Patterns of discrepancy in perceptions of workgroup and organizational cultures and their relationships to well-being, commitment and organizational citizenship behavior

La culture organisationnelle influence la manière dont les organismes relèvent les défis externes auxquels elle fait face et façonnent les comportements normatifs de leurs membres. Des études portant sur le degré d’acceptation et d’adoption d’une culture organisationnelle indiquent une grande variance en fonction de multiples facteurs (p. ex. : l’âge, l’occupation, la hiérarchie, etc.) et leurs liens aux résultats subséquents. Différentes évaluations culturelles considèrent les sondages d’auto-évalulation comme étant des moyens acceptables de créer des liens entre les perceptions et les résultats. En effet, ces instruments mesurent les croyances, les suppositions et les valeurs d’une personne, mais l’un des facteurs pouvant compromettre les réponses est le manque de cadre de référence. Un des objectifs de l’étude est de déterminer la manière dont la mesure des perceptions culturelles est reliée à la contextualisation des questions du sondage. À l’aide de deux orientations, nous tentons de déterminer si les perceptions de la culture en lien avec l’organisation entière sont différentes de celles en lien avec le groupe de travail immédiat. De plus, l’étude explore la manière dont les différences algébriques entre les perceptions des deux référents sont simultanément reliées au bien-être psychologique au travail, à l’engagement et aux comportements de citoyenneté organisationnelle. Comme objectif final, nous déterminons lequel des deux référents prédit le mieux ces résultats. Les cent quatre-vingt-neuf participants de l’étude faisaient partie d’un établissement d’enseignement postsecondaire de langue anglaise du Québec. En premier lieu, les participants recevaient, de façon aléatoire, l’un des deux questionnaires - soit celui orienté sur l’organisation entière, soit celui orienté sur le groupe de travail immédiat -, puis, en deuxième lieu, son référent opposé correspondant. Les résultats indiquent que les perceptions de culture en lien avec l’organisation entière sont significativement différentes de celle en lien avec le groupe de travail immédiat. L’étude démontre que les similitudes entre les perceptions sont directement proportionnelles au bien-être ainsi qu’aux engagements organisationnels et de groupe de travail. De plus grandes différences perceptuelles sont associées à des niveaux plus élevés de bien-être et d’engagement organisationnel normatif. Ces associations sont plus fortes lorsque les perceptions de la culture organisationnelle sont plus positives que les perceptions de la culture du groupe de travail. Les différences algébriques opposées sont liées à des niveaux plus élevés de comportements de citoyenneté organisationnelle ainsi que d’engagements affectifs et de continuité envers le groupe de travail. Les résultats de l’étude suggèrent aussi que les perceptions de la culture du groupe de travail sont plus liées aux résultats pertinents que les perceptions de la culture organisationnelle. Les implications théoriques et pratiques des mesures de perceptions de culture sont examinées.

The impact of sterilisation on family relationships

The major objective of the researcher was to assess the gains or losses in relationship between spouses after sterilization of the wife. The second objective was to gauge the impact of sterilisation upon parent—child relationships. Factors that were responsible in motivating women to accept sterilization were subjected to enquiry with the conviction that the information would give insight into the inadequacies of the official Family Planning Programme, offering prospects for feasible and salutary changes. The report is arranged under six chapters. The first chapter, Introduction, has three parts. The global and natural dimension of the problem of population is considered in Part I; The Importance of the topic studied namely sterilisation is discussed in the second Part: and Part III explains the background and methodology %f the study. The second chapter is a description of tubecto~ mized women who were the respondents. Their personal and family data, economic, social, educational and demographic profilesform its contents. The direct and indirect influences that were-responsible to make women decide in favour of sterilization are dealt with in the Third chapter. The Fourth Chapter is an analysis of the interspouse relations pre and post—operatively and an assessment of gains and losses in the area subsequent to sterilisation. How children have benefitted physically and emotionally as a consequence of improved care/attention from parents post~operatively constitutes the analysis attempted in the Fifth chapter.

