Profile and Prevalence of Aspirin Resistance in Indian Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Background: Aspirin resistance is considered to be an enigma and the data available on aspirin resistance is scarce. This study was initiated to prospectively evaluate the prevalence of aspirin resistance in patients with stable coronary artery disease by using an established method of optical platelet aggregation. Methods and Results: We studied 50 patients who were on 150 mg of aspirin for the previous 7 days. Fasting blood samples were assessed using optical platelet aggregation (Chronolog Corp, USA). The mean platelet aggregation with 10 μm of adenosine diphosphate in our patient group was 49.42 ± 23.29% and with 0.5 mg/ ml of arachidonic acid it was 13.58 ± 21.40%. Aspirin resistance was defined as a mean aggregation of ≥70% with 10 μm of adenosine diphosphate and a mean aggregation of ≥ 20% with 0.5 mg/ml of arachidonic acid. Aspirin semi responders were defined as those meeting only one of the criteria. Based on these criteria, 2.08% patients were found to be aspirin-resistant, 39.58% were aspirin semi responders and 58.33% were aspirin responders. Females tended to be more aspirin semi responsive (p = 0.08). All other parameters tested, namely, age, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, lipids, hemoglobin, platelet count, ejection fraction and drug intake did not show any statistically significant difference among the groups. Thus, in our group 41.66% patients showed inadequate response to aspirin. Conclusions: This study shows that aspirin resistance and aspirin semi responsiveness do occur in the Indian patients and there are no reliable clinical predictors for this condition. The diagnosis therefore relies primarily on laboratory tests.

Screening of Indian Plants for Biological Activity : Part I

Two hundred and eighty-five botanically identifide plant materials have been extracted with 50 percent ethanol and the extracts put through a wide biological screen of 61 tests. These include tests for antibacterial, antifungal, anthelminthic, antiprotozoal, anticancer, antifertillity, hypoglycaemic and a wide range of pharmacological activities.

Screening of Indian Plants for Biological Activity: Part II

Three hundred botanically identified plant materials have been extracted with 50% ethanol and the extracts put through a wide biological screen. These include tests for antibacterial, anticancer, antifertility, antifungal, anthelminthic, antiprotozoal, antiviral and pharmacological activities. Biological activities have been confirmed in fractions of fifty-six of these extracts.

Screening of Indian Plants for Biological Activity: Part III

Ethanol extracts (50%) of 295 botanically Identified plant materials have been tested for a wide variety of biological activities including anticancer, chemotherapeutic and pharmaceutical activities. Biological activities been confirmed in fractions of 34 of these extracts.

Screening of Indian Plants for Biological Activity: Part IV

Ethanol extracts (50%) of 295 botanically Identified plant materials have been tested for a wide variety of biological activities including anticancer, chemotherapeutic and pharmaceutical activities. Biological activities been confirmed in fractions of 22 of these extracts.

Screening of Indian Plants for Biological Activity : Part V

Two hundred and eighty nine botanically identified plant materials have been tested as 50% ethanol extracts, for a wide variety of bloloalcal activities including including anticancer, chemotherapeutic and pharmaceutical activities. Biological activities been confirmed in fractions of 47 of these extracts.

Screening of Indian Plants for Biological Activity: Part VI

Two hundred and ninety eight botanically identified plant materials have been tested as 50% ethanol extracts, for a wide variety of biological activities including antifertility, anticancer, chemotherapeutic and pharmacological activities. Biological activities been confirmed in fractions of 84 of these extracts.

Screening of Indian Plants for Biological Activity: Part VII - Spermicidal Activity of Indian Plants

Extracts of about 1600 Indian plants were tested in vitro on rat and/or human spermatozoa. Thirty extracts showed spermicidal activity in rat and of these 16 caused instantaneous immobilization of human spermatozoa.

Screening of Indian Plants for Biological Activity : Part VIII

Extracts of 644 plant materials were screened for tannins and 204 extracts gave a positive test. Quantitative evaluation of tannins in positive extracts showed that 16 contained appreciable quantities. Insecticidal activity was tested against Musco domestica and Tribolium casteneum in 162 extracts and was confirmed in 17 and 4 extracts respectively.

Screening of Indian Plants for Biological Activity : Part IX

Two hundred and ninety three botanically identified plant materials have been tested as 50% ethanol extracts, for a wide variety of biological activities including antifertility, anticancer, chemotherapeutic and pharmaceutical activities. Biological activity has been confirmed in fractions of 40 of these extracts.

Screening of Indian Plants for Biological Activity: Part X

Two hundred eightythree botanically identified plant species have been tested as 50% ethanol extracts, for a wide variety of biological activities including antifertility, anticancer, chemotherapeutic and pharmaceutical activities. Biological activity has been observed in 143 of these extracts. The biological Activity has been confirmed in the fraction of 35 extracts and anticancer activity in the extracts of 23 plant species.

Screeningof Indian Plants for BiologicalActivity-Part XI

Alcoholic extracts of two hundred and ninety two botanically identified plant species have been tested for a wide variety of biological activities including chemotherapeutic and pharmacological activities. Biological activities have been confirmed in fractions of 46 of these extracts. Follow-up studies have been carried out in some plants with confirmed activity. The active principles and results of these studies have also been reported.

Screeningof Indian Plants for Biological Activity :Part XII

Alcoholic extracts of 295 botanically identified plant materials from 267 plant species have been tested for a wide variety of biological activities including chemotherapeutic and pharmacological screenings. Biological activities have been confirmed in fractions of 64 of these extracts. Follow-up studies have been carried out in some plants with confirmed activity. The active principles and results of these studies are reported.

Screening of Indian Plants for Biological Activity : Part XIII

Alcoholic extracts of 300 botanically identified plant materials from 287 plant species have been tested for various biological activities including chemotherapeutic and pharmacological screenings. Biological activities have been confirmed in 51 fractions of the extracts. Follow-up studies have been carried out in some plants with confirmed activity. The active principles and results of these studies are reported.