Développement des méthodes de stabilisation pour la conception des circuits hyperfréquences : application à l'optimisation d'un amplificateur de puissance spatial

209 p. : graf.

Kohesioa ikasleek idatzitako iritzi gutunetan. Zenbait testu aztergai

[EUS]Argudiatzeko orduan izen kohesiorako mekanismoak nola erabiltzen diren aztertzen du lan honek. Horretarako 12 eta 14 urteko ikasleek iritzia emateko idazten dituzten gutunak hartzen dira kontuan, bi alderdi hauei erreparatuz: aurrekaria aurkeztu eta mantentzeko erabiltzen diren adierazpide anaforikoen ezaugarriei, eta adinaren arabera adierazpide horien erabileran egon daitezkeen ezberdintasunei. Adibide batzuen bitartez ikusiko dugunaren arabera, 14 urteko ikasleek estrategia diskurtsibo hobeak erabiltzen dituzte gutunari izen kohesioa emateko, besteak beste testuaren gestio globala eta planifikazioa ere hobeak direlako.

A comparative study of Young's modulus of single-walled carbon nanotube by CPMD, MD, and first principle simulations

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), due to their exceptional magnetic, electrical and mechanical properties, are promising candidates for several technical applications ranging from nanoelectronic devices to composites. Young's modulus holds the special status in material properties and micro/nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) design. The excellently regular structures of CNTs facilitate accurate simulation of CNTs' behavior by applying a variety of theoretical methods. Here, three representative numerical methods, i.e., Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD), density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD), were applied to calculate Young's modulus of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) with chirality (3,3). The comparative studies showed that the most accurate result is offered by time consuming DFT simulation. MID simulation produced a less accurate result due to neglecting electronic motions. Compared to the two preceding methods the best performance, with a balance between efficiency and precision, was deduced by CPMD.

Fiabilidad de los predictores clínicos y de la biopsia de arteria temporal en el diagnóstico de la arteritis de células gigantes

182 p. : il.

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Revista con LCC: Reconocimiento – NoComercial – SinObraDerivada (by-nc-nd)

Sequence specific complexation of b DNA at sites containing g,c base pairs

A series of eight related analogs of distamycin A has been synthesized. Footprinting and affinity cleaving reveal that only two of the analogs, pyridine-2- car box amide-netropsin (2-Py N) and 1-methylimidazole-2-carboxamide-netrops in (2-ImN), bind to DNA with a specificity different from that of the parent compound. A new class of sites, represented by a TGACT sequence, is a strong site for 2-PyN binding, and the major recognition site for 2-ImN on DNA. Both compounds recognize the G•C bp specifically, although A's and T's in the site may be interchanged without penalty. Additional A•T bp outside the binding site increase the binding affinity. The compounds bind in the minor groove of the DNA sequence, but protect both grooves from dimethylsulfate. The binding evidence suggests that 2-PyN or 2-ImN binding induces a DNA conformational change.

In order to understand this sequence specific complexation better, the Ackers quantitative footprinting method for measuring individual site affinity constants has been extended to small molecules. MPE•Fe(II) cleavage reactions over a 10^5 range of free ligand concentrations are analyzed by gel electrophoresis. The decrease in cleavage is calculated by densitometry of a gel autoradiogram. The apparent fraction of DNA bound is then calculated from the amount of cleavage protection. The data is fitted to a theoretical curve using non-linear least squares techniques. Affinity constants at four individual sites are determined simultaneously. The distamycin A analog binds solely at A•T rich sites. Affinities range from 10^(6)- 10^(7)M^(-1) The data for parent compound D fit closely to a monomeric binding curve. 2-PyN binds both A•T sites and the TGTCA site with an apparent affinity constant of 10^(5) M^(-1). 2-ImN binds A•T sites with affinities less than 5 x 10^(4) M^(-1). The affinity of 2-ImN for the TGTCA site does not change significantly from the 2-PyN value. At the TGTCA site, the experimental data fit a dimeric binding curve better than a monomeric curve. Both 2-PyN and 2-ImN have substantially lower DNA affinities than closely related compounds.