Higher Education Governance in Vietnam: University Action, the State and Changing Relationships

Diese Dissertation stellt eine Studie da, welche sich mit den Änderungen in der Governance der Hochschulbildung in Vietnam beschäftigt. Das zentrale Ziel dieser Forschungsarbeit ist die Untersuchung der Herkunft und Änderung in der Beziehung der Mächte zwischen dem vietnamesischen Staat und den Hochschulbildungsinstituten (HI), welche hauptsächlich aus der Interaktion dieser beiden Akteure resultiert. Die Macht dieser beiden Akteure wurde im sozialen Bereich konstruiert und ist hauptsächlich durch ihre Nützlichkeit und Beiträge für die Hochschulbildung bestimmt. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich dabei besonders mit dem Aspekt der Lehrqualität. Diese Studie nimmt dabei die Perspektive einer allgemeinen Governance ein, um die Beziehung zwischen Staat und HI zu erforschen. Zudem verwendet sie die „Resource Dependence Theory“ (RDT), um das Verhalten der HI in Bezug auf die sich verändernde Umgebung zu untersuchen, welche durch die Politik und eine abnehmende Finanzierung charakterisiert ist. Durch eine empirische Untersuchung der Regierungspolitik sowie der internen Steuerung und den Praktiken der vier führenden Universitäten kommt die Studie zu dem Schluss, dass unter Berücksichtigung des Drucks der Schaffung von Einkommen die vietnamesischen Universitäten sowohl Strategien als auch Taktiken entwickelt haben, um Ressourcenflüsse und Legitimität zu kontrollieren. Die Entscheidungs- und Zielfindung der Komitees, die aus einer Mehrheit von Akademikern bestehen, sind dabei mächtiger als die der Manager. Daher werden bei initiativen Handlungen der Universitäten größtenteils Akademiker mit einbezogen. Gestützt auf die sich entwickelnden Muster der Ressourcenbeiträge von Akademikern und Studierenden für die Hochschulbildung prognostiziert die Studie eine aufstrebende Governance Konfiguration, bei der die Dimensionen der akademischen Selbstverwaltung und des Wettbewerbsmarktes stärker werden und die Regulation des Staates rational zunimmt. Das derzeitige institutionelle Design und administrative System des Landes, die spezifische Gewichtung und die Koordinationsmechanismen, auch als sogenanntes effektives Aufsichtssystem zwischen den drei Schlüsselakteuren - der Staat, die HI/Akademiker und die Studierenden – bezeichnet, brauchen eine lange Zeit zur Detektion und Etablierung. In der aktuellen Phase der Suche nach einem solchen System sollte die Regierung Management-Tools stärken, wie zum Beispiel die Akkreditierung, belohnende und marktbasierte Instrumente und das Treffen informations-basierter Entscheidungen. Darüber hinaus ist es notwendig die Transparenz der Politik zu erhöhen und mehr Informationen offenzulegen.

Innovation, Creativity, and Positive Psychological Capital: Examining the Relationships in Adolescents, Employees and Entrepreneurs

