa. Examinando ainda a reação deste com os seus pares ouvintes aquando a aprendizagem destes da LG e dos docentes envolvidos no processo. Foram ainda construídos dois inquéritos, para completar o estudo e serem comparadas realidades, dado que as observações diretas foram realizadas a um só sujeito. De forma a poder também analisar e caracterizar a comunicação dos adultos que trabalham com estas crianças e, descrevendo também, como os adultos surdos se sentem / sentiam na comunicação enquanto crianças surdas com adultos e familiares ouvintes. Os dois inquéritos foram preenchidos um por professores ou técnicos que trabalhem com crianças surdas e outro para por adolescentes e adultos surdos. Os resultados obtidos apontam para um acesso tardio à LG que será a primeira língua dos sujeitos surdos e, a uma comunicação disfuncional entre adultos no âmbito escolar e as crianças surdas. Este défice comunicacional é também comprovado entre familiares diretos dos sujeitos surdos, ficando a criança com um atraso comunicacional, nas aprendizagens e na socialização. Desta forma, defendemos, na educação das crianças surdas, a importância da precocidade na identificação da surdez e na implementação da aprendizagem da LG o mais cedo possível.