In order to probe the requirements of this new binding site, fourteen other derivatives have been synthesized and tested. All compounds that recognize the TGTCA site have a heterocyclic aromatic nitrogen ortho to the N or C-terminal amide of the netropsin subunit. Specificity is strongly affected by the overall length of the small molecule. Only compounds that consist of at least three aromatic rings linked by amides exhibit TGTCA site binding. Specificity is only weakly altered by substitution on the pyridine ring, which correlates best with steric factors. A model is proposed for TGTCA site binding that has as its key feature hydrogen bonding to both G's by the small molecule. The specificity is determined by the sequence dependence of the distance between G's.

One derivative of 2-PyN exhibits pH dependent sequence specificity. At low pH, 4-dimethylaminopyridine-2-carboxamide-netropsin binds tightly to A•T sites. At high pH, 4-Me_(2)NPyN binds most tightly to the TGTCA site. In aqueous solution, this compound protonates at the pyridine nitrogen at pH 6. Thus presence of the protonated form correlates with A•T specificity.

The binding site of a class of eukaryotic transcriptional activators typified by yeast protein GCN4 and the mammalian oncogene Jun contains a strong 2-ImN binding site. Specificity requirements for the protein and small molecule are similar. GCN4 and 2-lmN bind simultaneously to the same binding site. GCN4 alters the cleavage pattern of 2-ImN-EDTA derivative at only one of its binding sites. The details of the interaction suggest that GCN4 alters the conformation of an AAAAAAA sequence adjacent to its binding site. The presence of a yeast counterpart to Jun partially blocks 2-lmN binding. The differences do not appear to be caused by direct interactions between 2-lmN and the proteins, but by induced conformational changes in the DNA protein complex. It is likely that the observed differences in complexation are involved in the varying sequence specificity of these proteins.

Trends in Income and Price Elasticities of Transport Demand (1850-2010)

40 p.

Decarbonising urban transportation

18 p.

An economic air pollution control model-application : photochemical smog in Los Angeles County in 1975

An economic air pollution control model, which determines the least cost of reaching various air quality levels, is formulated. The model takes the form of a general, nonlinear, mathematical programming problem. Primary contaminant emission levels are the independent variables. The objective function is the cost of attaining various emission levels and is to be minimized subject to constraints that given air quality levels be attained.

The model is applied to a simplified statement of the photochemical smog problem in Los Angeles County in 1975 with emissions specified by a two-dimensional vector, total reactive hydrocarbon, (RHC), and nitrogen oxide, (NO_x), emissions. Air quality, also two-dimensional, is measured by the expected number of days per year that nitrogen dioxide, (NO₂), and mid-day ozone, (O₃), exceed standards in Central Los Angeles.

The minimum cost of reaching various emission levels is found by a linear programming model. The base or "uncontrolled" emission levels are those that will exist in 1975 with the present new car control program and with the degree of stationary source control existing in 1971. Controls, basically "add-on devices", are considered here for used cars, aircraft, and existing stationary sources. It is found that with these added controls, Los Angeles County emission levels [(1300 tons/day RHC, 1000 tons /day NO_x) in 1969] and [(670 tons/day RHC, 790 tons/day NO_x) at the base 1975 level], can be reduced to 260 tons/day RHC (minimum RHC program) and 460 tons/day NO_x (minimum NO_x program).

"Phenomenological" or statistical air quality models provide the relationship between air quality and emissions. These models estimate the relationship by using atmospheric monitoring data taken at one (yearly) emission level and by using certain simple physical assumptions, (e. g., that emissions are reduced proportionately at all points in space and time). For NO₂, (concentrations assumed proportional to NO_x emissions), it is found that standard violations in Central Los Angeles, (55 in 1969), can be reduced to 25, 5, and 0 days per year by controlling emissions to 800, 550, and 300 tons /day, respectively. A probabilistic model reveals that RHC control is much more effective than NO_x control in reducing Central Los Angeles ozone. The 150 days per year ozone violations in 1969 can be reduced to 75, 30, 10, and 0 days per year by abating RHC emissions to 700, 450, 300, and 150 tons/day, respectively, (at the 1969 NO_x emission level).

The control cost-emission level and air quality-emission level relationships are combined in a graphical solution of the complete model to find the cost of various air quality levels. Best possible air quality levels with the controls considered here are 8 O₃ and 10 NO₂ violations per year (minimum ozone program) or 25 O₃ and 3 NO₂ violations per year (minimum NO₂ program) with an annualized cost of $230,000,000 (above the estimated $150,000,000 per year for the new car control program for Los Angeles County motor vehicles in 1975).