Innovation ist für das Überleben von Firmen und die Entwicklung von Ländern wesentlich, weil sie entscheidend für einen erhöhten Marktanteil und wettbewerbsfähigen Vorsprung ist (Baer & Frese, 2003; Dodgson, Gann & Salter; George & Zhou, 2011; Kleysen & Street, 2001). Gleichzeitig steht Innovation in engem Zusammenhang mit Erkenntnisfortschritten (West & Altink, 1996). Konzepte, die mit Innovation zu tun haben, beinhalten innovatives Verhalten und Kreativität. Kreativität ist die Produktion von neuen und nützlichen Ideen (Amabile, 1998), und Innovation ist die Umsetzung dieser neuen und nützlichen Ideen (Amabile, 1998; West, 2002). Diese Dissertation besteht aus fünf Abhandlungen, die sich mit den beiden Bereichen des Managements und der positiven Psychologie beschäftigen. Im Einzelnen verbindet die Dissertation Forschungen aus dem Bereich der positiven Psychologie mit Forschungen der Innovation, wie auch der pädagogischen Psychologie, um Antworten auf Forschungsfragen zu finden, die sich damit beschäftigen, was es ist, das die Kreativität von Mitarbeitern, Unternehmern und Jugendlichen und ihr positives psychologisches Kapital steigert (PsyCap). Luthans und seine Kollegen (2007, S.3) definieren das psychologische Kapital oder PsyCap als „den positiven psychologischen Entwicklungszustand einer Einzelperson, welcher wie folgt beschrieben wird: (1) Selbstvertrauen haben (Selbstwirksamkeit), um sich Herausforderungen zu stellen und den notwendigen Aufwand aufzubringen; (2) Eine positive Attribution (Optimismus) in Bezug auf gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen Erfolg; (3) Ziele anstreben und, wenn notwendig, die Wege zu den Zielen ändern, um Erfolg zu erreichen (Hoffnung); (4) Im Falle von Problemen und Missgeschicken standhalten und wieder zurückkommen (Widerstandsfähigkeit), um Erfolg zu erreichen.“

The relationships of character strengths with coping, work-related stress, and job satisfaction

Personality traits have often been highlighted to relate to how people cope with stressful events. The present paper focuses on character strengths as positive personality traits and examines two basic assumptions that were derived from a core characteristic of character strengths (i.e., to determine how individuals deal with adversities): (1) character strengths correlate with coping and (2) buffer the effects of work-related stress on job satisfaction. Two different samples (i.e., a mixed sample representing various occupations [N = 214] and a nurses sample [N = 175]) filled in measures for character strengths, coping, work-related stress, and job satisfaction. As expected, intellectual, emotional, and interpersonal strengths were related to coping. Interpersonal strengths played a greater role for coping among nurses, as interactions with others are an essential part of their workday. Furthermore, intellectual strengths partially mediated the negative effect of work-related stress on job satisfaction. These findings open a new field for research on the role of personality in coping with work-related stress. Character strengths are trainable personal characteristics, and therefore valuable resources to improve coping with work-related stress and to decrease the negative effects of stress. Further research is needed to investigate this assumed causality.

Does interpersonal behavior of psychotherapy trainees differ in private and professional relationships?

• Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of trainees’ interpersonal behavior on work involvement (WI) and compared their social behavior within professional and private relationships as well as between different psychotherapeutic orientations. • Methods: The interpersonal scales of the Intrex short-form questionnaire and the Work Involvement Scale (WIS) were used to evaluate two samples of German psychotherapy trainees in psychoanalytic, psychodynamic, and cognitive behavioral therapy training. Trainees from Sample 1 (N = 184) were asked to describe their interpersonal behavior in relation to their patients when filling out the Intrex, whereas trainees from Sample 2 (N = 135) were asked to describe the private relationship with a significant other. • Results: Interpersonal affiliation in professional relationships significantly predicted the level of healing involvement, while stress involvement was predicted by interpersonal affiliation and interdependence in trainees’ relationships with their patients. Social behavior within professional relationships provided higher correlations with WI than private interpersonal behavior. Significant differences were found between private and professional relation settings in trainees’ interpersonal behavior with higher levels of affiliation and interdependence with significant others. Differences between therapeutic orientation and social behavior could only be found when comparing trainees’ level of interdependence with the particular relationship setting. • Conclusion: Trainees’ interpersonal level of affiliation in professional relationships is a predictor for a successful psychotherapeutic development. Vice versa, controlling behavior in professional settings can be understood as a risk factor against psychotherapeutic growth. Both results strengthen an evidence-based approach for competence development during psychotherapy training.

