O efeito magnetocalórico na série Gd(1-y)Pr(y)Ni2

Em geral, o efeito magnetocalórico (EMC) é caracterizado pela variação adiabática da temperatura (ΔTad) e a variação isotérmica da entropia (ΔST) sob variações do campo magnético. Devido as aplicações tecnológicas do EMC na refrigeração magnética, que não apresentam efeitos perigosos para o meio ambiente e tem o potencial para reduzir o consumo de energia, os estudos sobre o EMC tem crescido ao longo dos anos . Neste trabalho, estudamos as propriedades magnéticas e magnetocalóricos da série Gd (1-Y) Pr (Y) Ni2 com Y = 0; 0,25; 0,5; 0,75 e 1 A série dos compostos RNi2 compostos cristalizam na fase de Laves cúbico C15, o que torna o Campo Elétrico Cristalino cúbico um quadro adequado para descrever a anisotropia magnética sobre estes compostos . Além do modelo hamiltoniano inclui contribuições do efeito Zeeman e as interações de troca indireta entre Gd-Gd, Gd-Pr e íons Pr-Pr. Vale a pena notar que o GdNi2 apresenta um arranjo ferromagnético com temperatura de transição de cerca de 78 K e o composto PrNi2 é paramagnético. Os potenciais magnetocalóricos foram calculados e comparados com os dados experimentais. Além disso, investigamos a influência da direção do campo magnético sobre as quantidades magnéticas e no EMC investigada.

Proposta de metodologia para operação estável de reatores anaeróbios em indústrias de refrigerantes.

Embora seja crescente a utilização de reatores anaeróbios no tratamento de efluentes nas indústrias de refrigerantes, algumas características desta tecnologia ainda comprometem o desempenho, a estabilidade e a confiabilidade do processo, acarretando no aumento dos custos operacionais necessários para garantir a qualidade do efluente tratado, em adequação à todas as exigências legais. Dentre estas características destaca-se a vulnerabilidade do lodo anaeróbio a choques de produtos químicos. O presente trabalho propõe uma metodologia, baseada no método PDCA, com o objetivo de prevenir impactos negativos sobre o reator anaeróbio, através da identificação dos resíduos químicos gerados pela fábrica de refrigerantes, assim como a sua classificação, quanto a frequência de descartes e a severidade do impacto sobre a atividade dos microorganismos anaeróbios. O estudo mostrou, através da redução de DQO (Demanda Química de Oxigênio), quais produtos químicos apresentaram maior inibição sobre o lodo anaeróbio, possibilitando à fábrica direcionar ações de controle e contingência, além de pré-requisitos operacionais.

A study of water quality in Baltimore Harbor

Baltimore Harbor is polluted by discharge of sewage and industrial wastes into tributary streams and peripheral waters. The Harbor is used extensively for navigation, industrial water supply, and recreation as well as for waste disposal. The degree of pollution varies from negligible in the principal fairway to severe in the innermost sections. Private industry discharges several hundred tons of acid materials daily and is also the principal source of organic pollution.

Saline-saturated DMSO-EDTA as a storage medium for microbial DNA analysis from coral mucus swab samples

The mucus surface layer of corals plays a number of integral roles in their overall health and fitness. This mucopolysaccharide coating serves as vehicle to capture food, a protective barrier against physical invasions and trauma, and serves as a medium to host a community of microorganisms distinct from the surrounding seawater. In healthy corals the associated microbial communities are known to provide antibiotics that contribute to the coral’s innate immunity and function metabolic activities such as biogeochemical cycling. Culture-dependent (Ducklow and Mitchell, 1979; Ritchie, 2006) and culture-independent methods (Rohwer, et al., 2001; Rohwer et al., 2002; Sekar et al., 2006; Hansson et al., 2009; Kellogg et al., 2009) have shown that coral mucus-associated microbial communities can change with changes in the environment and health condition of the coral. These changes may suggest that changes in the microbial associates not only reflect health status but also may assist corals in acclimating to changing environmental conditions. With the increasing availability of molecular biology tools, culture-independent methods are being used more frequently for evaluating the health of the animal host. Although culture-independent methods are able to provide more in-depth insights into the constituents of the coral surface mucus layer’s microbial community, their reliability and reproducibility rely on the initial sample collection maintaining sample integrity. In general, a sample of mucus is collected from a coral colony, either by sterile syringe or swab method (Woodley, et al., 2008), and immediately placed in a cryovial. In the case of a syringe sample, the mucus is decanted into the cryovial and the sealed tube is immediately flash-frozen in a liquid nitrogen vapor shipper (a.k.a., dry shipper). Swabs with mucus are placed in a cryovial, and the end of the swab is broken off before sealing and placing the vial in the dry shipper. The samples are then sent to a laboratory for analysis. After the initial collection and preservation of the sample, the duration of the sample voyage to a recipient laboratory is often another critical part of the sampling process, as unanticipated delays may exceed the length of time a dry shipper can remain cold, or mishandling of the shipper can cause it to exhaust prematurely. In remote areas, service by international shipping companies may be non-existent, which requires the use of an alternative preservation medium. Other methods for preserving environmental samples for microbial DNA analysis include drying on various matrices (DNA cards, swabs), or placing samples in liquid preservatives (e.g., chloroform/phenol/isoamyl alcohol, TRIzol reagent, ethanol). These methodologies eliminate the need for cold storage, however, they add expense and permitting requirements for hazardous liquid components, and the retrieval of intact microbial DNA often can be inconsistent (Dawson, et al., 1998; Rissanen et al., 2010). A method to preserve coral mucus samples without cold storage or use of hazardous solvents, while maintaining microbial DNA integrity, would be an invaluable tool for coral biologists, especially those in remote areas. Saline-saturated dimethylsulfoxide-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (20% DMSO-0.25M EDTA, pH 8.0), or SSDE, is a solution that has been reported to be a means of storing tissue of marine invertebrates at ambient temperatures without significant loss of nucleic acid integrity (Dawson et al., 1998, Concepcion et al., 2007). While this methodology would be a facile and inexpensive way to transport coral tissue samples, it is unclear whether the coral microbiota DNA would be adversely affected by this storage medium either by degradation of the DNA, or a bias in the DNA recovered during the extraction process created by variations in extraction efficiencies among the various community members. Tests to determine the efficacy of SSDE as an ambient temperature storage medium for coral mucus samples are presented here.