“Steer-by-wire” software garapena

[EU]Proiektu honek automobilen antzinako direkzio sistemak ordezkatuko dituen steer-by-wire-ren inplementazioa deskribatuko du, software-aren garapena, hain zuzen. Lan hau garatzeko, ezinbestekoa izango da orain arte egindako lanen bilketa eta azterketa egitea, baita nolako zailtasunak, arriskuak egongo diren eta posiblea izango litzatekeen etorkizun batean teknologia hau instalatzea. Programazio, mekanika eta automatika ezagutzaren bidez teknologia berri hau ordenagailu batean simulatuko da eta orain arte erabili izan diren teknologiekin alderatuko dira, ateratako emaitzekin ondorio nabarmenak ezarriz. Programazio eta simulaziorako “Labview” eta “Matlab-Simulink” software-ak erabiliko dira, beharrezkoak diren tresnen ezagutzak aurretik lortuz.

Estudio del comportamiento aerodinámico de un alerón trasero de un monoplaza tipo Formula Student

[ES]El proyecto investigador tiene el objeto el estudio del comportamiento de un perfil aerodinámico frente a un flujo turbulento, en este caso el aire. Se trata de evaluar las presiones que se ejercen sobre dicho perfil, que será un alerón de monoplaza tipo Formula Student, para comprobar si aporta alguna mejora en el comportamiento del monoplaza la introducción de este paquete aerodinámico. Con la introducción de este perfil en el monoplaza se pretende ganar un mayor agarre en el paso por curva siendo la resistencia al avance en recta la mínima posible, ya que lo que se pretende es hacer el recorrido del circuito en el menor tiempo posible. Por tanto hay dos variables a tener en cuenta a la hora de diseñar el alerón, por un lado esta mejorar el agarre de los neumáticos sobre el asfalto al tomar una curva, lo que nos permitirá tomar la curva a mayor velocidad y por tanto en menos tiempo, y por otro lado, la oposición que el alerón ejerce en el avance en recta disminuyendo su velocidad máxima. En resumen, se trata de comparar la fuerza horizontal y la fuerza vertical que el aire ejerce sobre el perfil aerodinámico a introducir en el monoplaza y evaluar si es beneficioso para este, es decir, si añadiendo dicho perfil se realiza el trazado del circuito en menor tiempo que sin él. Para ello se realizarán simulaciones con un software de modelado físico de flujos y turbulencias sobre un diseño de un alerón dado, con diferentes tipos de flujo, de forma que se asemeje de mejor forma a las condiciones de la pista y se obtendrán los resultados de las presiones que el flujo de aire ejerce sobre las superficies del perfil. Después se obtendrán las fuerzas puntuales vertical y horizontal y se analizaran los datos obtenidos. Deberán tenerse en cuenta, además de los resultados obtenidos, los materiales a emplear a la hora de su fabricación, el proceso de dicha fabricación y el coste que supone tanto el proceso como los materiales empleados.

Incremental Control Synthesis for Robotics in the Presence of Temporal Logic Specifications

This thesis presents methods for incrementally constructing controllers in the presence of uncertainty and nonlinear dynamics. The basic setting is motion planning subject to temporal logic specifications. Broadly, two categories of problems are treated. The first is reactive formal synthesis when so-called discrete abstractions are available. The fragment of linear-time temporal logic (LTL) known as GR(1) is used to express assumptions about an adversarial environment and requirements of the controller. Two problems of changes to a specification are posed that concern the two major aspects of GR(1): safety and liveness. Algorithms providing incremental updates to strategies are presented as solutions. In support of these, an annotation of strategies is developed that facilitates repeated modifications. A variety of properties are proven about it, including necessity of existence and sufficiency for a strategy to be winning. The second category of problems considered is non-reactive (open-loop) synthesis in the absence of a discrete abstraction. Instead, the presented stochastic optimization methods directly construct a control input sequence that achieves low cost and satisfies a LTL formula. Several relaxations are considered as heuristics to address the rarity of sampling trajectories that satisfy an LTL formula and demonstrated to improve convergence rates for Dubins car and single-integrators subject to a recurrence task.