On-the-Fly Maintenance of Series-Parallel Relationships in Fork-Join Multithreaded Programs

A key capability of data-race detectors is to determine whether one thread executes logically in parallel with another or whether the threads must operate in series. This paper provides two algorithms, one serial and one parallel, to maintain series-parallel (SP) relationships "on the fly" for fork-join multithreaded programs. The serial SP-order algorithm runs in O(1) amortized time per operation. In contrast, the previously best algorithm requires a time per operation that is proportional to Tarjan’s functional inverse of Ackermann’s function. SP-order employs an order-maintenance data structure that allows us to implement a more efficient "English-Hebrew" labeling scheme than was used in earlier race detectors, which immediately yields an improved determinacy-race detector. In particular, any fork-join program running in T₁ time on a single processor can be checked on the fly for determinacy races in O(T₁) time. Corresponding improved bounds can also be obtained for more sophisticated data-race detectors, for example, those that use locks. By combining SP-order with Feng and Leiserson’s serial SP-bags algorithm, we obtain a parallel SP-maintenance algorithm, called SP-hybrid. Suppose that a fork-join program has n threads, T₁ work, and a critical-path length of T[subscript ∞]. When executed on P processors, we prove that SP-hybrid runs in O((T₁/P + PT[subscript ∞]) lg n) expected time. To understand this bound, consider that the original program obtains linear speed-up over a 1-processor execution when P = O(T₁/T[subscript ∞]). In contrast, SP-hybrid obtains linear speed-up when P = O(√T₁/T[subscript ∞]), but the work is increased by a factor of O(lg n).

Physical and psychological aggression in dating relationships in Spanish university students. 'Agresi??n f??sica y psicol??gica en las relaciones de noviazgo en universitarios espa??oles'

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n. Resumen tambi??n en ingl??s

Prevalence and predictors of sexual aggression in dating relationships of adolescents and young adults

Prevalencia y predictores de la agresi??n sexual en las relaciones de noviazgo en adolescentes y j??venes. Son muchos los estudios publicados que analizan las influencias di??dicas en las relaciones de noviazgo en adolescentes y j??venes adultos. El objetivo de este estudio consiste en aplicar el modelo di??dico de la agresi??n f??sica hacia las parejas a la agresi??n sexual contra las parejas. Se ha utilizado una muestra de 4.052 adolescentes y j??venes adultos de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre los 16 y los 26 a??os. El porcentaje de hombres agresores es significativamente superior que el de mujeres (35,7 por ciento vs 14,9 por ciento), y el porcentaje de v??ctimas de agresi??n sexual fue superior para las mujeres (25,1 por ciento vs 21,7 por ciento). Los resultados muestran que tanto la agresi??n como la victimizaci??n sexual son fundamentalmente de naturaleza psicol??gica, como, por ejemplo, la utilizaci??n de t??cticas coercitivas de naturaleza verbal. Tal como predice el modelo di??dico de agresi??n f??sica en las relaciones de noviazgo, la victimizaci??n sexual se predice en funci??n de la agresi??n sexual de los individuos estudiados tanto en el caso de los hombres como en el de las mujeres.

Changing dynamics of the interinstitutional relationships between executive and legislature power in Colombia (2002/2006)

This paper describes the relationship between the executive and legislative branches during the first government of Alvaro Uribe Vélez. We will focus on reviewing the legislative output of each branch of power, along with the effectiveness and efficiency they showed as promoters of this production. We will review the impact they had on the legislative agenda setting and on the control of the legislative process  itself, making a diachronic analysis in which each legislature is used as a unit. Thus, we will try to identify the presence (or not) of some kind of pattern interactions,  and we will evaluate, at one hand, the existence of hierarchical and transactional trends, and, on the other, the different types of balances produced  between them.

Occupational therapy and its relevance in social projects. relationships, learning and opportunities: collection of experiences of University of Alberta Mscot students in Bogotá, Colombia