Outdoor robot mugikor baten eraikuntza eta kontrola Arduino bitartez

Proiektu honetan robot mugikor bat eraiki eta arduino bitartez kontrolatu da. Robota edozein smartphone erabiliz kontrolatu daiteke Bluetooth RC Car aplikazioa erabiliz. Ultrasoinu sentsorea du talkak ekiditeko eta GPSaren bidez uneko posizioaren berri ematen du. Honetaz gain, wifi bidez mezuak ere bidal ditzake proiektuan bertan garatu den echo zerbitzarira.

Tendências na mortalidade por batida de carro em três grandes cidades do Brasil e a Síndrome do macho jovem

Vários estudos encontraram maiores taxas de mortalidade por batidas no trânsito entre homens do que entre mulheres e entre homens jovens do que entre homens mais velhos. No entanto, há uma lacuna quanto a explicações para essas diferenças. Esse estudo, diferentemente dos antecessores, parte de hipóteses postuladas a priori, sobre como devem variar as taxas de mortalidade por batidas no trânsito, de acordo com sexo e idade. Espera-se encontrar a presença e ausência de certas associações e interações, com base na teoria moderna da seleção sexual aplicada ao estudo do comportamento humano, especificamente, a síndrome do macho jovem. O objetivo do presente estudo é comparar tendências nas taxas de mortalidade por batida de carro e moto segundo sexo e idade. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico com Estado como unidade geográfica de análise e o ano calendário como unidade temporal de análise. A população do estudo foi composta por homens e mulheres de 18 a 60 anos residentes no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, entre 2004 e 2010, e no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, entre os anos de 2001 e 2010. Os resultados mostraram que o número de mortes por batida de carro e de moto, considerando o número de habilitados para guiar tais veículos, foi maior em homens do que em mulheres e em indivíduos mais jovens do que mais velhos. Além dessa interessante congruência entre os resultados encontrados e as hipóteses postuladas, descobrimos uma intrigante exceção: no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, a taxa de mortalidade por batida de moto foi consideravelmente maior em mulheres do que em homens. As tendências nas taxas de mortalidade por batida de carro e moto no Estado do Rio de Janeiro vêm apresentando uma queda nos últimos anos. No Rio Grande do Sul, as taxas de mortalidade por batida de moto também vêm caindo ao longo dos anos, enquanto que as taxas de mortalidade por batida de carro vêm apresentando aumento. Tais resultados levam a concluir que a Síndrome do Macho Jovem parece ser uma potente e promissora teoria para ajudar a postular hipóteses sobre o risco de morte no trânsito.

Modelos de leitura em sites de FLE: reflexões sobre adequação e seleção de atividades para o desenvolvimento da autonomia leitora em aulas de francês

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo discutir os modelos de leitura subjacentes ao trabalho proposto em sites de ensino de Francês de Língua Estrangeira (FLE). Para compreender como se apresentam os modelos de leitura nesses contextos, consideramos como base teórica de partida a concepção sócio-interacional da língua. Para tal, contextualizamos a necessidade de uma constante reflexão acerca do processo de ensino/aprendizagem de FLE. Em seguida, apresentamos a motivação para desenvolver a pesquisa e apresentamos, resumidamente, o nosso percurso metodológico. Destacamos a revisão bibliográfica, apresentando os modelos de leitura e as estratégias que envolvem essa atividade em meio virtual. O primeiro momento de nossa pesquisa foi de cunho exploratório porque não tínhamos conhecimento do universo de sites voltados para o ensino de FLE. A pesquisa é, também, de natureza documental uma vez que trabalhamos com sites tomados como documentos. Optamos pelo caráter descritivo pois, a partir da descrição, baseada nos critérios de análise, do material retirado dos sites que fazem parte do nosso corpus, é que respondemos e confirmamos nossas hipóteses. Nosso método de análise é o qualitativo porque buscamos interpretar, a partir de nossas observações dos documentos selecionados em um primeiro momento. Após estabelecer os critérios, partimos para a discussão e análise dos dados e, em seguida, fazemos algumas orientações aos professores que quiserem utilizar o material disponibilizado pelos sites analisados. No capítulo final, fazemos considerações sobre a pesquisa, apresentamos os resultados das análises, explicitamos a importância do trabalho para a construção do conhecimento acerca da leitura em meio virtual, e, finalmente, recomendamos novos estudos, diante do que encontramos, para que o ensino da leitura em Língua Estrangeira contribua para a formação de leitores autônomos