Occupational therapists are equipped to promote wellbeing through occupation and to enable participation and meaningful engagement of people in their social and physical environments (WFOT, 2012). As such, the role of the occupational therapists is profoundly linked to the social, cultural and environmental characteristics of the contexts in which occupations take place. The central role that context plays in occupational performance creates an interesting dichotomy for the occupational therapist: on one hand, a profound understanding of cultural and social factors is required from the Occupational Therapy (OT) in order to develop a meaningful and successful collaboration with the person; on the other hand, the ability of the occupational therapists to recognize and explore the contextual factor of an occupation-person dyad transcends cultural and spatial barriers. As a result, occupational therapists are equipped to engage in international collaboration and practice, and as such face unique and enriching challenges. International fieldwork experiences have become a tool through which occupational therapists in training can develop the critical skills for understanding the impact of cultural and social factors on occupation. An OT student in an international fieldwork experience faces numerous challenges in leading a process that is both relevant and respectful to the characteristics of the local context: language, cultural perceptions of occupation and personhood, religious backgrounds, health care access, etc. These challenges stand out as ethical considerations that must be considered when navigating an international fieldwork experience (AOTA, 2009). For more than five years now, the Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine (FRM) of the University of Alberta (UoFA) and the School of Medicine and Health Sciences at the Universidad del Rosario (UR), Bogota, Colombia, have sustained a productive and meaningful international collaboration. This collaboration includes a visit by Dr. Albert Cook, professor of the FRM and former dean, to the UR as the main guest speaker in the International Congress of Technologies for Disability Support (IBERDISCAP) in 2008. Furthermore, Dr. Cook was a speaker in the research seminar of the Assistive Technology Research Group of the Universidad del Rosario. Following Dr. Cook’s visit, Professors Liliana Álvarez and Adriana Ríos travelled to Edmonton and initiated collaboration with the FRM, resulting in the signing of an agreement between the FRM and the UR in 2009, agreement that has been maintained to this day. The main goal of this agreement is to increase academic and cultural cooperation between the UR and the UofA. Other activities have included the cooperation between Dr. Kim Adams (who has largely maintained interest and effort in supporting the capacity building of the UR rehabilitation programs in coordinating the provision of research placement opportunities for UR students at the UofA), an Assistive Technology course for clinicians and students led by Dr. Adams, and a research project that researched the use of basic cell phones to provide social interaction and health information access for people with disabilities in a low-income community in Colombia (led by Tim Barlott, OT, MSc, under the supervision of Dr. Adams). Since the beginning, the occupational therapy programs of the Universidad del Rosario and the University of Alberta have promoted this collaboration and have strived to engage in interactions that provide further development opportunities for students and staff. As part of this process, the international placement experience of UofA OT students was born under the leadership of: Claudia Rozo, OT program director at UR, placement and academic leadership of Elvis Castro and Angélica Monsalve, professors of the occupational therapy program at UR; and Dr. Lili Liu, OT department director at UofA, Cori Schmitz, Academic coordinator of clinical education at the UofA; and Tim Barlott and Liliana Álvarez leading the international and cross-cultural aspect of this collaboration.This publication summarizes and illustrates the process of international placement in community settings in Colombia, undertaken by occupational therapy students of the University of Alberta. It is our hope that this document can provide and document the ethical considerations of international fieldwork experience, the special characteristics of communities and the ways in which cultural and social competences are developed and help international students navigate the international setting. We also hope that this document will stimulate discussion among professional and academic communities about the importance and richness of international placement experiences and encourage staff and students to articulate their daily efforts with the global occupational therapy agenda.

Low educational attainment in Portugal : intergenerational transmission of a big problem. 'El bajo nivel educativo en Portugal : la transmisión intergeneracional de un gran problema'.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Unprotected time of early adolescence and intergenerational relations : a new educational issue. 'E tiempo sin protección de los jóvenes de la Unión Europea'.

Resumen basado en el del autor

Emotion and relationships.

Forma parte de una serie que estudia la relación entre el arte y temas, situaciones, sentimientos e ideas que han alcanzado gran relevancia universal a lo largo de diferentes épocas y culturas y que se ha plasmado en manifestaciones como la fotografía, la pintura, la escultura, los textiles y el cine. Ayuda a saber interpretar las obras y estilos artísticos y entender el momento histórico en que fueron creados. Este volumen se centra en las emociones, sueños, pesadillas y fantasías vividos por los hombres de todos los tiempos y de todos los países, sus relaciones familiares, entre los amantes, o entre los individuos, y el mundo que les rodea y que han inspirado a muchos artistas.